116 lines
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116 lines
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<mods:title id="CD2A61C27FEC116745F30D24DD4F332E">Revision of the Pachycondyla sikorae species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D6C97F87C6798683F764A80D0CDDB2A2">Rakotonirina, J. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0C98BBC34890A334EF441CA3A02FD69D">Fisher, B. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6739816ADD74C60B0C9B2A3C23C713F1">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="E43F835D5271A965423D512154D17EF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6155284" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100105714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6155284" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E43F835D5271A965423D512154D17EF2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E43F835D5271A965423D512154D17EF2" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="27" pageNumber="474">
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<subSubSection id="462540D7C7AFBF46EF7DEDE4BA7FE512" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8E423900A8DFCF8196146DA26250871F" box="[118,382,279,299]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName id="B87D7689F95EC3AACC2338768B3B59F4" ID-CoL="4BQXY" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Pachycondyla sikorae Forel</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8CEFF99FC211FA1066C47EFCA823AF3" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E9739E877CB04C2A4E3C991F9491477A" box="[118,355,306,325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">(Figures 11, 58, 59, 60, 78)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D536E3B1DAF4BA588BC0BCFDDB0B0A22" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="37AD11168F7F22262BB7C7B2227AD144" box="[118,1122,358,447]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName id="740D763BBD23D809D41ADA94012D8B30" authority="Forel 1891" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae" subGenus="Euponera">
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Ponera (Euponera) sikorae
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<bibRefCitation id="ABB1BF92C86CC748E663DA15C5841EBB" author="Forel, A." box="[118,1122,1226,1267]" editor="Grandidier, A." journalOrPublisher="Hachette et Cie, Paris" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="v + 237 pp" title="Les Formicides. [part]" type="book" volumeTitle="1891. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule)" year="1891">Forel 1891</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: 127. Lectotype worker, Madagascar Central (Sikora), present designation, specimen code: CASENT0101862 (MHNG) [examined]. [Accepted by
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5188CBF7C83B18D0183124AED6D174" author="Dalla Torre, K. W." box="[118,1121,866,908]" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="289 pp" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W" type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 42. Raised to genus and combination in
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<taxonomicName id="24C8E25EB21F5DD3A6D5FC29DD3D0463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Euponera">Euponera (Euponera)</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="032150AE24DFD3DD1BC738411B9D55E1" author="Emery, C." box="[118,1122,1082,1123]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="32 - 54" part="45" title="Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides)" type="journal article" year="1901">Emery 1901</bibRefCitation>
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: 46,
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<bibRefCitation id="AE5A90E82ECB0A4B9018BAB97ACD11CA" author="Emery, C." box="[118,938,1202,1219]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="1 - 125" part="118" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae" type="journal article" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
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: 83,
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<bibRefCitation id="7E5A3EE6A16E4F789B8F9FB0C9E15D82" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[118,1122,286,327]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="1005 - 1055" part="45" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region" type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
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: 1008. Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="D039E2DECCC5118AE649609CF08996B2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
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by Brown in
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<bibRefCitation id="C7BECA05F46D896A09A64DEBDD6EF499" author="Bolton, B." box="[118,1122,651,691]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" pagination="504 pp" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World" type="book" year="1995">Bolton 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 309].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7C9561A227128E2EC29F408DD913B67C" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C326490DD8114C253CDFAA2D5F5F6D2B" box="[118,1121,476,635]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">WORKER. Diagnosis: Anterior margin of clypeus broadly transverse and straight, with slight median notch; mandible striate-punctate; posterior margin of head straight or broadly rounded; antennal scape surpassing posterior cephalic margin; metanotal groove deeply impressed; promesonotum clearly convex; posterior margin of propodeum and petiole node rounded in profile, but truncate when viewed dorsally; anterior surface of third abdominal segment straight, not forming shallow cavity; integument covered with brownish slender hairs; larger species (HW: 1.63-1.8 mm); overall a smooth and glossy black ant.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C8262273D88BEC583DD95A2638CB0A7" box="[118,1121,644,691]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">Measurements (19 specimens): HW: 1.63-1.98, HL: 1.98-2.29, CI: 80-86, SL: 1.56-1.78, SI: 90-101, PW: 1.33-1.55, WL: 2.85-3.29, NL: 0.84-1.03, NW: 0.92-1.17, NH: 0.98-1.15, DNI: 105-118, LNI: 104-118.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1BF16B7E15941F957D194A307F75FB59" box="[118,1122,701,889]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">Description: Head longer than broad, lateral borders convex from posterior margin to the level of eyes, then straight towards the base of mandibles; posterior margin broadly convex; head dorsum smooth and shiny between dense and very small punctures. Eyes large and strongly protruding from head capsule; with head in full-face view, eyes situated in anterior third of lateral cephalic margins. Antennal scape long, extending over posterior border of head; three most apical antennal segments almost the same width. Anterior margin of clypeus roughly straight and weakly medially notched. Mandibles striate, interspersed with punctures; outer margin gradually converging toward midline; masticatory margins with eight teeth or denticles.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="11D108D0FF4CF05E2163784DB8EA89C1" box="[118,1121,898,1114]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">With mesosoma in dorsal view, metanotal groove deeply impressed; in lateral view, dorsal outline of mesosoma not a continuous line, promesonotum and propodeum clearly convex and separated by a groove; declivitous surface convex, meeting the sides of propodeum at a blunt angle; lamellate membrane lacking on posterior margin of propodeum. Mesosoma dorsum smooth and shiny; mesopleuron, metapleuron, and anterior portion of the sides of propodeum with dense and small punctures. Petiole nodiform; about as long as broad in profile; subpetiolar process at a posteriorly acute angle; in dorsal view anterior and posterior margins convex. Anterior face of first gastral segment straight, without shallow impression to lodge the petiole node. Gastral tergites generally smooth and shiny dorsally and covered with dense and fine punctures laterally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EAA2C1A01E3AFACD25754F604BB69105" box="[118,1120,1123,1198]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">Standing hairs slender and reduced in number, but frost-like or golden pubescence is abundant especially on appendages and lower portion of the sides of body. Body color black, with bluish reflection; appendages reddishblack and tip of gaster light brown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DFF109864DBD05F194FFCFB8BD48F8E6" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="E6693936620367072B0331FF00B44924" box="[118,1121,1207,1282]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">
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Discussion: Of the several species with a deeply impressed metanotal groove and straight anterior clypeal margin,
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<taxonomicName id="EDEABB6CA3C4769B3AE475614BF8919C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">P. sikorae</taxonomicName>
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is the largest in size (HW 1.63-1.98, WL 2.85-3.29) in the group and most easily recognized by its smooth and shiny black integument, with bluish reflection, which is covered with golden pubescence.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF9AEB5B4A1292BE9AA29D0FB53FA3AB" box="[118,1121,1291,1423]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">Several winged queens of this species have been recorded across its distributional range. These queens are characterized by the presence of three ocelli, flight thoracic sclerites with shallowly impressed metanotal groove, and the presence of much denser erect hairs and pubescence on the body dorsum and appendages. Apart from these typical forms, their size looks apparently similar to that of the workers. Two colonies, collected from the PN Zahamena contained gamergates, which may function as a secondary reproductive (Peeters, pers. comm.).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8028071752211D2CC17768C26F2D766E" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="4447ABC2D1244191361D5FFCEEE23BEF" box="[118,1121,1432,1592]" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" type="mainText">
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Distribution and biology:
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<taxonomicName id="2E1135028B253A5919559C2733309792" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="474" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Pachycondyla sikorae</taxonomicName>
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is an endemic, widespread species that is distributed across the humid forest habitats in eastern Madagascar and occurs at a wide range of altitudes, from lowlands to high mountains. In the north of the island, its distribution ranges from the RS Manongarivo in the west to the PN Marojejy in the east, down to the PN Zahamena in the central east, through the PN Ranomafana and down to the PN Andohahela in the south. It generally nests in rotten logs and dead branches on the forest floor. Worker specimens have been found foraging mostly on the ground and in the leaf litter, and rarely on low vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9D9B733209535E2119400232C63BA6AF" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" type="multiple">
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<caption id="C49413C94B9E773C87702A9E326B182D" box="[118,1122,1196,1237]" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" type="caption">
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<paragraph id="D3FC83D0504DA86DF130A0C6C01693F2" box="[118,1122,1196,1237]" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" type="caption">
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<pageBreakToken id="BA22433EFE6913F21A7DFC8AC4ECC352" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" start="start">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
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58-60. Worker caste of
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<taxonomicName id="7088ED0456D44A7E218EF22367E2BF72" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">Pachycondyla sikorae:</taxonomicName>
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lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face of head, CASENT0497202.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6AC098C17BC3D255D460570D0F2178F5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="AD3895DB610E4F10BF5433185E920D06" box="[118,1122,1272,1573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="475" type="mainText">Additional material examined: Province Antsiranana: 9.2 km WSW Befingotra, RS Anjanaharibe-Sud, - 14.75, 49.4667, 1200 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Betaolana Forest, along Bekona River, -14.53, 49.4404, 880 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F Ambato, 26.6 km 33° Ambanja, -13.4645, 48.5517, 150 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, -14.1707, 49.9541, 415 m, rainforest, (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, -14.1604, 49.9522, 550 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, -14.4433, 49.7433, 1325 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); PN Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina, -14.435, 49.76, 775 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, -14.4367, 49.775, 450 m, rainforest, (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RS Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228° SW Antanambao, -13.9767, 48.4233, 780 m, rainforest, (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Analamerana, 16.7 km 123° Anivorano-Nord, -12.8047, 49.3738, 225 m, tropical dry forest (B.L.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0FEBB8C3C4FDFD5A8EC66693AF6DC4D1" box="[118,1122,118,925]" pageId="29" pageNumber="476" type="mainText">
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<pageBreakToken id="B2511BED048374993075131C8C984E18" pageId="29" pageNumber="476" start="start">Fisher</pageBreakToken>
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) (CASC); SAVA Region, district of Sambava, Marojejy National Park, 5 km W of Manantenina village, 1st Camp site (Mantella), -14.4382, 49.774, 487 m, low altitude rainforest (Rin'Ha, Mike) (CASC); Province Fianarantsoa: 2 km W Andrambovato, along Tatamaly River, -21.5117, 47.41, 1075 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); 3 km W Ranomafana, near Ifandiana, -21.25, 47.4167, 950 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); 43 km S Ambalavao, PN Andringitra, -22.2333, 47, 825 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); 45 km S. Ambalavao, 785 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); 9.0 km NE Ivohibe, -22.4267, 46.9383, 900 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) [Sylvain] (CASC); PN Ranomafana, (L. Bartolozzi, S. Tiati & C. Raharimina) (MCZC); PN Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 27.7 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, -23.8352, 46.9637, 940 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 28.5 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, -23.8408, 46.9575, 1250 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, -21.29, 47.4333, 1100 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Province Mahajanga: RS Marotandrano, Marotandrano 48.3 km S Mandritsara, -16.2832, 48.8144, 865 m, transitional humid forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Province Toamasina: [Madagascar central.] (MHNG); [Madagascar, Museum Paris, Grandidier 1893] (MNHN); Ambatovy, 12.4 km NE Moramanga, -18.8394, 48.3084, 1080 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); FC Didy, -18.1983, 48.5783, 960 m, rainforest (H.J. Ratsirarson) (CASC); FC Sandranantitra, -18.0483, 49.0917, 450 m, rainforest (H.J. Ratsirarson) (CASC); Manakambahiny, near Vavatenina Forest, -17.4667, 49.35, (A. Pauly) (CASC); PN Andasibe-Mantadia, F de Mantadia, 25.7 km 248° Moramanga, -18.814, 48.4303, 1040 m, rainforest (F.N. Raharimalala, B. Blaimer) (CASC); PN Zahamena, - 17.7336, 48.7262, 950 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Zahamena, Besaky River, -17.7524, 48.8532, 760 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Zahamena, Onibe River, -17.7591, 48.8547, 780 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RNI Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina, -17.8867, 49.2025, 520 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RNI Betampona, Betampona 35.1 km NW Toamasina, -17.918, 49.2007, 500 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Province Toliara: PN Andohahela, 10 km NW Enakara, - 24.5667, 46.8167, 420 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); PN Andohahela, 10 km SSW Eminiminy, -24.75, 46.7667, 830 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); PN Andohahela, 13 km NW Enakara, -24.5667, 46.8167, 900 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F Ivohibe 55 km N Tolagnaro, -24.569, 47.204, 200 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Andohahela, Col de Tanatana, 33.3 km NW Tolagnaro, -24.7585, 46.8537, 275 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, -24.7639, 46.7517, 900 m, montane rainforest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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