<documentID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697"ID-GBIF-Dataset="89be094e-6732-48a6-b5aa-74053d16f748"ID-PMC="PMC9633978"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1066-1"ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"ID-PubMed="36479134"ID-ZooBank="133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA"ModsDocID="1313-2970-1066-1"checkinTime="1635480455043"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J. & Lombard, Amanda T."docDate="2021"docId="E7E367ED2925DDC3EA3262D29492026F"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 1066: 1-198"docOrigin="ZooKeys 1066"docPubDate="2021-10-28"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697"docTitle="Heterocyathus sulcatus"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"id="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"lastPageNumber="1"masterDocId="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A"masterDocTitle="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa"masterLastPageNumber="198"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="1"updateTime="1732486004380"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:affiliationid="1CFA0208BCB83590A5A6F2200AD02E59">Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa & Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="A6D218F71D7FA79BBE31DFE3CF2F0E99">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil & Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="9A7EE59060BE0CE320AB4DB553581F16">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="4A8170811888FD0E21BEF251C39014D9">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="C280AD8D7A5267DCA34BAF365A3920F3">South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="BADD63D9E3D5FCDB33E5D28D8EF9D106">Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="2C1084059FF02AFF586DCF6F6ED3789A"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. A, B Heterocyathus alternatus (ORI _ DIIIe 1 _ 1, locality data unknown) A calicular view B lateral view C, D Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. (SAM _ H 1431, off Durban Harbour, 99 m) C calicular view D lateral view E, F Heterocyathus sulcatus (SAMC _ A 073123, off Shaka's Rock, 100 - 105 m) E calicular view F lateral view G, H Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (SAM _ H 2836, off East London, 146 - 238 m) G calicular view H lateral view I, K Monohedotrochus capensis comb. nov. I, J (SAMC _ A 088924, off Kidds Beach, 247 - 147 m) I calicular view J lateral view K (SAM _ H 3210, off Scottburgh, 690 m) calicular view L, M Polycyathus sp. (USNM 91677, off Port Dunford, 69 m) L calicular view M full view N, O Rhizosmilia robusta (USNM 91689, off Kosi Bay Estuary, 74 m) N calicular view O lateral view P Solenosmilia variabilis (SAM _ H 3158, off Cintsa, 630 m) P full view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-G, I-O); 100 mm (H, P)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604107"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="464A7C5302571D95DC00605B134D7105"author="Vaughan, T"journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="371 - 424"refId="B286"refString="Vaughan, T, 1905. A critical review of the literature on the simple genera of the Madreporaria Fungida, with a tentative classification. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 28 (1401): 371 - 424"title="A critical review of the literature on the simple genera of the Madreporaria Fungida, with a tentative classification."volume="28"year="1905">. -Vaughan 1905</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="657B3F7DCA12B51FE67A531469D1597E"author="Tenison-Woods, JE"journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="293 - 300"refId="B278"refString="Tenison-Woods, JE, 1880. On Heteropsammia michelinii, of Edwards and Haime. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 4: 293 - 300"title="On Heteropsammia michelinii, of Edwards and Haime."volume="4"year="1880">. -Tenison-Woods 1880</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="629BF29F8234B199E38564DD40926604"authorityName="Milne-Edwards & Haime"authorityYear="1848"class="Anthozoa"family="Caryophylliidae"genus="Heterocyathus"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Heterocyathus aequicostatus"order="Scleractinia"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="species"species="aequicostatus">Heterocyathus aequicostatus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitationid="E0E021B7D5AEA1F6832B980BE2737565"author="Folkeson, F"journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 23"refId="B94"refString="Folkeson, F, 1919. Results of Dr. E. Mjoebergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. XXII. Madreporaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 59 (1): 1 - 23"title="Results of Dr. E. Mjoebergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. XXII. Madreporaria."volume="59"year="1919">. -Folkeson 1919</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="FEF79D52E1A6AA5CAFEA0072DD922104"author="Boshoff, P"journalOrPublisher="Investigational Report"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 45"refId="B21"refString="Boshoff, P, 1981. An annotated checklist of southern African Scleractinia. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban. Investigational Report 49: 1 - 45"title="An annotated checklist of southern African Scleractinia. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban."volume="49"year="1981">Boshoff 1981</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="65BE3924E7D473E16E56DEF1F60B0794"author="Wells, J"journalOrPublisher="Papers from the Department of Zoology, University of Queensland"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="107 - 121"refId="B305"refString="Wells, J, 1964. Ahermatypic corals from Queensland. Papers from the Department of Zoology, University of Queensland 2: 107 - 121"title="Ahermatypic corals from Queensland."volume="2"year="1964">Wells 1964</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="4FB06EF12553E3BFA22F6E305061601E"author="Hoeksema, B"journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="221 - 245"refId="B127"refString="Hoeksema, B, Best, M, 1991. New observations on Scleractinian corals from Indonesia, 2: sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. Zoologische Mededelingen 65 (16): 221 - 245"title="New observations on Scleractinian corals from Indonesia, 2: sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia."volume="65"year="1991">. -Hoeksema and Best 1991</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F7D6A088A9430E3F714500D5690A3B4E"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="361 - 417"refId="B40"refString="Cairns, S, 1998. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 18: 361 - 417"title="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia."volume="18"year="1998">Cairns 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="BA6A3BA689F221E2617F5D3E1A8F6EE1"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="31 - 167"refId="B41"refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167"title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands."volume="180"year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F1636799D0ACB3C8482B89FCE4AB6B9B"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="13 - 46"refId="B57"refString="Cairns, S, Hoeksema, B, van der Land, J, 1999. Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13 - 46"title="Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals."volume="459"year="1999">Cairns et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="6A99CA63672F21A3DF3924AB3DE03E61"author="Randall, R"journalOrPublisher="Zoological Publications from Victoria University of Wellington"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B234"refString="Randall, R, 2003. An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands. Micronesia 35-36: 121-137."title="An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands. Micronesia 35 - 36: 121 - 137."year="2003">. -Randall 2003</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="D2D924B12FE540CD76A47E1EB422AB3D"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="259 - 329"refId="B45"refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329"title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia."volume="56"year="2004 a">. -Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="915BFCEBE869797648E79D159C8D8B2F"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B48"refString="Cairns, S, 2009. Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7548"title="Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7548"year="2009">Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="BD5B9B574AF9E46BBBA190EA5C60A5BC"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B154"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle."year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="66CDE8BFCBDC15C783C3F1D2F4B651F3"author="Verrill, A"journalOrPublisher="Communications of the Essex Institute, Salem"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="17 - 50"refId="B295"refString="Verrill, A, 1866. Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U.S.N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. With descriptions of some additional species from the Western margin of North America. Part III. Madreporaria. Communications of the Essex Institute, Salem 5 (3): 17 - 50"title="Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U. S. N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. With descriptions of some additional species from the Western margin of North America. Part III. Madreporaria."volume="5"year="1866">Verrill 1866</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F81F8E55461DF3FFE7FB48793CA9FB9C"author="Verrill, A"journalOrPublisher="Communications of the Essex Institute, Salem"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="17 - 50"refId="B295"refString="Verrill, A, 1866. Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U.S.N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. With descriptions of some additional species from the Western margin of North America. Part III. Madreporaria. Communications of the Essex Institute, Salem 5 (3): 17 - 50"title="Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U. S. N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. With descriptions of some additional species from the Western margin of North America. Part III. Madreporaria."volume="5"year="1866">Verrill 1866</bibRefCitation>
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<materialsCitationid="58EB945AE2FA2E589003E2326F3C82FE"collectingDate="2021-01-01"collectingDateMax="2021-12-31"collectingDateMin="2021-01-01"county="Bulolo Estuary"elevation="143"latitude="-31.833332"location="Eastern"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="29.666664"municipality="Port St. Johns"specimenCount="1">
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Corallum unattached and variable in shape. All specimens examined encapsulate a gastropod shell. Shape of corallum correlates with size and shape of gastropod shell. Aboral efferent pore not exceeding 2.0 mm in diameter. Calice circular to elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.0-1.1). Largest specimen examined (SAMC_A073161) 9.8
9.0 mm in CD, and 6.4 mm in H. Costae granulated, unequal in size with C3-4 wider than C1-2, and progressively diminishing in size towards base. Base smooth. Upper parts of corallum, columella, and S1-2 darker than other corallum elements.
<paragraphid="A95499B60F269842C5004382D60B063D"pageId="0"pageNumber="1">Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles according to the formula: S1 ≥ S2> S3> S4 (48 septa). S1 most exsert, extend to columella with sinuous axial margins and bear a well-developed pali (P1). S2 slightly less exsert and may be equal or less wide than S1. S2 also have sinuous axial margins bordered by a smaller pali. S3 least exsert, also with sinuous axial margins bordered by variable sized pali. S4 dimorphic in development: those adjacent to S1 being wider and more exsert than those adjacent to S2. Approximately 1/2 distance to columella each S4 fuses to adjacent S1-2 forming a V-shaped pattern. Pali cylindrical and bear meniane-like ridges. Fossa shallow, containing a papillose columella.</paragraph>
Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Port St. Johns extending towards Kosi Bay Estuary (42 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 50-164 m. Elsewhere: Indonesia
<bibRefCitationid="87F09135657879BA7F4DC50C57D86E59"author="Hoeksema, B"journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="221 - 245"refId="B127"refString="Hoeksema, B, Best, M, 1991. New observations on Scleractinian corals from Indonesia, 2: sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. Zoologische Mededelingen 65 (16): 221 - 245"title="New observations on Scleractinian corals from Indonesia, 2: sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia."volume="65"year="1991">(Hoeksema and Best 1991</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="0F5F18107A6EBB1297E76405BA7E073E"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="259 - 329"refId="B45"refString="Cairns, S, 2004a. The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259 - 329"title="The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia."volume="56"year="2004 a">; Cairns 2004a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="6D35F1735ED46E6EA34DE320CEB1C91F"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="361 - 417"refId="B40"refString="Cairns, S, 1998. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 18: 361 - 417"title="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of western Australia."volume="18"year="1998">Cairns 1998</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="B8317FAF4EE995CE690D02559E37D5A4"author="Cairns, S"journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="31 - 167"refId="B41"refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167"title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands."volume="180"year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="F52E81907FB61811466E90667238B23F"author="Kitahara, M"journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"refId="B154"refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris"title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle."year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="B14FAD1A060B75EF3A9E478CBA8B50D3"authorityName="Filander & Kitahara"authorityYear="2021"class="Anthozoa"family="Dendrophylliidae"genus="Heterocyathus"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Heterocyathus monileseptatum"order="Scleractinia"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"phylum="Cnidaria"rank="species"species="monileseptatum">
<bibRefCitationid="0C42A59B70FAA7B08C91146947E8D085"author="Boshoff, P"journalOrPublisher="Investigational Report"pageId="0"pageNumber="1"pagination="1 - 45"refId="B21"refString="Boshoff, P, 1981. An annotated checklist of southern African Scleractinia. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban. Investigational Report 49: 1 - 45"title="An annotated checklist of southern African Scleractinia. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban."volume="49"year="1981">Boshoff (1981)</bibRefCitation>
