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<document id="984B3271F5E7EB7A3FE36ADD101267B4" ID-CLB-Dataset="6274" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.15.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fd097095-4d41-463a-b537-9c85d7f5e085" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4894104" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622644734816" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zarrei, Mehdi, Wilkin, Paul, Ingrouille, Martin J. & Chase, And Mark W." docDate="2011" docId="A81987DCB85BFFA8FF6204B4CE88F87A" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytotaxa.15.44-56.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 15" docStyle="DocumentStyle:13F189B31CB4CCCE9197361A4E100104.3:Phytotaxa.2011-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="13F189B31CB4CCCE9197361A4E100104" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2011-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gagea sensu Zarrei, Wilkin, Ingrouille & Chase, 2011, sensu" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="5420FFA4B859FFAAFFF50743CD5DFF8E" masterDocTitle="A revised infrageneric classification for Gagea Salisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="44" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698996803095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9F9416E1B83A481E3481D8E23F8458C1">
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<mods:title id="C63120E758171B739820CBFE79AF0DA4">A revised infrageneric classification for Gagea Salisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="85C76C5AC789E13C8D7691A68766DFCC" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0BAAC7BC34A44342085BA51E603C8BC7">Zarrei, Mehdi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4893C6A2755149DC40BBEDD11A0B3E7C">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW 9 3 DS, UK. & Current address: Green Plant Herbarium (TRT), Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada (* e-mail for correspondence: m. zarrei @ utoronto. ca).</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8083C68E5AC3304E576CE0B3B4CBA48D">Wilkin, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="291CD835B9331FEA4EEC1938612A6CE5">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW 9 3 DS, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="1AADFF1AF740176ED6DD05CE3C3054EB">Ingrouille, Martin J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EB198CA9185BD1FC44F8516044B38007">School of Biological and Chemical Science, Birkbeck College, University of London, Mallet Street, WC 1 E 7 HX, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1DE45998C9C2893929B23575E3380528">Chase, And Mark W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A695C5DDB63BC3B3089DCE6D02FFD38B">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW 9 3 DS, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4BA0424B10DC15A3FF41D4232BF60DF8">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5EFA4DBDB46A7D1C4A877D7EBC33BAE5">
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<mods:date id="60245D59323252E9BC8EB36E22A30315">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2D864C06FAACF838CF0B2078DC9493B8">2011-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="05A6A3A3A1CAED0CACF343464477C59F">15</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BE1A69E127C148D799D19285F2CF6586">44</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="2F0261F4BA8135C75A6F989E2A9485BE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="541521D1AA0D524EFA375F2D867023D8" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.15.1.6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="04DB409A692ECA72E701E1D5A385BE48" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A81987DCB85BFFA8FF6204B4CE88F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4907044" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182598018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4907044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A81987DCB85BFFA8FF6204B4CE88F87A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A81987DCB85BFFA8FF6204B4CE88F87A" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="68AA6541B85BFFA8FF6204B4CF35FB9A" box="[151,616,1015,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF6204B4CF35FB9A" blockId="2.[151,616,1015,1044]" box="[151,616,1015,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="7B4781A6B85BFFA8FF6204B4CF35FB9A" bold="true" box="[151,616,1015,1044]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FF6204B4CF35FB9A" bold="true" box="[151,616,1015,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FF6204B4CCC4FB9D" bold="true" box="[151,409,1015,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FF6204B4CDB1FB9D" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[151,236,1015,1043]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sensu">Gagea</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="09F757A3B85BFFA8FF0104B4CC62FB9D" box="[244,319,1015,1043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
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stricto
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</emphasis>
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and subgenera
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68AA6541B85BFFA8FF620379CE88F87A" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF620379C98BFA04" blockId="2.[151,1436,1082,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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Classifying
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FED10378CC2FFBDA" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[292,370,1083,1108]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FED10378CC2FFBDA" box="[292,370,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(excluding
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FE0A0378CF05FBDA" authorityName=", Xinqi & Turland" authorityYear="2000" box="[511,600,1083,1108]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Lloydia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Phallales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE0A0378CF05FBDA" box="[511,600,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Lloydia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) into two subgenera, as was originally suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FB3D0379C821FBDA" author="Pascher, A." box="[1224,1404,1082,1108]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="353 - 375" refId="ref10067" refString="Pascher, A. (1907) Conspectus Gagearum Asiae. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 19: 353 - 375." type="journal article" year="1907">Pascher (1907)</bibRefCitation>
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, is supported by some morphological synapomorphies. Apart from seed characteristics, which are frequently cited as being of taxonomic importance, tunic texture and geography are also valuable in establishing subgenera (
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FEDE03EDCF4AFB46" author="Zarrei, M. & Wilkin, P. & Fay, M. F. & Ingrouille, M. J. & Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W." box="[299,535,1198,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref11349" refString="Zarrei, M., Wilkin, P., Fay, M. F., Ingrouille, M. J., Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W. (2009) Molecular systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae; Liliales): implications of analyses of nuclear ribosomal and plastid sequences for infrageneric classification. Annals of Botany 104: 125 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Zarrei
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE7303ECCC95FB46" box="[390,456,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Flattened seeds and a fibrous, reticulate to fibrous-papery tunic are synapomorphies for
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE6C0396CCEEFB60" box="[409,435,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FDCD0396CFE2FB60" box="[568,703,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hornungia</emphasis>
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(Bernh.) Pascher; these taxa mostly occur in dry habitats. Pyriform to terete seeds and a leathery tunic are shared characters among
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FC0703BFC956FA9B" box="[1010,1035,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FB7003BFC98EFA9B" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1157,1235,1276,1301]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FB7003BFC98EFA9B" box="[1157,1235,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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members, which mostly occur in more humid and boreal habitats. There are a few exceptions, such as
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FB3B0260CCF0FAED" authority="Mishchenko (1908: 76)" authorityName="Mishchenko" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1908" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alexeenkoana">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FB3B0260C8C1FAB2" box="[1230,1436,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G. alexeenkoana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FF62020ACCF0FAED" author="Mishchenko" box="[151,429,1353,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="57 - 87" refId="ref9889" refString="Mishchenko (Misczenko), P. (1908) Obzor vidov roda Gagea flory Kavkaza i Kryma. Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Imperialis Jurjevensis 9: 57 - 87." type="journal article" year="1908">Mishchenko (1908: 76)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE20020ACCACFAEC" box="[469,497,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FD99020ACFB0FAEC" box="[620,749,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hornungia</emphasis>
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, which extends into humid areas, and
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FB4C020AC826FAEC" authorityName="Greuter" authorityYear="1970" baseAuthorityName="Royle" box="[1209,1403,1353,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kunawurensis">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FB4C020AC826FAEC" box="[1209,1403,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G. kunawurensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as well as
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FF050233CFD1FA04" authority="Regel (1879: 513)" authorityName="Regel" authorityPageNumber="513" authorityYear="1879" box="[240,652,1392,1418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dschungarica">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FF050233CCF2FA07" box="[240,431,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G. dschungarica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FE420233CFD1FA04" author="Regel, E. U." box="[439,652,1392,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="500 - 535" refId="ref10566" refString="Regel, E. U. (1879) Plantarum regiones turkestanicas incolentium, secundum specimina sicca elaboratarum, descriptiones. Liliaceae. Trudy Imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani 6: 500 - 535." type="journal article" year="1879">Regel (1879: 513)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FD470233CF96FA07" box="[690,715,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FCB30233CEC9FA07" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[838,916,1392,1417]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FCB30233CEC9FA07" box="[838,916,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which grow in drier areas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF3302D5CE18F9AA" blockId="2.[151,1436,1082,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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However molecular (nrITS and plastid) studies do not support the existing subgeneric classification for
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FF6202FECDBBFA58" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[151,230,1469,1494]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FF6202FECDBBFA58" box="[151,230,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FF0002FECCB4FA59" author="Peterson, A. & Levichev, I. G. & Peterson, J." box="[245,489,1469,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="446 - 465" refId="ref10393" refString="Peterson, A., Levichev, I. G. & Peterson, J. (2008) Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 446 - 465." type="journal article" year="2008">
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Peterson
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE9302FECCFFFA58" box="[358,418,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FE0302FECF96FA59" author="Zarrei, M. & Wilkin, P. & Fay, M. F. & Ingrouille, M. J. & Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W." box="[502,715,1469,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref11349" refString="Zarrei, M., Wilkin, P., Fay, M. F., Ingrouille, M. J., Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W. (2009) Molecular systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae; Liliales): implications of analyses of nuclear ribosomal and plastid sequences for infrageneric classification. Annals of Botany 104: 125 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Zarrei
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FDB302FECF26FA58" box="[582,635,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Neither
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FCB502FECE00FA58" box="[832,861,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FC2902FEC976FA58" baseAuthorityName="Wolfe" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[988,1067,1469,1494]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FC2902FEC976FA58" box="[988,1067,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nor
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FB9602FEC922FA58" box="[1123,1151,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FB0B02FEC8DDFA58" box="[1278,1408,1469,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hornungia</emphasis>
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is monophyletic. Analysis of sequence data from the low-copy nuclear gene ncpGS also does not support the monophyly of either subgenus (Zarrei
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FDAF0148CFC8F9AA" box="[602,661,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
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, unpubl. data).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF330172C842F931" blockId="2.[151,1436,1082,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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Micromorphological characters do not display congruence with the previous subgeneric classification either. Apart from tepalar characters that are to some extent uniform in all species studied (
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FAF2011BCDBBF916" author="Zarrei, M. & Wilkin, P. & Ingrouille, M. & Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W." pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="155 - 177" refId="ref11602" refString="Zarrei, M., Wilkin, P., Ingrouille, M. J, Zarre, S. & Chase, M. W. (2010 d) The systematic importance of anatomical data in Gagea (Liliaceae) from Flora Iranica area. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 155 - 177." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Zarrei
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FAA8011BC8C6F9FF" box="[1373,1435,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
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2010d
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</bibRefCitation>
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), characters associated with the different
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<typeStatus id="FF0B8868B85BFFA8FD14013DCE7DF916" box="[737,800,1662,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">types</typeStatus>
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of basal leaves and pedicels have been shown to be dispersed throughout both subgenera; widespread convergent evolution for these traits is indicated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF33018FCE81F80E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1082,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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Palynomorphological characters do not support the existence of two subgenera (
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<bibRefCitation id="44214B3BB85BFFA8FB63018FC8C9F968" author="Zarrei, M. & Zarre, S." box="[1174,1428,1740,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" pagination="96 - 108" refId="ref11268" refString="Zarrei, M. & Zarre, S. (2005) Pollen morphology of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) in Iran. Flora 200: 96 - 108." type="journal article" year="2005">Zarrei & Zarre 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) because, although most species of
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FDC601B0CF10F882" box="[563,589,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FD3F01B0CE16F882" box="[714,843,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Hornungia</emphasis>
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were classified under the reticulate and foveolate pollen
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<typeStatus id="FF0B8868B85BFFA8FF1F005ACC7DF8BD" box="[234,288,1817,1843]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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, microreticulate and perforate species are dispersed throughout the genus. The perforate pollen
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<typeStatus id="FF0B8868B85BFFA8FF620003CD96F8D4" box="[151,203,1856,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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included mostly
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FE510003CCE3F8D7" box="[420,446,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">G.</emphasis>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FDB70003CFA5F8D4" box="[578,760,1856,1882]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FDB70003CFCEF8D7" box="[578,659,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">Gagea</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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, but some species have reticulate and micro-reticulate palynomorphs. Evidently these palynomorphs have evolved repeatedly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="200F36CAB85BFFA8FF3300CECE88F87A" blockId="2.[151,1436,1082,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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In summary, although some macromorphological characters support the monophyly of subgenera in
|
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<emphasis id="12C4EAD8B85BFFA8FF6200F7CCD5F843" box="[151,392,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="E7B04D49B85BFFA8FF6200F7CC6CF843" box="[151,305,1972,1997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" genus="Gagea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sensu">
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Gagea
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="09F757A3B85BFFA8FF1A00F7CC6CF843" box="[239,305,1972,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</taxonomicName>
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stricto
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</emphasis>
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(as explained earlier in this section), neither micromorphological traits nor molecular analyses confirm this classification, which should therefore be revised.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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