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<document id="528FB48844597FCD4CBCF90CABE4EA5E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274492" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64175521-b6cd-402d-977e-96f1f7972488" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274492" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459965375804" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Macculloch, Ross D., Lathrop, Amy, Kok, Philippe J. R., Minter, Leslie R., Khan, Samir Z. &amp; Barrio-Amorós, César L." docDate="2008" docId="03A3E47EFFFA794CFAA1B5AD0A0AE683" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01884p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1884" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Adelophryne gutturosa Hoogmoed and Lescure 1984" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FF9A9C06FFF37941FA36B161091BE501" masterDocTitle="A new species of Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Guyana, with additional data on A. gutturosa" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="36" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698231057757" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7CB8019769C12FEF0035F5743E1ED42B">A new species of Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Guyana, with additional data on A. gutturosa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47C5C5B7B9AA7B646D79258D1835C3EF">Macculloch, Ross D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="927BB77D7B30D185694233F175F9AAFE">Lathrop, Amy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0F5B0B141422BA965FB88EC8E5FF6C91">Kok, Philippe J. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2887E462A30DCD32CCB1B362884FF2C">Minter, Leslie R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FF2133CEB0D12511F52E33CAF1F43D66">Khan, Samir Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F99F9FA73433E8610452C7F1BA793FA6">Barrio-Amorós, César L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4E282A3974FB49257808E892C8EC7745">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A3E47EFFFA794CFAA1B5AD0A0AE683" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613156" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119377276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613156" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A3E47EFFFA794CFAA1B5AD0A0AE683" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3E47EFFFA794CFAA1B5AD0A0AE683" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="C31006E3FFFA7948FAA1B5AD0A3EE1E4" box="[151,805,1227,1254]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0FDE204FFFA7948FAA1B5AD0A3EE1E4" bold="true" box="[151,805,1227,1254]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948FAA1B5AD0A3EE1E4" ID-CoL="9XZ3" authority="Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984" authorityName="Hoogmoed and Lescure" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,805,1227,1254]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FAA1B5AD0A3EE1E4" bold="true" box="[151,805,1227,1254]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FAA1B5AD08B6E1E7" bold="true" box="[151,429,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948FB82B5AA0A3EE1E4" author="Hoogmoed" box="[436,805,1227,1253]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Lescure, J. (1984) A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 58, 85 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1A7246FFFA7948FAA1B58E0D80E024" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948FAA1B58E0A06E004" ID-CoL="9XZ3" authority="Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984: 101" authorityName="Hoogmoed and Lescure" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,797,1262,1286]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FAA1B58E0895E007" box="[151,398,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAB7379FFFA7948FBA1B58F0A06E004" author="Hoogmoed" box="[407,797,1262,1285]" page="101" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948FBA1B58F0BFEE004" author="Hoogmoed" box="[407,741,1262,1285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Lescure, J. (1984) A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 58, 85 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAB7379FFFA7948F91DB58F0C0AE004" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[811,1297,1262,1285]" page="159" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F91DB58F0DC2E004" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[811,1241,1262,1285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="49" refString="Ayarzaguena, J. &amp; Diego-Aransay, A. (1985) Primer reporte para Venezuela de Adelophryne gutturosa (Leptodactylidae) y datos sobre su biologia. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 45, 159 - 160." type="journal article" year="1985">Ayarzagüena and Diego-Aransay, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 159
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAB7379FFFA7948FF29B58F0B12E024" author="Hoogmoed" page="272" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948FF29B58F08CFE024" author="Hoogmoed" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S., Borges, D. M. &amp; Cascon, P. (1994) Three new species of the genus Adelophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the other species of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 271 - 300." type="journal article" year="1994">Hoogmoed, Borges and Cascon 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 272
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAB7379FFFA7948F822B46F0A05E024" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[532,798,1294,1317]" page="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F822B46F0BECE024" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[532,759,1294,1317]" pageId="9" pageNumber="49" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2004) Amphibians of Venezuela: systematic list, distribution and references, an update. Revista de Ecologia Latinoamericana, 9, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="2004">Barrio-Amorós 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 19
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAB7379FFFA7948F91CB46F0D83E024" author="Senaris" box="[810,1176,1294,1317]" page="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F91CB46F0D74E024" author="Senaris" box="[810,1135,1294,1317]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Senaris, J. C. &amp; MacCulloch, R. D. (2005) Amphibians. In: Hollowell, T. &amp; Reynolds R. P. (Eds.). Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 13, pp. 8 - 23." type="journal article" year="2005">Señaris and MacCulloch 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 21
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948FAA1B43608BDE071" ID-CoL="9XZ3" box="[151,422,1367,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FAA1B43608BDE071" box="[151,422,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
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was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F8F5B4360D23E070" author="Hoogmoed" box="[707,1080,1367,1393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Lescure, J. (1984) A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 58, 85 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Hoogmoed and Lescure (1984)</bibRefCitation>
from specimens from Mount Roraima,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFA7948FB3DB41E0872E098" box="[267,361,1407,1433]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, and Amapá,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFA7948F83DB41E0B4CE098" box="[523,599,1407,1433]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F854B41E0D26E098" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[610,1085,1407,1433]" pageId="9" pageNumber="49" refString="Ayarzaguena, J. &amp; Diego-Aransay, A. (1985) Primer reporte para Venezuela de Adelophryne gutturosa (Leptodactylidae) y datos sobre su biologia. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 45, 159 - 160." type="journal article" year="1985">Ayarzagüena and Diego-Aransay (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported a single specimen, a gravid female of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FB55B4C608ACE0C0" box="[355,439,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
SVL, from La Escalera,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFA7948F8D5B4C60A44E0C0" box="[739,863,1447,1473]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFA7948F95AB4C60D92E0C0" box="[876,1161,1447,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S., Borges, D. M. &amp; Cascon, P. (1994) Three new species of the genus Adelophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the other species of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 271 - 300." type="journal article">
Hoogmoed
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948F9C0B4C60D30E0C1" box="[1014,1067,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
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provided an additional description based on two new specimens from Amapá. Fifteen specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948FE1DB4AE0DA6E0E9" ID-CoL="9XZ3" box="[1067,1213,1487,1512]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FE1DB4AE0DA6E0E9" box="[1067,1213,1487,1512]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recently collected from
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFA7948FB11B496089DE310" box="[295,390,1527,1553]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Guyana</collectingCountry>
; two on Mount Wokomung at the same location as the
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of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948FE9AB4960C58E311" ID-CoL="9XZ9" box="[1196,1347,1527,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patamona">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948FE9AB4960C58E311" box="[1196,1347,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">A. patamona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one at Mount Ayanganna (
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, 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948F820B77E0B8BE338" box="[534,656,1566,1593]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-59.95">59° 57' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948F8A8B77E0BF0E338" box="[670,747,1567,1593]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="870.0">870 m</quantity>
) 10 from Kaieteur National Park (
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FEBCB77E0C1AE338" box="[1162,1281,1567,1593]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="5.1666665">05° 10' N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FF39B77E0C83E338" box="[1295,1432,1567,1593]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-59.483334">059° 29' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FAA1B7260804E360" box="[151,287,1607,1633]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="475.0" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="400.0">400–550 m</quantity>
), two from the vicinity of the Meamu River in the northern Pakaraima region (
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FE8CB7260C35E360" box="[1210,1326,1606,1633]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="6.266667">06° 16' N</geoCoordinate>
, 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FF7EB72609A8E388" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-60.5">60° 30' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FAF6B70E0816E388" box="[192,269,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.64" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="664.0">664 m</quantity>
) and two from La Laja, Sierra de Lema, Bolívar,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFA7948F952B70E0AC6E388" box="[868,989,1647,1673]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948F9D8B70E0D7FE388" box="[1006,1124,1646,1673]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="6.05">06° 03' N</geoCoordinate>
, 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FEB7B70E0DE0E388" box="[1153,1275,1646,1673]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-61.483334">61° 29' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FF3EB70E0C43E388" box="[1288,1368,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
). The specimens from Wokomung are a female of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948F89AB7F60A1AE3B0" box="[684,769,1687,1713]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
SVL and a male of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948F9CEB7F60D78E3B0" box="[1016,1123,1687,1713]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
SVL. The specimen from Ayanganna is a male of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FB85B7DE0B1DE3D8" box="[435,518,1727,1753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
SVL. The specimens from Kaieteur National Park are six males of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FF11B7DE09DEE200" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.47" metricValueMin="1.33" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="14.7" valueMin="13.3">13.3–14.7 mm</quantity>
SVL and four females of 14.6–15.0 mm SVL and the specimens from Meamu are two females of 15.3 and 16.0 mm SVL. The specimens from La Laja are a male of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948F948B66E0AC9E228" box="[894,978,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
and a juvenile of
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FE91B66E0DE0E228" box="[1191,1275,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
SVL. Advertisement calls were recorded at Kaieteur National Park between
<date id="FFB473A8FFFA7948F996B6560D88E250" box="[928,1171,1847,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" value="2005-12-02" valueMax="2005-12-07" valueMin="2005-12-02">2–7 December 2005</date>
and at two additional sites on the headwaters of the Meamu River: 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948F881B63E0A02E278" box="[695,793,1886,1913]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="6.1666665">6° 10' N</geoCoordinate>
, 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948F905B63E0AB2E278" box="[819,937,1886,1913]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-60.433334">60° 26' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948F983B63E0D19E278" box="[949,1026,1887,1913]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.029999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="703.0">703 m</quantity>
, on
<date id="FFB473A8FFFA7948FE04B63E0C0AE278" box="[1074,1297,1887,1913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" value="2004-12-28">28 December 2004</date>
and 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FF6EB63E09B4E2A0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="6.2">6° 12' N</geoCoordinate>
, 0
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFFA7948FAFFB6E60824E2A0" box="[201,319,1926,1953]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-60.483334">60° 29' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFA7948FB7DB6E6088EE2A0" box="[331,405,1927,1953]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.81" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="781.0">781 m</quantity>
on
<date id="FFB473A8FFFA7948FBF7B6E60B81E2A0" box="[449,666,1927,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" value="2004-09-02">2 September 2004</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFA7948FAF3B6CE0DA8E2F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1367,2033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">
These
<specimenCount id="9D0C9EE1FFFA7948FB23B6CE08ACE2C8" box="[277,439,1967,1993]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
expand the existing descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFA7948F958B6CE0D1BE2C9" ID-CoL="9XZ3" box="[878,1024,1967,1992]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFA7948F958B6CE0D1BE2C9" box="[878,1024,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows: head width 90% head length; shanks 45–52% SVL; palpebrum not reticulated, a black band along its upper rim.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7505E0FFF9794BFAA1B2EF0B20E6C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274500/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[151,1435,197,883]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF9794BFAA1B2EF0B20E6C9" blockId="10.[151,1436,910,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFAA1B2EF0807E6A7" bold="true" box="[151,284,910,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Amplitude waveform (a) and sonogram (b) of the advertisement call of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF9794BFE09B2EE0C20E6A7" box="[1087,1339,911,934]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patamona" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFE09B2EE0C20E6A7" box="[1087,1339,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Adelophryne patamona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFF72B2EF0C87E6A7" bold="true" box="[1348,1436,910,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24D3401FFF9794BFF72B2EF0C87E6A7" box="[1348,1436,910,934]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(IRSNB 1978, air temperature 19.8°C).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31006E3FFF9794CFAF3B29D0D07E403" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF9794BFAF3B29D08FAE02F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1020,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
The specimens from Ayanganna, Wokomung, Kaieteur, Meamu and La Laja differ from the previous descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF9794BFB7AB54508C7E13C" box="[332,476,1060,1085]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFB7AB54508C7E13C" box="[332,476,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows (previously described specimens in parentheses): distance from eye to tip of snout variable, 75–85% eye diameter in specimens from Ayanganna, Wokomung, Meamu and La Laja, 100–120% eye diameter in specimens from Kaieteur (equal); upper eyelid width variable, 70–100% interorbital distance (50%); teeth
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFF9794BFBE7B5FD0B07E1B7" box="[465,540,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 in</quantity>
females,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFF9794BF8BAB5FD0BA2E1B7" box="[652,697,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
males at Ayanganna, Wokomung and Meamu,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFF9794BFED7B5FD0C15E1B7" box="[1249,1294,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
females,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFF9794BFF49B5FD09DCE1DF" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3– 4 in</quantity>
males at Kaieteur (2, 4–6). In some specimens from Kaieteur and La Laja the skin on the dorsum is shagreened (smooth), and the temporal region and flanks are granular. These differences are within the range of interpopulation variation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF9794BFAF0B45A0DB8E36F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1020,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFAF0B45A0868E054" bold="true" box="[198,371,1339,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Colour in life.</emphasis>
Considerable variation in colouration is evident, both within and among populations. Dorsal ground colour medium brown or grey. A middorsal black “)(“, black canthal and supratympanic bars and other scattered black marks may be present; numerous irregular sky blue or white dots on dorsum and flanks; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs and forearms medium brown or grey, with or without black marks or crossbands and small irregular sky blue or white dots; upper arm orange (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF9794BF959B4BD0AAFE0F7" box="[879,948,1500,1526]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,494,1337]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,474,1355]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adelophryne gutturosa from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana: (A) IRSNB 13784, male, 14.2 mm SVL; (B) IRSNB 13785, female, 15.0 mm SVL; (C) IRSNB 13789, male, 13.3 mm SVL; (D) IRSNB 13790, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (E) IRSNB 13792, male, 13.8 mm SVL; (F) IRSNB 13793, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (G) Monotagma spicatum (Marantaceae), preferred habitat of Adelophryne gutturosa in Kaieteur National Park; white arrow indicates location of a calling male; (H) terrestrial egg, 4.63 mm diameter. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274501/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–F). In the two specimens from Meamu the flanks and upper surfaces of thighs are whitish with dark stippling and no crossbands. Venter brown or grey with small irregular sky blue or white dots; iris copper, with a red ring around pupil (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF9794BFE8CB74D0DE4E347" box="[1210,1279,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,494,1337]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,474,1355]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adelophryne gutturosa from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana: (A) IRSNB 13784, male, 14.2 mm SVL; (B) IRSNB 13785, female, 15.0 mm SVL; (C) IRSNB 13789, male, 13.3 mm SVL; (D) IRSNB 13790, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (E) IRSNB 13792, male, 13.8 mm SVL; (F) IRSNB 13793, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (G) Monotagma spicatum (Marantaceae), preferred habitat of Adelophryne gutturosa in Kaieteur National Park; white arrow indicates location of a calling male; (H) terrestrial egg, 4.63 mm diameter. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274501/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–F). In preservative the orange and sky blue colours become white, otherwise there is little change.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF9794BFAF0B71A0B9BE3BF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1020,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFAF0B71A0B74E394" bold="true" box="[198,623,1659,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
Vocalisation (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF9794BFB59B71A08D1E394" box="[367,458,1659,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1324,1348]" captionTargetBox="[168,1435,274,1295]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,274,1301]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Amplitude waveform (a) and sonogram (b) of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C). Amplitude waveform (c) of a single note of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C), showing pulses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274502/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C68860D3FFF9794BFBEFB71A0B7BE394" box="[473,608,1659,1685]" captionStart-0="TABLE 3" captionStart-1="TABLE 4" captionStartId-0="7.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,239,876,900]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1258,242,521]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1427,1002,1111]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="TABLE 3. Values of advertisement call variables of Adelophryne gutturosa recorded at Kaieteur (PJRK), 24 SW 7 and 24 SW 8 near Meamu (LRM)." captionText-1="TABLE 4. Summary of some acoustic parameters of the advertisement calls of Adelophryne patamona sp. nov., A. gutturosa and A. adiastola. The advertisement call of A. adiastola was described by Heyer (1977, figs 3 - 4), under the name Phyzelaphryne miriamae (Hoogmoed &amp; Lescure, 1984)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B1F608D6E5D0" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B20D0BEAE6C8" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" tableUuid-0="DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B1F608D6E5D0" tableUuid-1="DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B20D0BEAE6C8">Tables 3–4</tableCitation>
).
</emphasis>
The following description is based on a sample of 29 advertisement calls from
<specimenCount id="9D0C9EE1FFF9794BFB22B7C50866E3BF" box="[276,381,1700,1726]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
at the three localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF9794AFAF0B7AA0A1FE403" blockId="10.[151,1437,1020,2006]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,152,418]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF9794BFAF0B7AA08DAE3E4" bold="true" box="[198,449,1739,1765]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Temporal structure.</emphasis>
The advertisement call consists of a group of short notes produced in quick succession, with the interval between notes increasing progressively from the beginning to the end of the call (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF9794BFF5AB79509A3E237" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1324,1348]" captionTargetBox="[168,1435,274,1295]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,274,1301]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Amplitude waveform (a) and sonogram (b) of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C). Amplitude waveform (c) of a single note of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C), showing pulses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274502/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Consequently, calls containing only a few notes have a higher note repetition rate than those containing many notes, since in the latter the notes are on average more widely spaced. Thus a 2-note call from Kaieteur National Park (specimen IRSNB 13784) has a duration of
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFF9794BF972B60D0A8AE287" box="[836,913,1900,1926]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-0.058">0.058s</geoCoordinate>
and a note repetition rate of 22.22 notes/s; a 7-note call from the same locality (specimen IRSNB 13791) has a duration of
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFF9794BFE07B6F50D6BE2AF" box="[1073,1136,1940,1966]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" precision="555" value="-0.85">0.85s</geoCoordinate>
and a note repetition rate of 7.26 notes/s, and a 15-note call from Meamu has a duration of
<geoCoordinate id="EE3E33AFFFF9794BF9ADB6DD0AC2E2D7" box="[923,985,1980,2006]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" precision="555" value="-2.39">2.39s</geoCoordinate>
and a note repetition rate of 6.2 notes/ s. Call duration varies considerably, both between, and within individuals participating in the same chorus and may reflect social context (eg. territorial encounters or proximity to a female). At Kaieteur, a male situated close to a female produced 2-note calls continuously.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF8794AFAF0B0710899E4A3" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,418]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
Each note contains 4–5 high amplitude pulses which are followed by up to 7 low amplitude pulses (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF8794AFA96B05909EBE453" box="[160,240,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1324,1348]" captionTargetBox="[168,1435,274,1295]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,274,1301]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Amplitude waveform (a) and sonogram (b) of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C). Amplitude waveform (c) of a single note of the advertisement call of Adelophryne gutturosa (IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25 ° C), showing pulses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274502/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Fig.10</figureCitation>
c). The pulses vary in duration and are unevenly spaced: some are clearly separated from adjacent pulses, while others merge. Pulse rate therefore varies within and between notes and is unlikely to play a role in mate recognition.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7505E0FFF8794AFAA1B4020AF3E304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274501/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[170,1415,494,1337]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF8794AFAA1B4020AF3E304" blockId="11.[151,1437,1379,1541]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFAA1B4020801E07A" bold="true" box="[151,282,1379,1403]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AFB17B4050B0EE07A" box="[289,533,1380,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFB17B4050B0EE07A" box="[289,533,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana: (A) IRSNB 13784, male, 14.2 mm SVL; (B) IRSNB 13785, female, 15.0 mm SVL; (C) IRSNB 13789, male, 13.3 mm SVL; (D) IRSNB 13790, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (E) IRSNB 13792, male, 13.8 mm SVL; (F) IRSNB 13793, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (G)
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AFE87B4C80828E0E2" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Monotagma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatum">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFE87B4C80C86E0C1" box="[1201,1437,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Monotagma spicatum</emphasis>
(Marantaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, preferred habitat of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AF824B4AD0A1DE0E2" box="[530,774,1484,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AF824B4AD0A1DE0E2" box="[530,774,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Kaieteur National Park; white arrow indicates location of a calling male; (H) terrestrial egg, 4.63 mm diameter. Photographs by P.J.R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF8794AFAF0B7590C02E3A7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1592,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFAF0B75908ABE353" bold="true" box="[198,432,1592,1618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Spectral structure.</emphasis>
Three to four harmonics are developed, with the fundamental frequency dominating (range: 3896 – 4979 Hz; mean: 4242 Hz). The distribution of sound energy decreases progressively through the 2nd, 3rd and 4th harmonic. The frequency rises slightly from the beginning to the end of the note.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF8794AFAA1B7D50D28E3CF" blockId="11.[151,1436,1592,2022]" box="[151,1075,1716,1742]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
Vocalisation parameters of three
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AF82EB7D50BB5E3CC" box="[536,686,1716,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AF82EB7D50BB5E3CC" box="[536,686,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Adelophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are compared in
<tableCitation id="C68860D3FFF8794AF9E3B7D50D34E3CF" box="[981,1071,1716,1742]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,239,876,900]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,1002,1111]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 4. Summary of some acoustic parameters of the advertisement calls of Adelophryne patamona sp. nov., A. gutturosa and A. adiastola. The advertisement call of A. adiastola was described by Heyer (1977, figs 3 - 4), under the name Phyzelaphryne miriamae (Hoogmoed &amp; Lescure, 1984)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B20D0BEAE6C8" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="DF7505E0FFF47946FAA1B20D0BEAE6C8">Table 4</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFF8794DFAF0B7BA0D32E5DB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1592,2022]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,152,218]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFAF0B7BA0895E3F4" bold="true" box="[198,398,1755,1781]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Natural history.</emphasis>
Specimens were collected in forest, in late afternoon or early evening. Specimens from Ayanganna, Wokomung and Meamu were collected in leaf litter. Most specimens from Kaieteur were closely associated with formations of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AFBCFB64D0AB7E247" box="[505,940,1836,1862]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Monotagma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatum">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFBCFB64D0BE3E244" box="[505,760,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Monotagma spicatum</emphasis>
(Marantaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, locally named Dalibana (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFF8794AFEE9B64D0C3DE247" box="[1247,1318,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,494,1337]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,474,1355]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adelophryne gutturosa from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana: (A) IRSNB 13784, male, 14.2 mm SVL; (B) IRSNB 13785, female, 15.0 mm SVL; (C) IRSNB 13789, male, 13.3 mm SVL; (D) IRSNB 13790, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (E) IRSNB 13792, male, 13.8 mm SVL; (F) IRSNB 13793, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (G) Monotagma spicatum (Marantaceae), preferred habitat of Adelophryne gutturosa in Kaieteur National Park; white arrow indicates location of a calling male; (H) terrestrial egg, 4.63 mm diameter. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274501/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
G). A few individuals were observed sheltering at the base of other vegetation, although
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AFE01B6350DD1E26C" box="[1079,1226,1876,1901]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Monotagma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spicatum">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AFE01B6350DD1E26C" box="[1079,1226,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">M. spicatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be the preferred habitat. Males were usually found calling from the base of the plant or hidden among the rootlets; some were observed calling among dead leaves near the base of the plant. Most of the females were collected close to calling males. Small size and cryptic colouration make
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFF8794AF9ABB6AD0D2BE2E4" box="[925,1072,1996,2021]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFF8794AF9ABB6AD0D2BE2E4" box="[925,1072,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
difficult to locate, even when calling. When disturbed the frogs move slowly or remain motionless among rootlets or in leaf litter. If disturbed while away from shelter, they can rapidly jump considerable distances.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7505E0FFFF794DFAA1B44D0A09E088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274502/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[168,1435,274,1295]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFF794DFAA1B44D0A09E088" blockId="12.[151,1436,1324,1417]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DFAA1B44D0833E045" bold="true" box="[151,296,1324,1348]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Amplitude waveform (a) and sonogram (b) of the advertisement call of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFF794DFE73B44C0C20E045" box="[1093,1339,1325,1348]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DFE73B44C0C20E045" box="[1093,1339,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25°C). Amplitude waveform (c) of a single note of the advertisement call of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFF794DFEF5B43109A7E088" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DFEF5B43109A7E088" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IRSNB 13791, air temperature 25°C), showing pulses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFF794DFAF3B4DC0A71E0D6" blockId="12.[151,1437,1469,2015]" box="[197,874,1469,1495]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">A few ants were found in the stomachs of two specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFF794DFAF3B4840AB5E376" blockId="12.[151,1437,1469,2015]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
Once we became familiar with the call of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFF794DF8FEB4840A40E0FF" box="[712,859,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DF8FEB4840A40E0FF" box="[712,859,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found that this species is locally abundant. Choruses were heard between 0300–0600 and
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several locations in Kaieteur and Meamu. In some localities such as the Elinkwa River in Kaieteur National Park, and La Laja,
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFF794DFE4AB7540C15E34F" box="[1148,1294,1589,1614]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DFE4AB7540C15E34F" box="[1148,1294,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most common frog heard in late afternoon, early evening or during rains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFF794DFAF3B7E40A66E2B6" blockId="12.[151,1437,1469,2015]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
On
<date id="FFB473A8FFFF794DFAC3B7E408D5E39E" box="[245,462,1669,1695]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" value="2005-12-02">2 December 2005</date>
at 1540 a male
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFF794DF8AAB7E40A2BE39F" box="[668,816,1669,1694]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DF8AAB7E40A2BE39F" box="[668,816,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(IRSNB 13784) was located by call and a female (IRSNB 13785) was observed, immobile, in close proximity. Both specimens were collected and kept overnight in a plastic container with some dead leaves. The next morning a single large egg of
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external diameter was found among the dead leaves (
<figureCitation id="133149EDFFFF794DF898B79C0BECE216" box="[686,759,1789,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[170,1415,494,1337]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,474,1355]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adelophryne gutturosa from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana: (A) IRSNB 13784, male, 14.2 mm SVL; (B) IRSNB 13785, female, 15.0 mm SVL; (C) IRSNB 13789, male, 13.3 mm SVL; (D) IRSNB 13790, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (E) IRSNB 13792, male, 13.8 mm SVL; (F) IRSNB 13793, female, 14.7 mm SVL; (G) Monotagma spicatum (Marantaceae), preferred habitat of Adelophryne gutturosa in Kaieteur National Park; white arrow indicates location of a calling male; (H) terrestrial egg, 4.63 mm diameter. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274501/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
H). The large size of the egg, 31% of the female’s SVL, supports the hypothesis of direct development in this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFF794DF9B2B6440C4CE23E" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[900,1367,1829,1855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" refString="Ayarzaguena, J. &amp; Diego-Aransay, A. (1985) Primer reporte para Venezuela de Adelophryne gutturosa (Leptodactylidae) y datos sobre su biologia. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 45, 159 - 160." type="journal article" year="1985">Ayarzagüena and Diego-Aransay 1985</bibRefCitation>
). The short wet season in
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFF794DFB48B62C08C2E266" box="[382,473,1869,1895]" name="Guyana" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Guyana</collectingCountry>
begins in December;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFF794DF8EFB62C0D84E266" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[729,1183,1869,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="49" refString="Ayarzaguena, J. &amp; Diego-Aransay, A. (1985) Primer reporte para Venezuela de Adelophryne gutturosa (Leptodactylidae) y datos sobre su biologia. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 45, 159 - 160." type="journal article" year="1985">Ayarzagüena &amp; Diego-Aransay (1985)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFF794DFEEEB62C09FFE28E" pageId="12" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S., Borges, D. M. &amp; Cascon, P. (1994) Three new species of the genus Adelophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the other species of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 271 - 300." type="journal article">
Hoogmoed
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFF794DFF57B62C0C87E267" box="[1377,1436,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
theorized that oviposition takes place at the beginning of the rainy season (to minimize desiccation of terrestrial eggs) It is likely that eggs are laid among plant roots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFF794CFAF3B6A40D07E403" blockId="12.[151,1437,1469,2015]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,152,898]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
Our observations indicate that males exhibit site fidelity, positioning themselves as close as
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from adjacent calling males. Males rarely call simultaneously, although the call of one male usually prompts an adjacent male to call and there is a slight overlap between the two calls. Calls are emitted in successive waves; due to the nature of the call, this creates a very powerful “cascading chorus”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31006E3FFFE794CFAF3B06E0A0AE683" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFE794CFAF3B06E0A32E71B" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CFAF3B06E0B57E428" bold="true" box="[197,588,271,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Distribution and relationships.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFE794CF861B0710A7CE428" box="[599,871,272,297]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CF861B0710A7CE428" box="[599,871,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Adelophryne gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species, whose range extends from Amapá,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFE794CFB0AB059089DE453" box="[316,390,312,338]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, to Bolívar,
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFE794CF82FB0590B8FE453" box="[537,660,312,338]" name="Venezuela" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, a distance of some
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CF9B3B0590AEBE453" box="[901,1008,312,338]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="1500.0">1500 km</quantity>
. Elevation ranges from 110 and
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFF46B05909B5E47B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
in Amapá (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFB0AB0010B57E47B" author="Hoogmoed" box="[316,588,352,378]" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S., Borges, D. M. &amp; Cascon, P. (1994) Three new species of the genus Adelophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the other species of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 271 - 300." type="journal article" year="1994">
Hoogmoed
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CFBFFB00108E5E478" box="[457,510,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
), through
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CF8F1B0010A55E47B" box="[711,846,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="475.0" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="400.0">400–550 m</quantity>
at Kaieteur,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CF9DFB0010D2EE47B" box="[1001,1077,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
at La Laja,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFEFEB0010C0FE47B" box="[1224,1300,352,378]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.64" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="664.0">664 m</quantity>
at Meamu,
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at Ayanganna,
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFBABB0E908F2E4A3" box="[413,489,392,418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
at Roraima (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CF8B0B0E90ACCE4A3" author="Hoogmoed" box="[646,983,392,418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Lescure, J. (1984) A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 58, 85 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Hoogmoed &amp; Lescure 1984</bibRefCitation>
),
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at Auyán (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFE89B0E90838E4CB" author="Senaris" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Senaris, J. C. &amp; Ayarzaguena, J. (2006) A new species of Hypsiboas (Amphibia; Anura; Hylidae) from the Venezuelan Guayana, with notes on Hypsiboas sibleszi Rivero 1972. Herpetologica, 62, 308 - 318." type="journal article" year="2006">Señaris &amp; Ayarzagüena 2006</bibRefCitation>
), approximately
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFBDFB0D10B59E4CB" box="[489,578,432,458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
at La Escalera (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CF936B0D10DA2E4CB" author="Ayarzaguena" box="[768,1209,432,458]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" refString="Ayarzaguena, J. &amp; Diego-Aransay, A. (1985) Primer reporte para Venezuela de Adelophryne gutturosa (Leptodactylidae) y datos sobre su biologia. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 45, 159 - 160." type="journal article" year="1985">Ayarzagüena &amp; Diego-Aransay 1985</bibRefCitation>
),
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFEF8B0D10C33E4CB" box="[1230,1320,432,458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.234" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1234.0">1234 m</quantity>
at Wokomung, to
<quantity id="4CF2F88DFFFE794CFB3CB0B9087EE4F3" box="[266,357,472,498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
at Maringma. This broad geographical and elevational range invites further study into the possible presence of cryptic species within
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFE794CF8A5B3610A39E718" box="[659,802,512,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosa">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CF8A5B3610A39E718" box="[659,802,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">A. gutturosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFE794CFAF3B3490DD2E793" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
Although they may be locally abundant, the small size and secretive habits of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFE794CFE56B3490DEDE740" box="[1120,1270,552,577]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CFE56B3490DEDE740" box="[1120,1270,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Adelophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make discovery difficult. There are numerous large gaps in the known distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFE794CFE12B33109C4E793" authority="Hoogmoed et al. 1994" authorityName="Hoogmoed et al." authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CFE12B3310DA1E768" box="[1060,1210,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Adelophryne</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFEFBB33109CDE793" author="Hoogmoed" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S., Borges, D. M. &amp; Cascon, P. (1994) Three new species of the genus Adelophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the other species of the genus. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 271 - 300." type="journal article" year="1994">
Hoogmoed
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CFF6BB3310C87E768" box="[1373,1436,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Calls could be used to verify the presence of these frogs during biodiversity surveys.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB55568FFFE794CFAF3B3C10A0AE683" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
Several characters such as number of phalanges, digital discs and pads, skin texture and colour pattern have been used to distinguish among species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A2EEBFFFE794CF8EEB3A90A75E7E0" box="[728,878,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Adelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CF8EEB3A90A75E7E0" box="[728,878,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Adelophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and among genera of small eleutherodactylids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFAA9B39108EAE60B" author="Hoogmoed" box="[159,497,752,778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. &amp; Lescure, J. (1984) A new genus and two new species of minute leptodactylid frogs from northern South America, with comments upon Phyzelaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 58, 85 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Hoogmoed &amp; Lescure 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, understanding of the phylogeny of these poorly known animals will require considerable further sampling. Relationships of this group were discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFEFCB2790C75E633" author="Lynch" box="[1226,1390,792,818]" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1986) New species of minute leptodactylid frogs from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. Journal of Herpetology, 20, 423 - 431." type="journal article" year="1986">Lynch (1986)</bibRefCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="F31D15F8FFFE794CFF4DB2790C87E633" box="[1403,1436,792,818]" name="American Samoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">As</collectingCountry>
pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CFB7DB22108F3E65B" author="Heyer" box="[331,488,832,858]" pageId="13" pageNumber="50" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1977) Taxonomic notes on frogs from the Madeira and Purus rivers, Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 31 (8), 141 - 162." type="journal article" year="1977">Heyer (1977)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B2899FFFE794CF812B2210A32E65B" box="[548,809,832,858]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" refString="Da Silva, H. R., Campos, L. A. &amp; Sebben, A. (2007) The auditory region of Brachycephalus and its bearing on the monophyly of the genus (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa, 1422, 59 - 68." type="journal article">
Da Silva
<emphasis id="B97E897AFFFE794CF8A5B2210BD4E658" box="[659,719,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
, many of the characters present in these taxa may be due to convergence, and may not reflect relationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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