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<document id="166C728987A03A390E354FF96416260C" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFF7DFF359CD60C0DD41CF80A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Clytia gracilis M. Sars 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="140" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2C35749529DC2D5EB5D3F8175A4A16DD">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC052B5326DDF1782D678E47389F703B">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="0E93B4EB09D3CE044C6DF53FE4444120">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7169B4B69AFB0CF7897D2535DCCD7099">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED9B4F7B4919B23A86CC41CA1714476D">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F0BF1D2BE237BC7AEFF58BA641BCF17D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DEEBDC2CBC44145657A7BB19715A5686">
<mods:roleTerm id="CFF744BB640503E267AEDF771CE2CA99">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D5F77F48ECB4B75868F40A077A1C74EC">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FCCCBD075BEBE1343421C7F44652A291" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CEF207E3113A7CE9ED6387767ADC1C45">
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<mods:namePart id="1226005DB05108305ABE7161D0E3E4C5">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8DB16EE29DBB2CD58781B361D80FDF89">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="36E057099DAEC0A7BDEFE1BEB142E5D6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BA18A96A4CA24DC10E7B76F5A8BA7DFA">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5E4908FC0DF1D4DE2534817F48191FE0" type="volume">
<mods:number id="FB0F6E8C4FF72B5E890BA672D7C521FC">3908</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="89FA50FC4B06015D522700457881E6E9">1</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="32737824779A6ACB86AF627304F53FF3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFF7DFF359CD60C0DD41CF80A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107190" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107190" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFF7DFF359CD60C0DD41CF80A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFF7DFF359CD60C0DD41CF80A" lastPageId="140" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7DFF329CD60C0DD443FC69" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7DFF329CD60C0DD53DFC88" blockId="139.[151,516,836,895]" box="[151,516,836,862]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
<heading id="D0A681A4FF7DFF329CD60C0DD53DFC88" bold="true" box="[151,516,836,862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7DFF329CD60C0DD53DFC88" ID-CoL="5ZFPZ" authority="M. Sars, 1850" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,516,836,862]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329CD60C0DD53DFC88" bold="true" box="[151,516,836,862]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329CD60C0DD679FC88" bold="true" box="[151,320,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Clytia gracilis</emphasis>
(M. Sars, 1850)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7DFF329CD60C2FD612FCA9" blockId="139.[151,516,836,895]" box="[151,299,870,895]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFF7DFF329CD60C2FD7CAFCA9" box="[151,243,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 100" captionStartId="139.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[261,1345,1019,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@139.[226,1360,1012,1957]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="FIGURE 100. Clytia gracilis: A, colony; B, diagram of hydrothecal rim; C, gonotheca with medusa buds; D, fully grown medusa (A, B drawn by F. Boero; C, D drawn by A. Gennari). Scale bars: A, C, 0.5 mm; D, 4.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242829/files/figure.png" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
A–D
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7DFF329CD60CE0D443FC69" blockId="139.[151,890,937,959]" box="[151,890,937,959]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7DFF329C830CE3D555FC69" box="[194,620,937,959]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa (2002)</bibRefCitation>
for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6640FF7DFF329CD608F3D3ABF839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242829/files/figure.png" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" targetBox="[261,1345,1019,1919]" targetPageId="139">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7DFF329CD608F3D3ABF839" blockId="139.[151,1436,1978,2031]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329CD608F3D616F819" bold="true" box="[151,303,1978,2000]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">FIGURE 100.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7DFF329D7908F3D6F5F806" box="[312,460,1978,2000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329D7908F3D6F5F806" box="[312,460,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Clytia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329D9D08F3D6D7F819" bold="true" box="[476,494,1978,1999]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">A</emphasis>
, colony;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329E1208F3D55DF819" bold="true" box="[595,612,1978,1999]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B</emphasis>
, diagram of hydrothecal rim;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF329FE008F3D48AF806" bold="true" box="[929,947,1978,2000]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">C</emphasis>
, gonotheca with medusa buds;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7DFF32994008F3D22AF819" bold="true" box="[1281,1299,1978,1999]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">D</emphasis>
, fully grown medusa (A, B drawn by F. Boero; C, D drawn by A. Gennari). Scale bars: A, C, 0.5 mm; D, 4.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7AFF359CD60FDED59AFF03" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359CD60FDED59AFF03" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359CD60FDED6B9FF66" bold="true" box="[151,384,151,176]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 107p and HCUS-S
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF7AFF359E860FD1D43EFF66" box="[711,775,152,176]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="m" value="107.0">107m</quantity>
(Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp and medusa stages.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7AFF359C860F96D4B3FB3E" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860F96D253FF2E" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1386,223,248]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860F96D66BFF2E" bold="true" box="[199,338,223,248]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations; Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FA20F96D3ABFF2E" author="Cornelius" box="[995,1170,223,248]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3598DF0F96D267FF2E" author="Schuchert" box="[1182,1374,223,248]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2001a</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860E4DD5D1FE06" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860E4DD60AFECB" bold="true" box="[199,307,260,285]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza as creeping stolon system; colonies erect, delicate, up to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF7AFF3598770E4DD3BCFECA" box="[1078,1157,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
high; hydrocauli forking 2–3 times, with long internodes and pedicels, annulated; hydranth highly extensile, with 18–20 amphicoronate tentacles; hydrothecae deep-campanulate, with 8–12 large pointed cusps inclined to one side, diaphragm thin, pedicel base incurving. Colour: hydrorhiza yellowish. Gonothecae long, urn-shaped, constricted abruptly below rim and below this more gradually, smooth walled, wide mouthed, arising from hydrorhiza on short, slender pedicels; up to 4 developing medusae per gonotheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860E95D688FDCE" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860E95D65AFE23" bold="true" box="[199,355,476,501]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFF7AFF359D680E95D667FE23" box="[297,350,476,501]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Littoral and shelf species recorded in the Mediterranean from 5 to about
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF7AFF3598D10E95D3EFFE22" box="[1168,1238,476,500]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
depth (Gili 1986; Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860D6DD605FDB6" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860D6DD678FDEB" bold="true" box="[199,321,548,573]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Substrate.</emphasis>
Algae, bio-concretions, and rock, hydroids, sponges, bryozoans, mollusc shells, polychaete tubes, and cirripedes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860D25D695FD71" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860D25D66DFD53" bold="true" box="[199,340,620,645]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Seasonality.</emphasis>
April–December (Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359E280D24D59AFD53" box="[617,675,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2009) in the Ligurian Sea; January–December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860DFDD462FCEE" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860DFDD6FDFD1B" bold="true" box="[199,452,692,717]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
January (De Vito 2006; this study), June (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FDE0DFDD37DFD1A" author="Stechow" box="[927,1092,692,717]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow 1919</bibRefCitation>
), July (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3598D40DFDD665FD26" author="Pena" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
), August (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D9F0D91D4F7FD26" author="Pena" box="[478,974,728,752]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; C. Gravili unpublished observations), September (Gili 1986; Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359D990DB4D528FCC3" box="[472,529,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2009), October (De Vito 2006; this study) and November (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3598EF0DB5D20EFCC2" author="Broch" box="[1198,1335,764,789]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1933">Broch 1933</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 2006; this study) in several localities of the Mediterranean Sea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860C0DD44EFC1E" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860C0DD614FC8B" bold="true" box="[199,301,836,861]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Medusa.</emphasis>
Adult. Umbrella nearly hemispherical, up to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF7AFF359F6F0C0DD456FC8A" box="[814,879,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
wide, mesoglea thin; manubrium small, quadrate to cruciform; mouth with 4–8 simple lips; up to 22 radial canals; up to 14 gonads oval to round, with few eggs, along the third distal quarter of the radial canals; up to 40 marginal bulbs with spherical base; each marginal bulb bearing one tentacle; 1–2 statocysts between successive tentacles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860C9DD65BFB13" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with umbrella 0.7 mm wide; manubrium small quadrate to cruciform; mouth with 4 simple lips; 4 straight radial canals; 4 marginal bulbs with spherical base; 4 tentacles; 1–2 statocysts between successive tentacles. After one day the marginal bulbs are 8 and all tentaculate. In the 4-day-old medusa the radial canals are 4; marginal bulbs are 12 with 8 tentacles. In the 12-day-old medusa the umbrella is hemispherical; the mouth has 8 lobes; there are 8 radial canals (only 4 are complete until the umbrellar margin; 24 tentaculate bulbs. Twenty-one-day-old medusa with 8 radial canals; 32 tentaculate bulbs; 8 gonads near the umbrellar margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860B86D4B3FB3E" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,906,1231,1256]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860B86D602FB3E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1231,1256]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Cnidome.</emphasis>
b-mastigophores 1
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFF7AFF359E590B99D571FB3E" box="[536,584,1232,1256]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">type</typeStatus>
(polyp), isorhizas (medusa).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7AFF359C860BBDD50EFA16" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860BBDD232FA82" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860BBDD659FADB" bold="true" box="[199,352,1268,1293]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Distribution.</emphasis>
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean for the hydroid stage, planktonic colonies have been described in Atlantic waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359DA70A5ED46DFAE6" author="Medel" box="[486,852,1303,1328]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359F230A5ED339FAE6" author="Migotto" box="[866,1024,1303,1328]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF35984F0A51D7EAFA82" author="Pena" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359D070A74D647FA83" box="[326,382,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D8D0A75D593FA82" author="Gravili" box="[460,682,1340,1365]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359E620A74D562FA83" box="[547,603,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359EF40A75D44EFA82" author="Morri" box="[693,887,1340,1365]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749" type="journal article" year="2009">
Morri
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359EBC0A74D40CFA83" box="[765,821,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FC20A75D239FA82" author="Soto" box="[899,1280,1340,1365]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035" type="journal article" year="2013">Soto Ãngel &amp; Peña Cantero 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860A16D50EFA16" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860A16D68BFAAE" bold="true" box="[199,434,1375,1400]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Common at: Grotta del Ciolo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359F5A0A16D34AFAAE" author="Moscatello" box="[795,1139,1375,1400]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Moscatello, S. &amp; Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Moscatello &amp; Belmonte 2007</bibRefCitation>
); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations); Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FCF0ACDD378FA4A" author="Andreano" box="[910,1089,1412,1437]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3598110ACDD20EFA4A" author="Gravili" box="[1104,1335,1412,1437]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3598E80ACCD3DCFA4B" box="[1193,1253,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3599040ACCD7E8FA16" author="Ventura" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359C9D0AEED696FA16" author="Piraino" box="[220,431,1447,1472]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359D750AE0D65FFA16" box="[308,358,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7AFF359C860A85D301F8D3" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860A85D301F8D3" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860A85D602FA33" bold="true" box="[199,315,1484,1509]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Remarks.</emphasis>
The newborn medusa is often confounded with other
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF3598490A85D375FA33" box="[1032,1100,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3598490A85D375FA33" box="[1032,1100,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Clytia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae, mainly with
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF3599C30A84D605F9DE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hemisphaerica">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3599C30A84D605F9DE" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">C. hemisphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although the discrimination between different species may perhaps be possible by the use of cnidocyst micromorphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359DA8095DD5AAF9FA" author="Ostman" box="[489,659,1556,1581]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Ostman, C. (1979 a) Two types of nematocysts in Campanulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Zoologica Scripta, 8 (1 - 4), 5 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1979. tb 00614. x" type="journal article" year="1979" yearSuffix="a">Östman 1979a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359EE3095DD5E7F9FA" author="Ostman" box="[674,734,1556,1580]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Ostman, C. (1983) Taxonomy of Scandinavian hydroids (Cnidaria, Campanulariidae) a study based on nematocyst morphology and isoenzymes. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis (Abstract of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science), 672, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
). It seems to be a circumglobal species, reaching sub-Arctic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359CDF0971D678F986" author="Naumov" box="[158,321,1591,1616]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1969) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translation, i - vi, 631 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1969">Naumov 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and sub-Antarctic waters (Stepanjants 1979), although previous confusion with the polyp stage of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF359CD60914D667F9A3" box="[151,350,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hemisphaerica">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359CD60914D667F9A3" box="[151,350,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">C. hemisphaerica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes it difficult to establish an exact distributional pattern for this species (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF3599400915D7EAF94E" author="Lindner" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Lindner, A., Govindarajan, A. F. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2011) Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae). Zootaxa, 2980, 23 - 36." type="journal article" year="2011">
Lindner
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3599230914D2A5F9A3" box="[1378,1436,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, the medusa described in this paper, having multiple radial canals, shows several differences from the description of the medusa reported in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359E2F09EDD408F96B" author="Cornelius" box="[622,817,1700,1725]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius (1995)</bibRefCitation>
: probably they are different species. The hydroid stage and the newborn medusa are clearly referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF359EFE098ED43AF936" box="[703,771,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359EFE098ED43AF936" box="[703,771,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Clytia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the adult medusa is not part of the classical definition of the genus (see Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359D8509A4D6C5F8D3" box="[452,508,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2006) and calls for a re-assesment of its diagnosis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF7AFF359C860846D41CF80A" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF7AFF359C860846D41CF80A" blockId="140.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359C860846D669F8FE" bold="true" box="[199,336,1807,1832]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D1A0846D6D6F8FE" author="Broch" box="[347,495,1807,1832]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1912">Broch (1912</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359DBE0859D501F8FE" author="Broch" box="[511,568,1808,1832]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1933">1933</bibRefCitation>
) as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF359E2E0846D49EF8FE" ID-CoL="3S878" box="[623,935,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Laomedea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis" subGenus="Clytia">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359E2E0846D5DDF8FE" box="[623,740,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Laomedea</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359EB90846D405F8FE" box="[760,828,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Clytia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359F130846D49EF8FE" box="[850,935,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FFA0846D348F8FE" author="Stechow" box="[955,1137,1807,1832]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow (1919)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF3598DE0846D2ADF8FE" ID-CoL="852M7" box="[1183,1428,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Gonothyraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3598DE0846D2ADF8FE" box="[1183,1428,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Gonothyraea gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359CD6087DD600F89A" author="Leloup" box="[151,313,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Leloup (1934)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF7AFF359D20087DD50AF89B" ID-CoL="3S878" box="[353,563,1844,1869]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Laomedea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359D20087DD50AF89B" box="[353,563,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Laomedea gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359E05087DD5D4F89B" author="Picard" box="[580,749,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">Picard (1958a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359EBA087DD4B6F89B" author="Rossi" box="[763,911,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85." type="journal article" year="1961">Rossi (1961)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359FDA087CD368F89B" author="Naumov" box="[923,1105,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Naumov, D. V. (1969) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translation, i - vi, 631 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1969">Naumov (1969)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF35981F087DD3C1F89A" author="Ramil" box="[1118,1272,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp." type="book" year="1988">Ramil (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359944087DD2A1F89A" author="Riedl" box="[1285,1432,1844,1869]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp." type="book" year="1991">Riedl (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, Ramil &amp; Vervoort (1992),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D880811D5B9F8A6" author="Vervoort" box="[457,640,1880,1904]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Vervoort, W. (1993) Report on hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) in the collection of the Zoological Museum, University of Tel- Aviv, Israel. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 67 (40), 537 - 565." type="journal article" year="1993">Vervoort (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, Altuna (1994),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359F7F081ED384F8A6" author="Medel" box="[830,1213,1879,1904]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF35988A081ED7DDF842" author="Medel" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 330, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">Medel &amp; Vervoort (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359CB20835D6FEF842" author="Schuchert" box="[243,455,1916,1941]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert (2001a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D960834D4FCF842" box="[471,965,1916,1940]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF3598000834D344F843" box="[1089,1149,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359D0C08E9D571F86E" box="[333,584,1952,1977]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359DE608E8D6DAF86F" box="[423,483,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359E1608E9D4FDF86E" author="Moscatello" box="[599,964,1952,1977]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Moscatello, S. &amp; Belmonte, G. (2007) The plankton of a shallow submarine cave (' Grotta di Ciolo', Salento Peninsula, SE Italy). Marine Ecology, 28 (s 1), 47 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00167. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Moscatello &amp; Belmonte (2007)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359F9208E9D38AF86E" box="[979,1203,1952,1977]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749" type="journal article">
Morri
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF35985E08E8D362F86F" box="[1055,1115,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
, Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF35994508E8D279F86F" box="[1284,1344,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2009),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359CD6088DD645F80A" box="[151,380,1988,2013]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Lindner, A., Govindarajan, A. F. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2011) Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae). Zootaxa, 2980, 23 - 36." type="journal article">
Lindner
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF7AFF359CB7088CD616F80B" box="[246,303,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF7AFF359DC1088DD509F80A" author="Ventura" box="[384,560,1988,2012]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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