<documentID-CLB-Dataset="2684"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66954"ID-GBIF-Dataset="d1054779-a49b-42b2-b39d-e438b1978167"ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-71-621"ID-Pensoft-UUID="C509665292785E279D00E6E64109718B"ID-ZooBank="D2F33D05BF6845169B76D8741E60AAD5"ModsDocID="2625-8498-71-621"checkinTime="1641857289630"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Guenther, Rainer, Dahl, Chris & Richards, Stephen J."docDate="2021"docId="FA076C03D1CF5423898BB6991A16C4CF"docLanguage="en"docName="VertZool 71: 621-630"docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 71"docPubDate="2021-10-11"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66954"docTitle="Xenorhina ventrimaculata Günther & Dahl & Richards 2021, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docUuid="D11A9F8E-F461-4411-8622-E48DFAA68BC1"docUuidSource="ZooBank"docVersion="6"id="C509665292785E279D00E6E64109718B"lastPageNumber="621"masterDocId="C509665292785E279D00E6E64109718B"masterDocTitle="Description of a new Xenorhina species (Anura, Microhylidae) from northwestern Papua New Guinea"masterLastPageNumber="630"masterPageNumber="621"pageNumber="621"updateTime="1732876438125"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="42036B6827100D4D7C1EC8091DF079CA">Description of a new Xenorhina species (Anura, Microhylidae) from northwestern Papua New Guinea</mods:title>
<mods:namePartid="2EDB1FEB728337760B13BDA61C1EBC1D">Richards, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="DD14C3174258F5AE6BAB79936FA98A17">South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="FE94EA3BADC9C47DB036897CD0606E72"LSID="http://zoobank.org/D11A9F8E-F461-4411-8622-E48DFAA68BC1"authority="Günther & Dahl & Richards, 2021"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata"status="sp. nov.">Xenorhina ventrimaculata</taxonomicName>
<paragraphid="F0D28588B94B27EE1C0E045C8206AE78"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">SAMA R71741 (SJR 3689), adult male, collected adjacent to Utai Village, West Sepik (Sandaun) Province, Papua New Guinea (3.3875°S, 141.5853°E; 210 m a.s.l.) on 29/05/2004 by C. Dahl.</paragraph>
ZMB 91632 (SJR3694), adult male, same details as holotype but collected on 31/05/2004; SAMA R71742 (SJR3872), adult female, collected at Yapsiei Village, West Sepik (Sandaun) Province, Papua New Guinea (
; 180 m a.s.l.) on 25/06/2004 by C. Dahl; SAMA R71743 (SJR3887), ZMB 91633 (SJR3888), PNGNM (SJR3914), same details as for SAMA R71742, but SAMA R71743 and ZMB 91633 (SJR3888) collected on 27/06/2004 and PNGNM (SJR3914) collected on 01/07/2004.
characterized by the unique combination of: medium size (SUL of two males 29.2-29.9 mm; of four females 29.9-33.0 mm); vomeropalatines each with one short triangular odontoid spike; legs moderately short (TL/SUL 0.40-0.44); all fingers and toe 1 without, and toes 2-5 with, expanded terminal discs; eye-naris distance greater than internarial distance (END/IND 1.10-1.21); tympanum about same size as eye (TyD/ED 0.95-1.16); dorsal surfaces in life different tones of brown with small blackish spots; ventral surfaces light ivory heavily spotted with reddish-brown blotches or reticula; advertisement calls uttered in series containing 7-10 loud hooting calls = notes each lasting 141-165 ms and produced at a rate of 2.19-2.35 calls/s.
<tableCitationid="7ED9C191EB39180B23268C9DB4B74B30"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="T1"captionText="Table 1. Body measurements and body ratios of the type series of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. SAMA R 71741 is the male holotype, others are paratypes. All measurements are in mm; M = male; F = female; for explanation of other abbreviations see " Material and methods "."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/97692B67418CC3A038FF0F59923F3A53"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"tableUuid="97692B67418CC3A038FF0F59923F3A53">1</tableCitation>
<figureCitationid="71BC2A3DCE705FE183A3B9952375ABC6"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (a) dorsolateral view in life, (b) ventral view in life; (c) ventral view of right hand of preserved specimen, (d) ventral view of right foot of preserved specimen."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597921"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">1a</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="4EF50A7B96770A1C131FB2EE409787D0"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (a) dorsolateral view in life, (b) ventral view in life; (c) ventral view of right hand of preserved specimen, (d) ventral view of right foot of preserved specimen."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597921"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">1b</figureCitation>
. Head broader than long (HL/HW 0.81); snout acuminate from above and below, distinctly protruding in profile; vomeropalatines each with one short, triangular and acuminate odontoid spike; loreal region oblique, no canthus rostralis; nostrils near tip of snout, directed dorsolaterally, visible from above but not from below; eye-naris distance greater than internarial distance (END/IND 1.21); tympanum visible in life and preservative, its diameter slightly less than that of eye (TyD/ED 0.95); supratympanic fold weakly expressed, extending from behind eye to behind tympanum; fingers moderately short, not webbed; tips of all fingers with barely detectable circum-marginal grooves, tips not wider than penultimate phalanges; subarticular and metacarpal tubercles barely visible; relative lengths of fingers 3>4>2>1 (Fig.
<figureCitationid="9263B30908CC4121E5980F96931940E5"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (a) dorsolateral view in life, (b) ventral view in life; (c) ventral view of right hand of preserved specimen, (d) ventral view of right foot of preserved specimen."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597921"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">1c</figureCitation>
); shank short (TL/SUL 0.42); all toe tips with circum-marginal grooves and, with exception of toe 1, tips wider than penultimate phalanges; toes not webbed, most subarticular tubercles and oval inner metatarsal tubercle moderately well defined; relative lengths of toes 4>3>5>2>1 (Fig.
<figureCitationid="413E79AC725E6482F460A7C204299D51"captionStart="Figure 1"captionStartId="F1"captionText="Figure 1. Holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (a) dorsolateral view in life, (b) ventral view in life; (c) ventral view of right hand of preserved specimen, (d) ventral view of right foot of preserved specimen."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure1"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597921"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">1d</figureCitation>
). Body laterally with numerous irregularly shaped and irregularly arranged tubercles; dorsally posterior of head with four regularly spaced longitudinal tubercle rows (two paravertebral and two dorsolateral); dorsal surfaces of head, limbs, and all ventral surfaces without tubercles; tip of snout smooth.
<taxonomicNameid="375834ADD2B64E627D7CDA3F0BA6E12B"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. (a) dorsolateral view in life, (b) ventral view in life; (c) ventral view of right hand of preserved specimen, (d) ventral view of right foot of preserved specimen.
<paragraphid="883FF7B0DF6EBE76A7E28DAC9AE6289A"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">In life dorsal surfaces of head, body and extremities mostly ochre-brown (RAL 8001); posterior back with extended daffodil yellow (RAL 1007) flecks; tubercles on dorsum mainly black-brown (RAL 8022) with light ivory (RAL 1015) apices; a black-brown stripe runs along supratympanic ridge. Ventral surfaces mostly light ivory (RAL 1015) with beige-grey (RAL 7006) reticulation and diffuse orange-brown (RAL 8023) spots on extremities and both sides of abdomen; throat orange-brown with black-brown spots. Iris predominantly blackish.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="2F12BBA5D80455E36D44B586750D8DBB"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">In preservative ground colour of dorsal surfaces of head, back and extremities beige (RAL 1001) with some inconspicuous brown-beige (RAL 1011) spots. Supratympanic ridge and cutaneous tubercles partly (especially on their bases) black-brown; rear of thighs predominantly fawn-brown (RAL 8007). Basic colour of ventral surfaces light ivory; flecks on chest, abdomen, and extremities beige-brown; throat light ivory with mahogany-brown (RAL 8016) flecking. Narrow light ivory middorsal line from between eyes to cloaca continues on to rear of hind limbs and is vaguely detectable on abdomen.</paragraph>
<tableCitationid="403F2AB616F0A112152812D371993F07"captionStart="Table 1"captionStartId="T1"captionText="Table 1. Body measurements and body ratios of the type series of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. SAMA R 71741 is the male holotype, others are paratypes. All measurements are in mm; M = male; F = female; for explanation of other abbreviations see " Material and methods "."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/97692B67418CC3A038FF0F59923F3A53"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"tableUuid="97692B67418CC3A038FF0F59923F3A53">1</tableCitation>
). Two males measure 29.2 and 29.9 mm and four females 29.9-33.0 mm SUL, indicating that sexual size dimorphism is slight. Ground colour of the dorsal surfaces in preservative of SAMA R71742 and ZMB 91633 is beige, as in the holotype, but in the remaining types is light mahogany brown. All paratypes except ZMB 91632 have a narrow light ivory middorsal line; none exhibits lumbar spots. Most specimens have variable numbers of small blackish dorsal and/or dorsolateral spots closely associated with cutaneous tubercles. Tip of snout is light grey and smooth in all specimens. Colouration of ventral surfaces in all specimens is light ivory covered with beige brown (e.g. PNGNM [SJR 3914]) to mahogany brown (e.g. ZMB 91632) spots or reticula (Fig.
<figureCitationid="5654F359DB61CD14BF6CA5CA7D50984D"captionStart="Figure 2"captionStartId="F2"captionText="Figure 2. Ventral view of the preserved type series of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Top row: left holotype SAMA R 71741, middle ZMB 91632, right SAMA R 71742; bottom row: left PNGNM (SJR 3914), middle ZMB 91633, right SAMA R 71743."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure2"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597922"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">2</figureCitation>
). Size and extent of pigment spots on throat varies from almost unspotted (PNGNM [SJR 3914]) to extensively covered with small (SAMA R71742) or large ZMB 91632 spots.
<taxonomicNameid="04873348B69C60BF1B71A9DFEB534D62"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. Top row: left holotype SAMA R71741, middle ZMB 91632, right SAMA R71742; bottom row: left PNGNM (SJR 3914), middle ZMB 91633, right SAMA R71743.
<taxonomicNameid="24CACD4EE30C9F7E1204E23003EE0E4D"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. SAMA R71741 is the male holotype, others are paratypes. All measurements are in mm; M = male; F = female; for explanation of other abbreviations see "Material and methods".
46.7 ms; n=65). Calls are unpulsed and the first call in most series is slightly longer than subsequent ones. Call intervals tend to become longer during the course of each series, and the last interval is clearly greater than preceding ones. Unlike many other
<figureCitationid="30EF0FFB83D0F298F9E9DEC12812A5C5"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Waveform (upper) and spectrogram (lower) of a complete advertisement call series with eight calls from the holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenohrina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Spectrogram parameters: FFT length 512; Frame size 75 %; Window FlatTop; Bandwidth 117 Hz; Resolution 23 Hz; Overlap 87.5 %. Sampling rate conversion from 22050 Hz to 12000 Hz. Basic noise was deleted up to 500 Hz."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597923"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">3</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="0B227131EA1EE6DA99D64D5F7322DDB1"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Waveform (upper) and spectrogram (lower) of a complete advertisement call series with eight calls from the holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenohrina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Spectrogram parameters: FFT length 512; Frame size 75 %; Window FlatTop; Bandwidth 117 Hz; Resolution 23 Hz; Overlap 87.5 %. Sampling rate conversion from 22050 Hz to 12000 Hz. Basic noise was deleted up to 500 Hz."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597923"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">3</figureCitation>
, lower) increase during the series. Calls start abruptly at maximum amplitude, and amplitude decreases rapidly at the very beginning and then gradually until end of call (Fig.
<figureCitationid="D0AF05F4F1F40754D56DDE8841360DC4"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Waveform (upper) and spectrogram (lower) of a complete advertisement call series with eight calls from the holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenohrina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Spectrogram parameters: FFT length 512; Frame size 75 %; Window FlatTop; Bandwidth 117 Hz; Resolution 23 Hz; Overlap 87.5 %. Sampling rate conversion from 22050 Hz to 12000 Hz. Basic noise was deleted up to 500 Hz."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597923"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">3</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="10A2E71D8E38A04FBBC3568A50A9A4C2"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Waveform (upper) and spectrogram (lower) of a complete advertisement call series with eight calls from the holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenohrina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Spectrogram parameters: FFT length 512; Frame size 75 %; Window FlatTop; Bandwidth 117 Hz; Resolution 23 Hz; Overlap 87.5 %. Sampling rate conversion from 22050 Hz to 12000 Hz. Basic noise was deleted up to 500 Hz."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597923"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">3</figureCitation>
, lower), where this pattern is most evident in the upper harmonics). All calls have four well-defined harmonics, with maximum energy at 0.85 kHz, 1.70 kHz, 2.55 kHz and 3.40 kHz. The first harmonic with peak at 0.85 kHz is clearly the dominant one (Fig.
<figureCitationid="4FB4825CE762A33C33153B0D174B07AC"captionStart="Figure 4"captionStartId="F4"captionText="Figure 4. Amplitude spectrum of the advertisement call series shown on Fig. 3"figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure4"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597924"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="BF010A97DBF3414CEC29A92A5652870A"captionStart="Figure 3"captionStartId="F3"captionText="Figure 3. Waveform (upper) and spectrogram (lower) of a complete advertisement call series with eight calls from the holotype (SAMA R 71741) of Xenohrina ventrimaculata sp. nov. Spectrogram parameters: FFT length 512; Frame size 75 %; Window FlatTop; Bandwidth 117 Hz; Resolution 23 Hz; Overlap 87.5 %. Sampling rate conversion from 22050 Hz to 12000 Hz. Basic noise was deleted up to 500 Hz."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure3"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597923"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">3</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="6069298306C0BE28365BCCF3F8684BFE"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. is known with certainty from two locations approximately 150 km apart in the lowlands of the Sepik River basin in northwestern Papua New Guinea (Fig.
<figureCitationid="072C01CD2ED11A59FF010D931A55DC90"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (blue circles); the arrow indicates the type locality. The yellow circle shows the collection locality of a morphologically similar but much larger specimen that is not included in the type series (see text)."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597925"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">5</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="8DB75772D5610C5581DDFE590AF6BD22"captionStart="Figure 5"captionStartId="F5"captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Xenorhina ventrimaculata sp. nov. (blue circles); the arrow indicates the type locality. The yellow circle shows the collection locality of a morphologically similar but much larger specimen that is not included in the type series (see text)."figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66954.figure5"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/597925"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">5</figureCitation>
), closely resembles this species in its ventral colouration but is substantially larger than the two male types (39.5 mm vs. 29.2 and 29.9 mm SUL) and further differs in a number of body ratios. We refrain from including it in the type series and consider the taxonomic status of the Wamangu population to be uncertain pending the collection of additional information.
<taxonomicNameid="976F986D79F017498FCC4698182FEC78"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. (blue circles); the arrow indicates the type locality. The yellow circle shows the collection locality of a morphologically similar but much larger specimen that is not included in the type series (see text).
The habitat at the type locality at Utai is secondary lowland forest, where both the holotype and paratype ZMB 91632 were calling from beneath leaf litter after rain at night. At Yapsiei this species was found in primary lowland forest, where all specimens were found between 1.5-3.0 cm beneath the soil surface when attempting to locate calling males. The local name for this species at Utai is
<paragraphid="572F1DA0682D59B6E58DE22E7B247B98"pageId="0"pageNumber="621">The specific epithet is an adjective compound of two Latin words. Venter is a substantive and means belly or underside of the body and maculata is a feminine adjective meaning flecked or spotted. The specific epithet refers to the conspicuously spotted ventral surfaces of most specimens of the new species.</paragraph>
<taxonomicNameid="84988ECA973D2BB950AAF633EA91A8A0"authorityName="Peters & Doria"authorityYear="1878"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenobatrachus"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenobatrachus"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="45B260592B1C04C803910D4C73D4EB79"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
species of a similar size (25-38 mm SUL) that have a single odontoid spike on the vomeropalatines. Note that the terms call and note are used synonymously.
<taxonomicNameid="F3CF739C2688E68793EBB26C917496AB"baseAuthorityName="Blum & Menzies"baseAuthorityYear="1989"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina fuscigula"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="fuscigula">
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sp. nov. (TL/SUL <0.33 vs.> 0.40), a smaller internarial distance (IND/SUL <0.64 vs.> 0.64), a smaller eye-naris distance (END/SUL 0.064-0.074 vs. 0.070-0.081), a shorter fourth toe (T4L/SUL 0.34-0.41 vs. 0.40-0.44) and its call is a single note (vs. 7-10 notes in
<taxonomicNameid="AC8BFC0909E71BB5076319340E2CE929"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="1B97315242486B0A398C7B80EC7C66F2"baseAuthorityName="Blum & Menzies"baseAuthorityYear="1989"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina huon"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="huon">
(Blum & Menzies, 1989) has shorter legs (TL/SUL <0.38 vs.> 0.40), a ventral colour pattern varying from dark pigmentation near-absent to near-complete dense covering (see fig. 71 in
<bibRefCitationid="D2A3CC2E9C161BF44C2DFB71010F2460"author="Zweifel, RG"journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"pagination="411 - 546"refId="B27"refString="Zweifel, RG, 1972. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 97. A revision of the frogs of the subfamily Asterophryinae, Family Microhylidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 148: 411 - 546"title="Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 97. A revision of the frogs of the subfamily Asterophryinae, Family Microhylidae."volume="148"year="1972">Zweifel 1972</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicNameid="0C4637F3D0B4E12C3E2012485650F165"authorityName="Gunther & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina lacrimosa"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="lacrimosa">
<taxonomicNameid="EFB928704F9A60EEC053DB9EB536C213"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="3CD40451FE468DD5D9D9EA8B095DB1A2"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="C1ED730EC0294F5C26BAFCC7EEF55412"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="D38ADBC4D281C70C01D6D0792EC2663D"authorityName="Gunther & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina lacrimosa"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="lacrimosa">
also has wider discs on fourth toes (T4D/SUL 0.036-0.043 vs. 0.029-0.037), wider discs on first toes (T1D/SUL 0.023-0.027 vs. 0.017-0.022), a greater END/IND ratio (1.18-1.48 vs. 1.10-1.21); and a call repetition rate of 0.20-0.27 calls/s vs. 2.2-2.4 calls/s in
<taxonomicNameid="BE24E816FF18FC23AD185B4DBBFF9E44"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
(Boulenger, 1898) has longer legs (TL/SUL> 0.44 vs. <0.44), larger eyes (ED/SUL 0.067-0.079 vs. 0.056-0.070) and advertisement calls containing about 17 calls (vs. 7-10 calls in
<taxonomicNameid="8F9A412A9BF7A93F048FC7D60A979BA8"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="49213000ED35E0988506297083D36BA5"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="BDF56AFB6D3D95E1E4C187951A10FB7F"baseAuthorityName="Blum & Menzies"baseAuthorityYear="1989"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina schiefenhoeveli"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="schiefenhoeveli">
(Blum & Menzies, 1989) has shorter legs (TL/SUL <0.40 vs.> 0.40), larger eyes (ED/SUL 0.071-0.081 vs. 0.056-0.070), and call series containing more than 100 (vs. 7-10) shorter calls (about 100 ms on average vs. about 150 ms on average).
<taxonomicNameid="62211E55BF33405A20D337CE6E7A4F35"baseAuthorityName="Menzies & Tyler"baseAuthorityYear="1977"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina subcrocea"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="subcrocea">
(Menzies & Tyler, 1977) has longer legs (TL/SUL> 0.44 vs. <0.44), a smaller internarial distance (IND/SVL 0.059 vs. 0.064-0.067), a higher END/IND ratio (1.26-1.33 vs. 1.10-1.23), larger eyes (ED/SUL 0.071-0.072 vs. 0.056-0.070), shorter calls (64-69 ms vs. 141-165 ms) with shorter call intervals (154-285 ms vs. 262-498 ms) and a lower dominant frequency (0.40 vs. 0.85 kHz).
<taxonomicNameid="45C8E9768A7541AFBBCB9FD37E5C7376"baseAuthorityName="Blum & Menzies"baseAuthorityYear="1989"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina tumulus"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="tumulus">
<taxonomicNameid="F92E4EBCF2C332A0C91BEA199342B08C"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. (SVL of three males 26.0-28.7 mm vs. 29.2-29.9 mm SUL in two males), has short, round palatine spikes (vs. triangular spikes with pointed tips), ventrum pinkish mottled with brown (vs. light ivory mottled with reddish-brown), rear of thighs very dark (vs. not dark), and call series with up to 17 (vs. 7-10), shorter (100 ms vs.> 140 ms) calls.
<taxonomicNameid="54437EDABA20CD174147BA4D67BAAF4D"authorityName="Gunther & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina wiegankorum"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="wiegankorum">
<taxonomicNameid="456C23712030A20BA480537576F4081A"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
<taxonomicNameid="B4DDDD8C4616BDB6E355492D3A1C0AA0"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov.); has longer shanks (TL/SUL 0.44-0.47 vs. 0.40-0.44); longer tarsi (TaL/SUL 0.29-0.31 vs. 0.26-0.29); longer fourth toes (T4L/SUL 0.45-0.47 vs. 0.40-0.44); wider discs on first toes (T1D/SUL 0.023-0.030 vs. 0.017-0.022); wider discs on third fingers (F3D/SUL 0.020-0.028 vs. 0.014-0.022); wider discs on first fingers (F1D/SUL 0.020-0.025 vs. 0.014-0.019); longer call series (13.8-18.1 s vs. 3.2-4.5 s) with shorter calls (60-104 ms vs. 141-165 ms) having a lower dominant frequency (0.55 kHz vs. 0.85 kHz), and produced at a slower repetition rate (1.71-2.15 vs. 2.19-2.35).
<taxonomicNameid="C9F394EBB327BE0D8290F68655B723A4"authorityName="Gunther & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina woxvoldi"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="woxvoldi">
<taxonomicNameid="E6A699213ACE1612CBC53FFF060969E4"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. (TL/SUL 0.36 vs. 0.40-0.44); wider discs on fourth toes (T4D/SUL 0.038-0.040 vs. 0.029-0.037); wider discs on third fingers (F3D/SUL 0.024-0.027 vs. 0.014-0.022); wider discs on first finger (F1D/SUL 0.020-0.021 vs. 0.014-0.019); a shorter distance between eye and naris (END/SUL 0.056-0.060 vs. 0.070-0.079), a lower END/IND ratio (0.80-0.90 vs. 1.10-1.21); and shorter calls = notes (37-84 ms vs. 141-165 ms) produced at a higher repetition rate (4.0-4.5 calls/s vs. 2.19-2.35 calls/s).
<taxonomicNameid="72F876CD074C07A4B1512408F7F5D1CC"baseAuthorityName="Kraus & Allison"baseAuthorityYear="2002"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina zweifeli"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="zweifeli">
<taxonomicNameid="023AFC0DE78A320C4C99F7BA6ADD2E44"authorityName="Günther & Dahl & Richards"authorityYear="2021"class="Amphibia"family="Microhylidae"genus="Xenorhina"higherTaxonomySource="CoL"kingdom="Animalia"lsidName="Xenorhina ventrimaculata"order="Anura"pageId="0"pageNumber="621"phylum="Chordata"rank="species"species="ventrimaculata">
sp. nov. (SVL of 10 specimens 33.2-38.0 mm vs. SUL of six specimens 29.2-33.0 mm), has a smaller internarial distance (IND/SVL 0.052-0.063 vs. 0.064-0.067), ventral surfaces sparsely flecked (vs. intensively spotted), and advertisement calls consisting of a single note repeated at irregular intervals with lengths of 207-380 ms (vs. 7-10 calls repeated in rapid succession with lengths of 141-165 ms).
