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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFA06A18FA8697571CBCB8B5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eptesicus isabellinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="850" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="849" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>716</mods:start>
<mods:end>981</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6568071" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628460" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6568071" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFA06A18FA8697571CBCB8B5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFA06A18FA8697571CBCB8B5" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="850" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<subSubSection box="[1402,1481,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1396,2575,270,394]" box="[1402,1481,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<heading box="[1402,1481,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<figureCitation box="[1402,1481,270,316]" captionStart="Plate 62: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="83.[123,153,3251,3276]" captionTargetBox="[12,2747,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="170. Humboldt’s Big-eared Brown Bat (Hustiotus humboldti), 171. Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus velatus), 172. Transparent-winged Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus diaphanopterus), 173. Strange Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus alienus), 174. Small Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus montanus), 175. Thomas’s Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus laephotis), 176. Common Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus macrotus), 177. Southern Big-eared Brown Bat (Histiotus magellanicus), 178. Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 179. Guadeloupe Serotine (Eptesicus guadeloupensis), 180. Diminutive Serotine (Eptesicus diminutus), 181. Little Black Serotine (Eptesicus andinus), 182. Chiriquinan Serotine (Eptesicus chiriquinus), 183. Argentine Serotine (Eptesicus furinalis), 184. Harmless Serotine (Eptesicus innoxius), 185. Brazilian Serotine (Eplesicus brasiliensis), 186. Taddei’s Serotine (Eptesicus taddeii), 187. Ulapes Serotine (Eptesicus ulapesensis), 188. Horn-skinned Serotine (Eptesicus floweri), 189. Lagos Serotine (Eptesicus platyops), 190. Long-tailed Serotine (Eptesicus hottentotus), 191. Ognev’s Serotine (Eptesicus ognevi), 192. Anatolian Serotine (Eptesicus anatolicus), 193. Botta’s Serotine (Eptesicus bottae), 194. Meridional Serotine (Eptesicus isabellinus), 195. Oriental Serotine (Eptesicus pachyomus), 196. Eurasian Serotine (Eplesicus serotinus), 197. Northern Serotine (Eptesicus nilssonii), 198. Sombre Serotine (Eptesicus tatei), 199. Gobi Serotine (Eptesicus gobiensis), 200. Japanese Serotine (Eptesicus japonensis), 201. Thick-eared Serotine (Eplesicus pachyotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398523/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">194.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1498,1918,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1396,2575,270,394]" box="[1498,1918,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<heading box="[1498,1918,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<vernacularName box="[1498,1918,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Meridional Serotine</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1986,2351,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1396,2575,270,394]" box="[1986,2351,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<heading box="[1986,2351,270,316]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<taxonomicName authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1986,2351,270,316]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">
<emphasis box="[1986,2351,270,316]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Eptesicus isabellinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1396,2575,270,394]" box="[1398,2574,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<heading box="[1398,2574,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1398,1473,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1482,1647,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Sérotine isabelle</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1668,1759,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1768,2098,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Mittelmeer-Breitfligelfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2119,2211,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2221,2331,335,356]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Murciélago</vernacularName>
hortelano mediterraneo
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="91.[1396,2575,270,394]" box="[1397,2074,373,394]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<heading box="[1397,2074,373,394]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1644,373,394]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[1654,1835,373,394]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Isabelle’s Serotine</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName box="[1850,2074,373,394]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Isabelline Serotine Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="91.[2002,2602,451,870]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2008,2162,451,476]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">Vespertilio isabellinus Temminck, 1840</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2093,2525,491,516]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="91.[2002,2602,451,870]" box="[2093,2525,491,516]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319470" box="[2093,2525,491,516]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
“les environs de
<collectingRegion box="[2320,2417,491,516]" country="Libya" name="Tarabulus" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Tripoli</collectingRegion>
,”
<collectingCountry box="[2444,2520,491,516]" name="Libya" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Libya</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="91.[2002,2602,451,870]" lastBlockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<taxonomicName box="[2008,2272,522,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">Eptesicus isabellinus</taxonomicName>
was typically included under
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2103,2249,566,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
, but a number ofgenetic studies support its recognition as distinct. J. Juste and colleagues in 2013 and I. V. Artyushin and colleagues in 2018 reported conflicting data between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in which
<taxonomicName box="[2426,2601,758,791]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">E. isabellinus</taxonomicName>
was sister to all other Old World species of
<taxonomicName box="[2006,2122,837,870]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eptesicus</taxonomicName>
using mitochondrial genes, but
<taxonomicName box="[1394,1564,875,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">L. isabellinus</taxonomicName>
wassister to
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1745,1920,875,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachyomus">E. pachyomus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1990,2138,875,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
using nuclear genes, supporting the traditional view that
<taxonomicName box="[1749,1922,914,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">E. isabellinus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1998,2176,914,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachyomus">E. pachyomus</taxonomicName>
are subspecies of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2441,2593,914,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
. Eiptesicus
<taxonomicName box="[1520,1652,953,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isabellinus">isabellinus</taxonomicName>
is retained as a species here because there is strong support forits specific status. Two subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398218/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" targetBox="[1393,1984,450,864]" targetPageId="91">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" box="[1393,1793,1034,1063]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1393,1793,1034,1063]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" box="[1393,2363,1075,1104]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1393,1831,1075,1104]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="isabellinus" subSpecies="isabellinus">E.i.isabellinusTemminck,1840—NEAlgeria,Tunisia,andNWLibya.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<taxonomicName authority="Cabrera, 1904" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1904" box="[1392,1739,1111,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="isabellinus" subSpecies="boscai">E. i. boscai Cabrera, 1904</taxonomicName>
— S
<collectingCountry box="[1801,1921,1111,1144]" name="Portugal" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Portugal</collectingCountry>
, S
<collectingCountry box="[1966,2046,1111,1144]" name="Spain" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Spain</collectingCountry>
, N &amp; C
<collectingCountry box="[2163,2290,1111,1144]" name="Morocco" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, NW
<collectingCountry box="[2369,2473,1111,1144]" name="Algeria" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, and Canary Is (Lanzarote I).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1392,1650,1190,1223]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body ¢.62-76 mm, tail 43-56, ear 12-18 mm, hindfoot 8:5-13 mm, forearm 44-2-53-8 mm; weight 15-27 g. Femalesare slightly larger than males. Dorsal pelage of the Meridional Serotine varies from pale yellowish brown, with creamy sheen, to nearly golden (hairs are slightly darker basally); venteris paler, with no clear demarcation with dorsum. Bare muzzle, cheeks, ears, and membranes are distinctly dark brown. Ears are subtriangular and broadly rounded, with five transverse folds on outer margins; tragusis about one-third the ear length, posterior margin is smoothly convex, and tip is bluntly pointed. Tail extends ¢.2-3 mm past uropatagium, and calcar is robust, reaching one-third to halfway to tail tip; wings are attached to base of each foot. Baculum is broadly Y-shaped, with moderately deep basal bifurcation, appearing to be thicker near tip than in the Eurasian Serotine (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[2367,2523,1585,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serotinus">E. serotinus</taxonomicName>
), but is otherwise similar. Skull is similar to that of the Eurasian Serotine in overall structure, large, and robust, and condylo-basal lengthis ¢.18-2 mm; zygomatic arches are flared laterally; rostrum is broad and flat; lacrimal ridges are prominent; forehead profile is straight in lateral view; sagittal crest is low but distinct; and lambdoidal crests are moderately developed. I* is bicuspid, with clearly present secondary cusp; I® is small and slightly higher than cingulum of I?; and lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FNa = 48 (
<collectingCountry box="[1952,2061,1864,1893]" name="Tunisia" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1499,1901,1934]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Habitat.</emphasis>
Variety of habitats from semi-deserts to temperate ecosystems (Mediterranean forests and shrublands) and open agricultural areas or urban gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
<quantity box="[1673,1782,1980,2013]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
. Meridional Serotines tend to forage around water sources or sites with high relative humidity such as riverbanks with cluttered vegetation. In the northern part of its African distribution,it is also found in dense oases in desert and semi-desert habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,1643,2138,2171]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Meridional Serotine primarily eats beetles (
<taxonomicName box="[2318,2479,2138,2171]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
), moths (
<taxonomicName box="[1399,1577,2177,2210]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
), and flies (
<taxonomicName box="[1749,1860,2177,2210]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
). In southern
<collectingCountry box="[2066,2142,2177,2210]" name="Spain" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Spain</collectingCountry>
in a semiarid urban landscape, diet was mainly characterized by
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1848,2029,2217,2250]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[2053,2209,2217,2250]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName box="[2297,2403,2217,2250]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
, but it varied widely seasonally. Depending on prey availability, it also feeds upon other taxa such as
<taxonomicName box="[1386,1557,2295,2328]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[1631,1782,2295,2328]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
that are not available year-round. Four fecal samples and three digestive tracts from
<collectingCountry box="[1755,1829,2335,2368]" name="Libya" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Libya</collectingCountry>
contained primarily
<taxonomicName authority="(Formicoidea)" baseAuthorityName="Formicoidea" box="[2122,2523,2335,2368]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera (Formicoidea)</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[1386,1540,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
(mostly
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1661,1842,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1914,2110,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
along with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[2274,2416,2374,2407]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1453,1642,2414,2447]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1724,1934,2414,2447]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tenebrionidae</taxonomicName>
), and anotherfive fecal pellets only contained
<taxonomicName box="[1385,1559,2453,2486]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
. The Meridional Serotine is mostly an aerial hawker, but it occasionally gleans prey from the ground or vegetation. Foraging habitats are commonlysituated around and close to roosts so they do not need to commute long distances every night.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1383,1517,2567,2600]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Breeding.</emphasis>
After exiting hibernation, femalesstart to aggregate and form maternity colonies in late April and early May. Adult females appearto give birth in late May and early June, often having twins. In
<collectingCountry box="[1772,1874,2649,2682]" name="Tunisia" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, four lactating females were captured in earlyJune. Lactation can last until mid-August, and then coloniesstart to break up. Mating occurs in August-October, during which males usually make social calls from their roosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="849" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="91.[1377,2599,875,3469]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1380,1615,2764,2798]" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Meridional Serotine usually roosts in rock crevices, hollow trees, bridges, and buildings and very rarely in caves, mines, or underground sites. In contrast to the Eurasian Serotine, winter and summer roosts do not change, and in some locations,they are found in the same roosts year-round. Hibernation sites are poorly known, but it is generally assumed that they occupy the samesites in summer. Hibernation occurs from late October to March in some areas, but in others such
<collectingCountry box="[2476,2579,2978,3003]" name="Tunisia" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, it seems to be active year-round. Search calls are indistinct from the Eurasian Serotine, with highly variable FM/QCFcalls. In some regions, calls of Meridional Serotines also get confused with species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[1870,1980,3087,3116]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="849" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctalus</taxonomicName>
. In
<collectingCountry box="[2044,2171,3089,3118]" name="Morocco" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, average start frequency was 42.3 kHz, end frequency was 25-3 kHz, peak frequency was 27-4 kHz, and duration was 11-5 milliseconds. In another study in
<collectingCountry box="[1922,2048,3166,3195]" name="Morocco" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, start frequencies were 33-7-36-3 kHz (mean 35-1 kHz), end frequencies were 22-4-24-2 kHz (26-9 kHz), peak frequencies were 25-8-28-3 kHz (26-9 kHz), durations were 5-6-16-3 milliseconds (9-7 milliseconds), and interpulse intervals were 128-5-362-7 milliseconds (244-2 milliseconds). In
<collectingCountry box="[1379,1482,3320,3353]" name="Tunisia" pageId="91" pageNumber="849">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, peak frequencies of 21-7-30-3 kHz (25-3 kHz) were detected. Recordings in Spain had maximum frequencies of 20-4-65-5 kHz, end frequencies of 18-5-28 kHz, peak frequencies of 23-4-35-8 kHz, durations of 2-:3-22.5 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 59-5-263 milliseconds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="92" pageNumber="850" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="92.[167,1375,282,907]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,872,282,311]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Meridional Serotines are generally solitary until females form maternity colonies during breeding season; males are almost always solitary. Males and females usually roost separately throughout the year. Maternity colonies have tens to hundreds of females and their young. All reported maximum annual distance movements are less than
<quantity box="[765,855,444,469]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="92" pageNumber="850" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
, mostly undertaken by males, which are responsible for gene flow among populations. Females normally show high fidelity to their roosts and are strongly philopatric. The Strait of
<collectingCountry box="[973,1098,515,548]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
does not represent a movement barrier or isolation source between European and African populations. In agricultural areas, they are suspected to accumulate contaminants from their diet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="92" pageNumber="850" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="92.[167,1375,282,907]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,520,637,666]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. It is common in some areas (e.g. southern
<collectingCountry box="[651,731,676,705]" name="Spain" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[748,874,676,705]" name="Morocco" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, and northern
<collectingCountry box="[1089,1197,676,705]" name="Algeria" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Algeria</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="92" pageNumber="850" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="92.[167,1375,282,907]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,322,720,745]" pageId="92" pageNumber="850">Bibliography.</emphasis>
ACR (2018), Artyushin et al. (2018), Aulagnier (2013h), Baker et al. (1974), Benda, Cerveny etal. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Dalhoumi, Aissa &amp; Aulagnier (2016a, 2016b), Dalhoumi, Morellet et al. (2017), Dietz &amp; Kiefer (2016), Disca et al. (2014), Harrison (1956b, 1963b), Horta et al. (2015), Hutterer et al. (2005), Ibanez et al. (2006), Juste (2016b), Juste, Benda et al. (2013), Juste, Bilgin et al. (2009), Lison, Haz &amp; Calvo (2014), Lisén, Lopez-Espinosa et al. (2015).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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