treatments-xml/data/2C/C3/8F/2CC38FF3A07F541E8F8A801E6B92EAB4.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.869.33997" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b500434-09e3-4370-82a1-1eb789d9d58a" ID-PMC="PMC6690892" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-869-19" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C44C602AB0235FB2922DC2A4915C3288" ID-PubMed="31413659" ID-ZooBank="B7C88A64C06E4B67A352F2F9C8FB0D1C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-869-19" checkinTime="1565056339550" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ranarilalatiana, Tolotra, Raveloson Ravaomanarivo, Lala Harivelo &amp; Bergsten, Johannes" docDate="2019" docId="2CC38FF3A07F541E8F8A801E6B92EAB4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 869: 19-90" docOrigin="ZooKeys 869" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.869.33997" docTitle="Copelatus ankaratra Ranarilalatiana &amp; Bergsten, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="2E3F790E-F146-4865-8BBE-4B521FF74094" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="5E52FF84FFE5FF9193131A454057613C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Copelatus of Madagascar (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae): the non- erichsonii group species" masterLastPageNumber="90" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1668167671827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the genus Copelatus of Madagascar (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae): the non- erichsonii group species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ranarilalatiana, Tolotra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Raveloson Ravaomanarivo, Lala Harivelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bergsten, Johannes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>869</mods:number>
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<mods:start>19</mods:start>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158995555" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E3F790E-F146-4865-8BBE-4B521FF74094" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2CC38FF3A07F541E8F8A801E6B92EAB4" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName LSID="2cc38ff3-a07f-541e-8f8a-801e6b92eab4" authority="Ranarilalatiana &amp; Bergsten" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ankaratra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankaratra">Copelatus ankaratra Ranarilalatiana &amp; Bergsten</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="19">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. From left to right, aedeagus in right lateral, ventral, left lateral views and left paramere. A Copelatus insuetus B Copelatus kely sp. nov. C Copelatus vokoka sp. nov. D Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. E Copelatus safiotra sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322931" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Figs 6D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Habitus, dorsal view. A Female: Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. B Male: Copelatus pseudostriatus sp. nov. C Male: Copelatus safiotra sp. nov. D Female: Copelatus befasicus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322935" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">10A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Manjakatompo Ankaratra Reserve, Tsiafajavona mountain [19.35163S, 47.24278E] [Madagascar, Vakinankaratra region, Ambatolampy district]</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Antananarivo. Vakinankaratra: Ambatolampy</emphasis>
: -HT♂ (GP) (NHRS): // NHRS-JLKB | 000065412 // Madagascar: Ambatolampy: Manjaka- | tompo Ankaratra Reserve: MAD16-11: | Tsiafajavona mountain: S-19.35163; | E47.24278; 2597 m: stream near source: | 07/02/2016; Leg. T. Ranarialalatiana // Holotype | 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
sp. nov. | Det. Ranarilalatiana | &amp; Bergsten, 2019 // 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Paratypes</emphasis>
: -12♂ GP, 10♀, 77 ex. (Alc) (NHRS, NHMUK, DEUA &amp; PBZT/MBC): // NHRS-JLKB | 000010644-59, 10863-7, 65704, 10778(Alc.) // Madagascar: Ambatolampy: Manjaka- | tompo Ankaratra Reserve: MAD16-11: | Tsiafajavona mountain: S-19.35163; | E47.24278; 2597 m: stream near source: | 07/02/2016; Leg. T. Ranarialalatiana // Paratype | 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
sp. nov. | Det. Ranarilalatiana | &amp; Bergsten, 2019 // -6♂ (GP), 3♀, 60 ex. (Alc) (NHRS, DEUA &amp; PBZT/MBC): // NHRS-JLKB | 000010612-7, 65750-1, 10870, 10776(Alc.) // Madagascar: Antananarivo: | Vakinankaratra: Manjakatompo Stn | 
<normalizedToken originalValue="forestière">forestiere</normalizedToken>
: Anosiarivo: S19.344889 E | 047.304139, 2073 m. 24.I.2012: lake near source | Field# MJK12-13: Leg. T. | Ranarilalatiana &amp; J.H. Randriamihaja // Paratype | 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
sp. nov. | Det. Ranarilalatiana | &amp; Bergsten, 2019 // -12♂ GP, 6♀, 115 ex. (Alc.) (NHRS, DEUA &amp; PBZT/MBC): // NHRS-JLKB | 000010628-43, 10868-9, 10777(Alc.) // Madagascar: Ambatolampy: Manjaka- | tompo Ankaratra Reserve: MAD16-08: | Anosiarivo: S-19.34505; E47.30384; | 2062 m: large pond in stream source: | 06/02/2016; Leg. T. Ranarialalatiana // Paratype | 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
sp. nov. | Det. Ranarilalatiana | &amp; Bergsten, 2019 //
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
The best diagnostic character for the species is the angled base of penis in posteroventral view (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. From left to right, aedeagus in right lateral, ventral, left lateral views and left paramere. A Copelatus insuetus B Copelatus kely sp. nov. C Copelatus vokoka sp. nov. D Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. E Copelatus safiotra sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322931" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
) which separates the species from all other species in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. The penis also lacks any apical dorsal ridge crossing dorsal posterior margin in left lateral view and is devoid of any sulcation ventrolaterally other than a faint microsculpture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Body length 4.4-5.2 mm. Body shape very elongate and subparallel. Head infuscated around eyes and medially, testaceous on clypeus and as a posterior band. Pronotum entirely infuscated except lateral margins and especially the anterolateral corners more broadly testaceous. Elytra in same dark brown colour as infuscated parts of head and pronotum, except an irregular basal testaceous band (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Habitus, dorsal view. A Female: Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. B Male: Copelatus pseudostriatus sp. nov. C Male: Copelatus safiotra sp. nov. D Female: Copelatus befasicus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322935" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). Testaceous basal band overall narrower than in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All appendages testaceous.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322935" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Figure 10. Habitus, dorsal view. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">A</emphasis>
Female: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ankaratra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankaratra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
Male: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus pseudostriatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudostriatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus pseudostriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
Male: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus safiotra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="safiotra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus safiotra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">D</emphasis>
Female: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus befasicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="befasicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus befasicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Elytra with six clearly impressed discal and one submarginal stria. First to fourth elytral striae more or less full length, fifth and sixth striae slightly abbreviated anteriorly; submarginal stria starting 1/3rd to 1/2 posterior of base and does not reach apex. Head, pronotum, and elytra microreticulate and finely micropunctate. Posterior third to posterior half of pronotum striolate. Strioles on average coarser than in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in some specimens more extensive onto disc and posteromedially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Ventral side similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, slightly darker on average so that medial light area around metacoxal lines may be more contrasting. Strioles on metacoxa rather short. Prosternal process more rhomboid and apex more strongly raised medially than in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Lateral parts of metaventrite rather broad. Metacoxal lines long and anteriorly diverging, similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Male: first three pro- and mesotarsomeres widened and ventrally equipped with suction cups (same pattern as in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Protibia modified, bisinuate, angled basally, and broadened distally. Pro- and mesotarsal claws unmodified. Penis in posteroventral view distinctly angled at base (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. From left to right, aedeagus in right lateral, ventral, left lateral views and left paramere. A Copelatus insuetus B Copelatus kely sp. nov. C Copelatus vokoka sp. nov. D Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. E Copelatus safiotra sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322931" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
) so that main blade appears tilted. Penis in lateral view evenly curved, lacking a distinct 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“shoulder”">&quot;shoulder&quot;</normalizedToken>
, long, thin, and simple apex without a dorsal ridge crossing posterior dorsal margin in left lateral view. Faint longitudinal microsculpture visible at high magnification but lacking coarse longitudinal sulci ventrolaterally and lacking serrations as in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Parameres as in 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. From left to right, aedeagus in right lateral, ventral, left lateral views and left paramere. A Copelatus insuetus B Copelatus kely sp. nov. C Copelatus vokoka sp. nov. D Copelatus ankaratra sp. nov. E Copelatus safiotra sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322931" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Female: all but one specimen examined lack finer elytral striolation and is in elytral structure similar to males. However, the entire pronotum and elytra except apical quarter are coarsely longitudinally striolate in one female specimen examined. Striolation coarser and made up of longer irregular but connected strioles and very different to the short separate fine strioles seen in external intervals of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. insuetus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females. Density approx. 5-7 strioles in breadth across an elytral interval.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">The new species is named after the mountain massif Ankaratra where it was found and in honour of the newly created Ankaratra Massif Reserve in 2015. The epithet is a noun in apposition (ICZN 11.9.1.2).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Known only from a few localities in the Ankaratra Massif Reserve on the central highland plateau of Madagascar (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution maps of Copelatus species. A C. insuetus (circle), C. pseudostriatus sp. nov. (square) B C. kely sp. nov. (circle), C. vokoka sp. nov. (square) C C. ankaratra sp. nov. (circle), C. sp. 3 (square) D C. safiotra sp. nov. (circle), C. befasicus (square)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.869.33997.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322937" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
This new species was collected in the mountains of Ankaratra at altitudes above 2000 m. The first locality, Anosiarivo forest, consisted of water from a source flowing over grass vegetation at an altitude of 2070 m. The second locality, Tsiafajavona Mountain, was a small stream with grass vegetation downstream but very near to the source at an altitude of 2600 m near Ankaratra peak. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ankaratra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankaratra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be a high-altitude alpine species associated with spring water.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus ankaratra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankaratra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus ankaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. belongs to the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="irinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="irinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">irinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, based on the number of elytral striae. It belongs to the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Copelatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Copelatus insuetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insuetus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Copelatus insuetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex radiation on Madagascar and based on its CO1 it is most closely related to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. vokoka" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="vokoka">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">C. vokoka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Ivohibe. Notably, both these species have a densely striolated female form. There was a surprisingly large genetic distance (2.3-2.5% uncorrected p-distance) between the locality near the peak (2600 m) and the locality in the forested region ca. 5 km away at a lower altitude (2070 m). We find the male genitalia and other characters very similar and treat them here as conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
The Ankaratra Massif is an area known for several microendemic species not known from anywhere else on Madagascar. This includes two critically endangered micro-endemic frogs, 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Boophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boophis williamsi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Boophis williamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
, 1974) and 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mantidactylus pauliani" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Mantidactylus pauliani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
, 1974 only found in montane streams at elevations above 2000 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Manjakatompo forestry station was established in 1923 in the forested part of the mountains to preserve an area of 8320 ha, out of which only 650 ha is natural forest and 2300 ha has been replanted with exotic trees (
<bibRefCitation author="Nicoll, ME" journalOrPublisher="WWF International, Gland" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" refId="B54" refString="Nicoll, ME, Langrand, O, 1989. Madagascar, Revue de la conservation et des aires protegees. . WWF International, Gland" title="Madagascar, Revue de la conservation et des aires protegees." year="1989">Nicoll and Langrand 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Goodman, SM" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="109 - 112" refId="B24" refString="Goodman, SM, Rakotondravony, D, Schatz, G, Wilme, L, 1996. Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar. . Ecotropica 2: 109 - 112" title="Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar." volume="2" year="1996">Goodman et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Even the natural forest part is largely composed of secondary forest mixed with exotic trees. The forests still support endangered highland fauna and are important sites for some of the last remaining central plateau forests (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.350.6127" author="Hjalmarsson, AE" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="21 - 45" refId="B38" refString="Hjalmarsson, AE, Bukontaite, R, Ranarilalatiana, T, Randriamihaja, JH, Bergsten, J, 2013. Taxonomic revision of Madagascan Rhantus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae) with an emphasis on Manjakatompo as a conservation priority. . ZooKeys 350: 21 - 45" title="Taxonomic revision of Madagascan Rhantus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae) with an emphasis on Manjakatompo as a conservation priority." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.350.6127" volume="350" year="2013">Hjalmarsson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The higher elevation of the Ankaratra Massif has, until recently, lacked any protection despite the unique faunal components and characteristics (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000209356469" author="Vences, M" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="263 - 284" refId="B72" refString="Vences, M, Andreone, F, Glaw, F, Raminosoa, N, Randrianirina, JE, Vieites, DR, 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of the Ankaratra Massif: reproductive diversity, biogeography and conservation of a montane fauna in Madagascar. . Italian Journal of Zoology 69: 263 - 284" title="Amphibians and reptiles of the Ankaratra Massif: reproductive diversity, biogeography and conservation of a montane fauna in Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000209356469" volume="69" year="2002">Vences et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Goodman, SM" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="109 - 112" refId="B24" refString="Goodman, SM, Rakotondravony, D, Schatz, G, Wilme, L, 1996. Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar. . Ecotropica 2: 109 - 112" title="Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar." volume="2" year="1996">Goodman et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The area has suffered severe degradation due to anthropogenic activities, mainly heavy deforestation and fire (
<bibRefCitation author="Rabemananjara, F" journalOrPublisher="FrogLog" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="29 - 31" refId="B61" refString="Rabemananjara, F, Randriamahazo, H, Rahantamalala, J, Rahantalisoa, H, Rakotoarisoa, JM, Rabibisoa, NHC, Andreone, F, 2012. The Conservation Effort for Two Critically Endangered Amphibian Species of the Ankaratra Massif, Boophiswilliamsi and Mantidactyluspauliani. . FrogLog 103: 29 - 31" title="The Conservation Effort for Two Critically Endangered Amphibian Species of the Ankaratra Massif, Boophiswilliamsi and Mantidactyluspauliani." volume="103" year="2012">Rabemananjara et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), but also overgrazing by livestock and expanding potato farming (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57435A84165560.en" author="Isambert, B" journalOrPublisher="Biological Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" refId="B40" refString="2016. . https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57435A84165560.en" url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57435A84165560.en" year="2016">IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2016</bibRefCitation>
). However, in 2015 the Ankaratra Massif Reserve was created which encompasses Manjakatompo Special Reserve and the higher elevations where the endangered montane frogs are found (
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, R" journalOrPublisher="Latissimus" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://www.amphibians.org/news/ankaratra-massif-reserve/" refId="B51" refString="Moore, R, 2015. . http://www.amphibians.org/news/ankaratra-massif-reserve/" url="http://www.amphibians.org/news/ankaratra-massif-reserve/" year="2015">Moore 2015</bibRefCitation>
). It is managed by the local Malagasy conservation association (VIF) in collaboration with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ministère">Ministere</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Environnement">l'Environnement</normalizedToken>
, de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ecologie">l'Ecologie</normalizedToken>
et des 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêts">Forets</normalizedToken>
. This is one of the results of an ambitious conservation programme involving habitat restoration, alternative livelihood initiatives, and public awareness (
<bibRefCitation author="Rabemananjara, F" journalOrPublisher="FrogLog" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="29 - 31" refId="B61" refString="Rabemananjara, F, Randriamahazo, H, Rahantamalala, J, Rahantalisoa, H, Rakotoarisoa, JM, Rabibisoa, NHC, Andreone, F, 2012. The Conservation Effort for Two Critically Endangered Amphibian Species of the Ankaratra Massif, Boophiswilliamsi and Mantidactyluspauliani. . FrogLog 103: 29 - 31" title="The Conservation Effort for Two Critically Endangered Amphibian Species of the Ankaratra Massif, Boophiswilliamsi and Mantidactyluspauliani." volume="103" year="2012">Rabemananjara et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, during a visit as late as 2016, there were many signs of continuous degradation from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“tavy”">&quot;tavy&quot;</normalizedToken>
slash and burn agriculture, commercial logging, and charcoal extraction exposing forest streams. Very large parts of the forest were burnt, causing erosion that spills into the streams. Manjakatompo forest and the Ankaratra Massif are very important forest and montane refugia of highland fauna (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000209356469" author="Vences, M" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="263 - 284" refId="B72" refString="Vences, M, Andreone, F, Glaw, F, Raminosoa, N, Randrianirina, JE, Vieites, DR, 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of the Ankaratra Massif: reproductive diversity, biogeography and conservation of a montane fauna in Madagascar. . Italian Journal of Zoology 69: 263 - 284" title="Amphibians and reptiles of the Ankaratra Massif: reproductive diversity, biogeography and conservation of a montane fauna in Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000209356469" volume="69" year="2002">Vences et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Goodman, SM" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="109 - 112" refId="B24" refString="Goodman, SM, Rakotondravony, D, Schatz, G, Wilme, L, 1996. Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar. . Ecotropica 2: 109 - 112" title="Species richness of forest dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: a test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar." volume="2" year="1996">Goodman et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.350.6127" author="Hjalmarsson, AE" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="21 - 45" refId="B38" refString="Hjalmarsson, AE, Bukontaite, R, Ranarilalatiana, T, Randriamihaja, JH, Bergsten, J, 2013. Taxonomic revision of Madagascan Rhantus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae) with an emphasis on Manjakatompo as a conservation priority. . ZooKeys 350: 21 - 45" title="Taxonomic revision of Madagascan Rhantus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae) with an emphasis on Manjakatompo as a conservation priority." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.350.6127" volume="350" year="2013">Hjalmarsson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="19" refId="B1">Andreone et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), and it should be highly prioritised for protection; we hope that the new reserve status on paper will lead to actual changes in practice.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>