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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2ef918a8-b165-4acd-9b8d-681a8be3179c" ID-PMC="PMC7732820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-169-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" ID-PubMed="33354138" ModsDocID="1314-2003-169-1" checkinTime="1607107116814" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. &amp; Hopper, Stephen D." docDate="2020" docId="4E426498CDA35E91800F5DA7C79D5FAF" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 169: 1-59" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 169" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" docTitle="Xiphidium Loefl., Iter Hispan.: 179. 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" masterDocTitle="Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668140162299" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hickman, Ellen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guttierrez, Jorge E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Jardin Botanico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Rhian J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 3 AB, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hopper, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>169</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>59</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-169-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="170677878" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4E426498CDA35E91800F5DA7C79D5FAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E426498CDA35E91800F5DA7C79D5FAF" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
5.
<taxonomicName LSID="4E426498-CDA3-5E91-800F-5DA7C79D5FAF" authority="Loefl., Iter Hispan.: 179. 1758." class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Xiphidium Loefl., Iter Hispan.: 179. 1758.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A specimen growing in a flooded forest B habit C inflorescence D cincinnus E, F flower: E flower with subequal, narrow, and pale apricot perianth lobes F flower with equal, broad, and white perianth lobes G flower with perianth removed showing androecium and gynoecium with ovary pubescent long the septal ridges H cincinnus with immature berries I mature berries. A, F by R. Aguilar, B by H. Medeiros, C-D, G, I by M. O. O. Pellegrini, E by A. Yakovlev, and H by R. Cumming." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481948" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Line drawing of the inflorescence. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481949" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. A roots in cross-section B-D rhizome: B naked rhizome C longitudinal section D lateral branch E cincinnus F flower bud G hairs H, I flower: H frontal view I side view J flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium K lateral stamen (frontal and dorsal view) L stigma M-P fruit: M immature berry N berry in cross-section O berry in longitudinal section P indehiscent and old berry Q-T seed: Q dorsal view R lateral view S ventral view T longitudinal section. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (A); 1.5 cm (B-D); 0.75 mm (E); 2 mm (F, H, I, M-P); 0.4 mm (G); 1.75 mm (J); 1 mm (K); 0.5 mm (L, Q-T)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481950" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 24</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Xiphidium pontederiiflorum M. Pell. et al. A-C habit: A vegetative habit B flowering habit with a young inflorescence C viviparous inflorescence with three axillary propagules D inflorescence with open flowers and apricot floral buds E floral buds and flowers at pre-anthesis F, G flower: F white flower with green ovary G pale apricot flower with vinaceous ovary H detail of the androecium and gynoecium, showing the ovary pubescence along the septal ridges I inflorescence with open flowers and mature berries J mature berry. C, E, J by A. R. Jonker, remaining photos by A. Kay." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481952" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Tonduzia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tonduzia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tonduzia</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler ex Tonduz, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 464. 1895, nom. nud.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Durandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Durandia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Durandia</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 2: 160, 173. 1896, Syn. nov. Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boeckeler" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Boeckeler" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Durandia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Durandia macrophylla" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">Durandia macrophylla</taxonomicName>
Boeckeler (=
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">Xiphidium caeruleum</taxonomicName>
Aubl.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclatural history">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nomenclatural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
It has been widely accepted that the original place of publication of the generic name
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is &quot;Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane
<normalizedToken originalValue="Françoise”">Francoise&quot;</normalizedToken>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Aublet, JBCF" journalOrPublisher="Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Aublet, JBCF, 1775. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1). Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" title="Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1)." year="1775">Aublet (1775)</bibRefCitation>
. Nonetheless, Aublet never clearly states to be proposing a new genus. This seems to follow his
<normalizedToken originalValue="publication’s">publication's</normalizedToken>
formatting, where none of the new taxa present any explicit statement indicating that they are newly proposed. At the end of the Latin diagnosis and French comments,
<bibRefCitation author="Aublet, JBCF" journalOrPublisher="Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Aublet, JBCF, 1775. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1). Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" title="Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1)." year="1775">Aublet (1775</bibRefCitation>
: 35) mentions that his new species differs from the one described by
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">Loefling (1758)</bibRefCitation>
due to its &quot;fine stems and leaves furnished with hairs, blue flowers, and oval and acute petals&quot;. This statement makes it clear that Aublet had access to
<normalizedToken originalValue="Loefling’s">Loefling's</normalizedToken>
publication (1758) and knew of the description of his new genus
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" author="Dorr, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1245 - 1262" refId="B10" refString="Dorr, LJ, Wiersema, JH, 2010. Names of American vascular plants published in Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its German translation (1766). Taxon 59 (4): 1245 - 1262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" title="Names of American vascular plants published in Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its German translation (1766)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.594022" volume="59" year="2010">Dorr and Wiersema (2010)</bibRefCitation>
give the final support to our interpretation when they explain that in several instances,
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">Loefling (1758)</bibRefCitation>
cited a genus published earlier by Linnaeus or P. Browne, followed by a full stop, (an) alternative generic name(s) and a description. The authors also point out that, on some occasions, this formatting has been misinterpreted as the proposal of
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
names (i.e., binary combinations), which they are not. That was the case of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl., which was misinterpreted as representing a new species,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Ixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixia xiphidium" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xiphidium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ixia xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl. (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
), instead of the publication of a new genus. Thus, the genus
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">Loefling (1758)</bibRefCitation>
, without the inclusion of any species. The proposal of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">Loefling (1758)</bibRefCitation>
is based on the author not agreeing on the inclusion of all elements/species by Linnaeus in his
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ixia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ixia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ixia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481948" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
specimen growing in a flooded forest
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
inflorescence
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
cincinnus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F</emphasis>
flower:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
flower with subequal, narrow, and pale apricot perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower with equal, broad, and white perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
flower with perianth removed showing androecium and gynoecium with ovary pubescent long the septal ridges
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
cincinnus with immature berries
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
mature berries.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, F</emphasis>
by R. Aguilar,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
by H. Medeiros,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-D, G, I</emphasis>
by M.O.O. Pellegrini,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
by A. Yakovlev, and
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
by R. Cumming.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The first species name to be validly published in
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was only proposed almost 20 years later, by
<bibRefCitation author="Aublet, JBCF" journalOrPublisher="Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Aublet, JBCF, 1775. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1). Pierre-Francois Didot, London &amp; Paris" title="Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise (Vol. 1)." year="1775">Aublet (1775)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl. The publication of the generic name
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Loefling, P" journalOrPublisher="Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Loefling, P, 1758. Iter Hispanicum. Ttryckt pa Direct &amp; Lars Salvii Kostnad, Stockholm" title="Iter Hispanicum." year="1758">Loefling (1758)</bibRefCitation>
makes it clear that the author recognised a sole species for that genus. The practice of not providing a specific epithet when describing monospecific new genera was common practice at the time. A similar situation, with the description of the type genus of
<taxonomicName family="Haemodoraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Haemodoraceae</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.E.Smith" authorityYear="1798" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Haemodorum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Haemodorum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Haemodorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" author="Smith, JE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 223" refId="B57" refString="Smith, JE, 1798. The characters of twenty new genera of plants. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4 (1): 213 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" title="The characters of twenty new genera of plants." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" volume="4" year="1798">Smith 1798</bibRefCitation>
) -, supports this interpretation. When first described,
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.E.Smith" authorityYear="1798" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Haemodorum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Haemodorum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Haemodorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered monospecific and, therefore, was not given a specific epithet, according to the standard practice of J.E.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" author="Smith, JE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 223" refId="B57" refString="Smith, JE, 1798. The characters of twenty new genera of plants. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4 (1): 213 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" title="The characters of twenty new genera of plants." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1798.tb00530.x" volume="4" year="1798">Smith (1798)</bibRefCitation>
. Only seven years later, another author (
<bibRefCitation author="Vahl, M" journalOrPublisher="Moelleri et Filli, Aulae Regiae et Universitatis Typographorum. Impensis Viduae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/545915" refId="B67" refString="Vahl, M, 1805. Martini Vahlii, profess. botan. Haun. membr. societ. lit. plur. Enumeratio Plantarum: vel ab aliis, vel, ab ipso observatum, cum earum differentiis specificis, synonymis selectis et descriptionibus succinctis (Vol. 2). Typis N. Moelleri et Filli, Aulae Regiae et Universitatis Typographorum. Impensis Viduae, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/545915" title="Martini Vahlii, profess. botan. Haun. membr. societ. lit. plur. Enumeratio Plantarum: vel ab aliis, vel, ab ipso observatum, cum earum differentiis specificis, synonymis selectis et descriptionibus succinctis (Vol. 2). Typis N." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/545915" year="1805">Vahl 1805</bibRefCitation>
) provided an epithet for
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
plant, as
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. corymbosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="corymbosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. corymbosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Vahl. Thus, as the first species formally published and associated with
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
automatically typifies this generic name.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481949" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl. Line drawing of the inflorescence. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has traditionally been considered an ill-circumscribed genus, lacking any obvious synapomorphy (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">Simpson 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="593 - 613" refId="B53" refString="Simpson, MG, 1993. Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. Systematic Botany 18 (4): 593 - 613, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" title="Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" volume="18" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, MG" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4). Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="212 - 128" refId="B55" refString="Simpson, MG, 1998b. Haemodoraceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Vol. 4). Springer Verlag, Berlin: 212 - 128" title="Haemodoraceae." volumeTitle="The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Vol." year="1998 b">1998b</bibRefCitation>
). However, with the transfer of
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrhizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrhizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrhizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.str. can be easily defined by its introrsely rimose, but functionally poricidal anthers (an adaptation to buzz-pollination;
<bibRefCitation author="Buchmann, SL" journalOrPublisher="Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 699" refId="B7" refString="Buchmann, SL, 1980. Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae). Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53 (4): 685 - 699" title="Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae)." volume="53" year="1980">Buchmann 1980</bibRefCitation>
), the complete loss of septal nectaries (also an adaptation to buzz-pollination), capsules bright-coloured, indehiscent, lacking thickened septal ridges and somewhat fleshy at maturity (a possible adaptation to endozoochory) and cuboid seeds (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Bothalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Hickman, EJ, 2019. Discovery through illustration - botanical art, traits and their phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. PhD thesis, The University of Western Australia." title="Discovery through illustration - botanical art, traits and their phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. PhD thesis, The University of Western Australia." year="2019">Hickman 2019</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2019. Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." title="Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." year="2019">Pellegrini 2019</bibRefCitation>
). All these characters are unique in the family and observed on the two species of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
accepted by us in the present study. The anther morphology of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its floral biology are reminiscent of some species of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J.C. Mikan (
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="order">Commelinales</taxonomicName>
) that also possess introrsely rimose but functionally poricidal anthers (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 41" refId="B39" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Faden, RB, 2017. Recircumscription and taxonomic revision of Siderasis, with comments on the systematics of subtribe Dichorisandrinae (Commelinaceae). PhytoKeys 83: 1 - 41, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490" title="Recircumscription and taxonomic revision of Siderasis, with comments on the systematics of subtribe Dichorisandrinae (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490" volume="83" year="2017">Pellegrini and Faden 2017</bibRefCitation>
). However, studies on the reproductive biology of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are non-existent, save that by
<bibRefCitation author="Buchmann, SL" journalOrPublisher="Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 699" refId="B7" refString="Buchmann, SL, 1980. Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae). Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53 (4): 685 - 699" title="Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae)." volume="53" year="1980">Buchmann (1980)</bibRefCitation>
. Further studies focusing on effective pollination and seed dispersal are necessary. The genus is well-documented as medicine for snakebite (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.014" author="Odonne, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="127 - 153" refId="B35" refString="Odonne, G, Valadeau, C, Alban-Castillo, J, Stien, D, Sauvain, M, Bourdy, G, 2013. Medical ethnobotany of the Chayahuita of the Paranapura basin (Peruvian Amazon). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 146 (1): 127 - 153, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.014" title="Medical ethnobotany of the Chayahuita of the Paranapura basin (Peruvian Amazon)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.014" volume="146" year="2013">Odonne et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and has antimalarial and leishmanicidal properties (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.041" author="Valadeau, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="413 - 422" refId="B68" refString="Valadeau, C, Pabon, A, Deharo, E, Alban-Castillo, J, Estevez, Y, Lores, FA, Rojas, R, Gamboa, D, Sauvain, M, Castillo, D, Bourdy, G, 2009. Medicinal plants from the Yanesha (Peru): Evaluation of the leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity of selected extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (3): 413 - 422, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.041" title="Medicinal plants from the Yanesha (Peru): Evaluation of the leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity of selected extracts." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.041" volume="123" year="2009">Valadeau et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also shows the most significant genetic divergence levels for any species of
<taxonomicName family="Haemodoraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Haemodoraceae</taxonomicName>
amongst populations across its wide Neotropical range (
<bibRefCitation author="Hopper, SD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Hopper, SD, Smith, RJ, Chase, MW, Fay, MF, Gutierrez, JE, Hickman, EJ, Manning, JC, Pellegrini, MOO, Rourke, JP, Simpson, MG, in prep. . Near-complete taxon sampling for Haemodoraceae phylogenetics helps resolve enigmatic relationships in and between the Americas, South Africa, and Australia." title="Near-complete taxon sampling for Haemodoraceae phylogenetics helps resolve enigmatic relationships in and between the Americas, South Africa, and Australia." year="in prep.">Hopper et al., in prep.</bibRefCitation>
). A further detailed taxonomic study is recommended, combining extensive fieldwork, molecular data, and traditional taxonomy.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481950" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium caeruleum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
roots in cross-section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
rhizome:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
naked rhizome
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
longitudinal section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
lateral branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
cincinnus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
hairs
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H, I</emphasis>
flower:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
side view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
flower with the perianth removed, showing the androecium and gynoecium
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
lateral stamen (frontal and dorsal view)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
stigma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M-P</emphasis>
fruit:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
immature berry
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
berry in cross-section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
berry in longitudinal section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P</emphasis>
indehiscent and old berry
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q-T</emphasis>
seed:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T</emphasis>
longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 0.8 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 1.5 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
); 0.75 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, H, I, M-P</emphasis>
); 0.4 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
);1.75 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L, Q-T</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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