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<document id="B9716EC0CD236B1F4C0746F3D908E5C2" ID-CLB-Dataset="39301" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4057.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="57586c91-0519-40af-ace2-ce49a3d2c0eb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="233597" ID-ZooBank="BADD5843-1566-4BF8-A507-7369C1F5B950" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461354914400" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Alcover, Josep Antoni, Pieper, Harald, Pereira, Fernando &amp; Rando, Juan Carlos" docDate="2015" docId="A03A6F74FFCA5B7E63D314EDFE4455B2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04057p190.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4057 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rallus" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="178" masterDocId="5C03170CFFDF5B6563441253FFD95737" masterDocTitle="Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean)" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="172" updateTime="1698661460479" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="208FB4F0BD50AB0167D6956AD7903339" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="893BB8F20096E2B34AA8DEB7E068B396">
<mods:title id="724C9CDC1C362A2D97D5646A57CFD146">Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBBC1FE8FBCDB0DFCBC1E01F06D6F4A6">Alcover, Josep Antoni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A7E8B066E00A361229E5239E9ACC0F2A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="184A59ABC4A55465B2C7F816003A5D8D">Pieper, Harald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6968D91C0EEAA0E15E8CC4E2E5FF675C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F21842B5C645CE8C11BC496D272EF2B8">Pereira, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="028B2A49131813282FFE2710820C1902" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FA76E1C81E92319664CCF342C20163A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="25D0E65EF61FCF05717B974D573B3711">Rando, Juan Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AF951C518444D8A4E9E4E79432533017">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="72141EE6960B79512AE9E72EB85A74C8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DD210570B5E8368959FE23A475F16B43">
<mods:date id="9B4482BD28184BDB3E525553705349BA">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F904B0E32703C1E4F1D225EF702EB232" type="volume">
<mods:number id="43E30A969FC1C3B84001E61C280BD964">4057</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C2B5118DCB8AC8414F1BCA3AA5BB8630">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="847CC8C9AC822A6B04BEFB56B805FB02" type="CLB-Dataset">39301</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E970969A56A5907F83C249A13E737D74" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4057.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A03A6F74FFCA5B7E63D314EDFE4455B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6119634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119647123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6119634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A03A6F74FFCA5B7E63D314EDFE4455B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A03A6F74FFCA5B7E63D314EDFE4455B2" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<subSubSection id="60898DE9FFCA5B7063D314EDFA45509A" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFCA5B7063D314EDFEF251EE" blockId="21.[151,349,1726,1822]" box="[151,299,1726,1753]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<heading id="7364690EFFCA5B7063D314EDFEF251EE" bold="true" box="[151,299,1726,1753]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" reason="1">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFCA5B7063D314EDFEF251EE" bold="true" box="[151,299,1726,1753]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFCA5B7063D314EDFF3C51EF" ID-CoL="76VZ" box="[151,229,1726,1752]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFCA5B7063D314EDFF3C51EF" bold="true" box="[151,229,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFCA5B7063D314B2FEC651CD" blockId="21.[151,349,1726,1822]" box="[151,287,1761,1786]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Terceira rail</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFCA5B7063D31556FE845029" blockId="21.[151,349,1726,1822]" box="[151,349,1797,1822]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
[
<figureCitation id="B0A8C2E7FFCA5B7063D91556FEC05029" box="[157,281,1797,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="26.[151,250,808,830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1436,185,782]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[157,1442,177,791]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 18. Photograph of a silicified specimen of Rallus sp. B from Algar do Carvão, Terceira. A. General view. B. Detail of the tarsometatarsus. The scales of the tarsometatarsus are visible in the section free of silica. Scale bar of A: 4 cm. Scale bar of B: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233615/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Figures 18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B0A8C2E7FFCA5B7062611555FE9B5029" box="[293,322,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1744,1766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,700,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,700,1723]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 19. Bones of Rallus sp. A from Graciosa (B) and Rallus sp. B from Terceira (C) compared with the same bones of Rallus montivagorum n. sp. from Pico (A). From L to R: Humerus, caudal view: MCMa 1943.014; MCMa 1961.04 (L humerus, specular image), MCMa 1821.013. Ulna, dorsal view: MCMa 1867, MCMa 1821 (L ulna, specular image). Carpometacarpus, ventral view: MCMa 1856, MCMa 1821.013 (L carpometacarpus, specular image), MCMa 1964.014. Coracoid, dorsal view: MCMa 1918, MCMa 1969.014, MACa 1825. Femur, cranial view: MCMa 1880, MCMa 1965.014, MCMa 1822 (L femur, specular image). Tibiotarsus, cranial view: IMEDEA 104097, MCMa 1982.014, MCMa 1821.013. Tarsometatarsus, dorsal view: MCMa 1949, MCMa 1968.014 (L tarsometatarsus, specular image), MCMa 1820.013. Scale bar: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233616/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">19</figureCitation>
C]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFCA5B7063D3151EFA45509A" blockId="21.[151,1437,1869,2038]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
The material from Terceira consists of 13 associated skeletons (but most bones are very fragmentary). These bones probably also belong to an endemic species, convergent with the Pico rail, but the available material is very fragmentary and insufficient to establish clearly its specific distinction from known taxa, so we refer it as
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFCA5B70666A15C6FAAC509A" box="[1326,1397,1941,1965]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFCA5B70666A15C6FAAC509A" box="[1326,1397,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60898DE9FFCA5B72638315EAFE9157E2" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFCA5B73638315EAFD9C57E2" blockId="21.[151,1437,1869,2038]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFCA5B70638315EAFBD750E5" bold="true" box="[199,1038,1977,2002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
Material and collection information. Gruta do
<collectingCountry id="50849EF2FFCA5B7061B415EAFCEC50E5" box="[752,821,1977,2002]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Natal</collectingCountry>
: MCMa 1818.013,
</emphasis>
associated skeleton (LR tmt, R rad, L uln and R dis uln, 7 verts, LR cmc, fem frag, LR tbt frag, 6 ped phas);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFCA5B7060AD158EFB6050C1" bold="true" box="[1001,1209,2013,2038]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">MCMa 1819.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (hum frags, R uln frags, rad frags, syn, verts, tbt frags, LR tmt, ped pha);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7360AE12C4FB605787" bold="true" box="[1002,1209,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1824.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (man frags, R tbt frag, R tmt, ped pha)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC95B736383128CFA9156BF" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736383128CFD0B57CF" bold="true" box="[199,722,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Gruta de Santo Antonio: MCMa 1820.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku, man frags, R cor, scap frag, R hum frag, syns frag, verts, quad, R fem frag, R tmt, R tbt frag, ped pha);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7360EB1357FBA6562A" bold="true" box="[943,1151,260,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1825.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frags, R cor, syns frag, pel frags, L fem frag, LR tbt frags, tmt frags, verts);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7360AA1374FB655677" bold="true" box="[1006,1212,295,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1827.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frag, man frags, LR hum frags, uln frags, L cor and caudal part of R cor, sca frag, tbt frag, tmt frag, 10 vers, pha);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736393133CFE7C56BF" bold="true" box="[215,421,367,392]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1830.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (man frag, syn frag, LR fem frags, tbt frag, LR tmt frags, pha).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7CEC8EEAFFC95B7363D3140EFEE25186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233611/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" targetBox="[151,1436,429,1607]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC95B7363D3140EFEE25186" blockId="22.[151,1437,1629,1713]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7363D3140EFEC65145" bold="true" box="[151,287,1629,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Synsacra of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC95B7362E7140EFE3D5144" box="[419,484,1629,1651]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7362E7140EFE3D5144" box="[419,484,1629,1651]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B73615E140EFDEB5145" bold="true" box="[538,562,1629,1650]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC95B73617D140EFD6E5144" box="[569,695,1629,1651]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B73617D140EFD6E5144" box="[569,695,1629,1651]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Rallus lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7361F9140DFD2F5144" bold="true" box="[701,758,1630,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC95B7361F9140DFD2F5144" box="[701,758,1630,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736047140DFC575145" bold="true" box="[771,910,1629,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MMF 43428,</emphasis>
(paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B73674D140DFBC65144" bold="true" box="[1033,1055,1630,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC95B736762140EFAD85144" box="[1062,1281,1629,1651]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montivagorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736762140EFAD85144" box="[1062,1281,1629,1651]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Rallus montivagorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736643140DFA985144" bold="true" box="[1287,1345,1630,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC95B736643140DFA985144" box="[1287,1345,1630,1651]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736609140EFF2F51A6" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1937.014</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736240142FFEC451A5" bold="true" box="[260,285,1660,1682]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC95B736260142FFE6551A5" box="[292,444,1660,1682]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736260142FFE6551A5" box="[292,444,1660,1682]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Rallus minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736280142FFD6251A6" bold="true" box="[452,699,1660,1682]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC95B736280142FFE2751A6" box="[452,510,1660,1681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MCMa 1956.014
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736186142FFD0351A6" bold="true" box="[706,730,1660,1681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC95B7361A6142FFC5551A5" box="[738,908,1660,1682]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7361A6142FFC5551A5" box="[738,908,1660,1682]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Rallus aquaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7360DF142FFB9051A6" bold="true" box="[923,1097,1660,1681]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">IMEDEA 12474</emphasis>
. 1, Dorsal view. 2, Ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC95B736383148BFE1E506A" blockId="22.[151,1436,1752,2029]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736383148BFD5551C6" bold="true" box="[199,652,1752,1777]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Gruta das Agulhas: MCMa 1821.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frag, LR hum, LR uln, R rad and L dis rad, LR cmc, LR cor, sca frag, fem frags, R tmt frags, LR tbt, 10 vers, 5 ped phas);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B73670814AFFAC45022" bold="true" box="[1100,1309,1788,1813]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1822.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (L hum frag, R uln, R cmc, L fem and R dis fem, tbt frag);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7360E31573FBAF500E" bold="true" box="[935,1142,1824,1849]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1828.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (hum frag, tmt frag, LR tbt frag).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC95B736383153BFBCA50DB" blockId="22.[151,1436,1752,2029]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B736383153BFD7550B6" bold="true" box="[199,684,1896,1921]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Furna de Santa Maria: MCMa 1823.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frag, man frags, R hum frag, LR sca frags, R tbt frag, R tmt and L dis tmt, vers, ped phas);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B7361F315DFFC5C5092" bold="true" box="[695,901,1932,1957]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1826.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frags, L hum frag, LR uln frag, rad frag, R cmc and L prox cmc, L cor and R cranial end of cor, LR fem frags, LR tbt frags, LR tmt frags, vers, ped phas);
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC95B73620A1587FDC550DA" bold="true" box="[334,540,2004,2029]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">MCMa 1829.013,</emphasis>
associated skeleton (sku frag, tbt frag, vers).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC85B72638312C4FE9157E2" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
All the material was collected by FP, JCR and JAA on
<date id="5C2DF8A2FFC85B72607412CBFC2B5787" box="[816,1010,152,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" value="2012-09-17" valueMax="2012-09-22" valueMin="2012-09-17">17–22 Sept 2012</date>
, with the collaboration of IA in Furna de Santa Maria.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60898DE9FFC85B7E6383128CFE4455B2" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC85B726383128CFDC957CF" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,248]" box="[199,528,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B726383128CFEA657CF" bold="true" box="[199,383,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Measurements:</emphasis>
See Table 1.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7CEC8EEAFFC85B7263D31545FB9B50BF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233612/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" targetBox="[151,1436,301,1791]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC85B7263D31545FB9B50BF" blockId="23.[151,1436,1814,1928]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7263D31545FEFB501C" bold="true" box="[151,290,1814,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Femora of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B7262E41545FE38501B" box="[416,481,1814,1836]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7262E41545FE38501B" box="[416,481,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7261581545FDEC501C" bold="true" box="[540,565,1814,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B72617A1545FD66501B" box="[574,703,1814,1836]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B72617A1545FD66501B" box="[574,703,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7261831545FCDA501C" bold="true" box="[711,771,1814,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC85B7261831545FCDA501C" box="[711,771,1814,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7260571545FC78501C" bold="true" box="[787,929,1814,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">MMF 43420,</emphasis>
L femur (specular image), (paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B72667F1545FA8B501C" bold="true" box="[1339,1362,1814,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B72661F1545FEF5507D" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adolfocaesaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B72661F1545FEF5507D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus adolfocaesaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7262721566FEAA507D" bold="true" box="[310,371,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC85B7262721566FEAA507D" box="[310,371,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7262C01566FDCA507D" bold="true" box="[388,531,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">MMF 43453,</emphasis>
R femur, (paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7261BA1566FCCE507C" bold="true" box="[766,791,1845,1867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B7260651567FC3C507C" box="[801,997,1844,1867]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carvaoensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7260651567FC3C507C" box="[801,997,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus carvaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7260AB1566FBF5507D" bold="true" box="[1007,1068,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC85B7260AB1566FBF5507D" box="[1007,1068,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7267791566FB18507D" bold="true" box="[1085,1217,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">DZUL 3183</emphasis>
, R femur.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B72667C1566FA89507D" bold="true" box="[1336,1360,1845,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B72661F1567FEF2505E" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montivagorum">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B72661F1567FEF2505E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus montivagorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7262791500FE27505F" bold="true" box="[317,510,1875,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">MCMa 1880.014,</emphasis>
R femur.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7261311507FD55505E" bold="true" box="[629,652,1876,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B7261DD1500FCEF505E" box="[665,822,1875,1897]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7261DD1500FCEF505E" box="[665,822,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7260071507FB96505F" bold="true" box="[835,1103,1875,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC85B7260071507FC5B505E" box="[835,898,1876,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MCMa 1954.014,
</emphasis>
R femur.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7267821507FB0E505E" bold="true" box="[1222,1239,1876,1897]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC85B7267A21500FA4C505E" box="[1254,1429,1875,1897]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7267A21500FA4C505E" box="[1254,1429,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Rallus aquaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC85B7263D31521FE9D50B0" bold="true" box="[151,324,1906,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">IMEDEA 12474</emphasis>
, L femur (specular image). 1, cranial view. 2, caudal view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7CEC8EEAFFC75B7D63D31500FE0050D4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233613/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" targetBox="[332,1248,193,1842]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC75B7D63D31500FE0050D4" blockId="24.[151,1437,1875,2019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D63D31500FEC6505F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1875,1897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Tibiotarsi of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D62E31500FE31505E" box="[423,488,1875,1897]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D62E31500FE31505E" box="[423,488,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D61591500FDEC505F" bold="true" box="[541,565,1875,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D61781500FD63505E" box="[572,698,1875,1897]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D61781500FD63505E" box="[572,698,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D61FB1500FD21505F" bold="true" box="[703,760,1875,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC75B7D61FB1500FD21505F" box="[703,760,1875,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D60401500FC0F505E" bold="true" box="[772,982,1875,1897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">MMF 43426/43427,</emphasis>
R tibiotarsus (paratype) (specular image).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D66C01500FA42505F" bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1875,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D63D31522FEA150B0" box="[151,376,1905,1927]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adolfocaesaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D63D31522FEA150B0" box="[151,376,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus adolfocaesaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC75B7D62C61522FE1950B1" box="[386,448,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" rank="species">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D62C61522FE1950B1" bold="true" box="[386,448,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D62951522FDB850B1" bold="true" box="[465,609,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">MMF 43447,</emphasis>
L tibiotarsus, (paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D603E1522FC4D50B0" bold="true" box="[890,916,1905,1927]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D60DA1522FBBA50B0" box="[926,1123,1905,1927]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carvaoensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D60DA1522FBBA50B0" box="[926,1123,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus carvaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D67291522FB7250B1" bold="true" box="[1133,1195,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC75B7D67291522FB7250B1" box="[1133,1195,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D67F81522FAA250B1" bold="true" box="[1212,1403,1905,1926]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">IMEDEA 104068</emphasis>
, L tibiotarsus.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D624915C3FEFC5092" bold="true" box="[269,293,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D626F15C3FDDF5091" box="[299,518,1936,1958]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montivagorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D626F15C3FDDF5091" box="[299,518,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus montivagorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D614815C3FD9C5092" bold="true" box="[524,581,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC75B7D614815C3FD9C5092" box="[524,581,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D611515C3FCC85092" bold="true" box="[593,785,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">IMEDEA 104097,</emphasis>
R tibiotarsus (specular image).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D671015C3FBB25092" bold="true" box="[1108,1131,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D673515C3FAD15091" box="[1137,1288,1936,1958]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D673515C3FAD15091" box="[1137,1288,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D664A15C3FF2550F3" bold="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC75B7D664A15C3FA9E5092" box="[1294,1351,1936,1957]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MCMa 1951.014,
</emphasis>
R tibiotarsus (specular image).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D617A15FCFD9650F3" bold="true" box="[574,591,1967,1988]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC75B7D611315FDFCD950F2" box="[599,768,1966,1989]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D611315FDFCD950F2" box="[599,768,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">Rallus aquaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC75B7D604915FDFC6350F3" bold="true" box="[781,954,1966,1988]" pageId="24" pageNumber="175">IMEDEA 12474</emphasis>
, R tibiotarsus (specular image). 1, cranial view. 2, caudal view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7CEC8EEAFFC65B7C63D3148AFF27505E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233614/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1731]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC65B7C63D3148AFF27505E" blockId="25.[151,1436,1753,1897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C63D3148AFEFA51D9" bold="true" box="[151,291,1753,1775]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Tarsometatarsi of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C62AF148AFDF551D8" box="[491,556,1753,1775]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C62AF148AFDF551D8" box="[491,556,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C612E148AFD5B51D9" bold="true" box="[618,642,1753,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C61C8148AFCD751D8" box="[652,782,1753,1775]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C61C8148AFCD751D8" box="[652,782,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C605C148AFC8C51D9" bold="true" box="[792,853,1753,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC65B7C605C148AFC8C51D9" box="[792,853,1753,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C6021148AFC2D51D9" bold="true" box="[869,1012,1753,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">MMF 43419,</emphasis>
R tarsometatarsus (paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C667E148AFA8951D9" bold="true" box="[1338,1360,1753,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C661F148AFEF5503A" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adolfocaesaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C661F148AFEF5503A" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus adolfocaesaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C627D14ABFEA1503A" bold="true" box="[313,376,1784,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC65B7C627D14ABFEA1503A" box="[313,376,1784,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C62CF14ABFDC4503B" bold="true" box="[395,541,1783,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">MMF 43445,</emphasis>
R tarsometatarsus (paratype).
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C602814A4FC5F503A" bold="true" box="[876,902,1783,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C60D614A4FB815039" box="[914,1112,1783,1806]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carvaoensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C60D614A4FB815039" box="[914,1112,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus carvaoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C672114ABFB7D503A" bold="true" box="[1125,1188,1784,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC65B7C672114ABFB7D503A" box="[1125,1188,1784,1805]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C67F314A4FAA1503B" bold="true" box="[1207,1400,1783,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">IMEDEA 104068</emphasis>
, R tarsometatarsus.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C62011545FE87501C" bold="true" box="[325,350,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C622D1545FD91501B" box="[361,584,1814,1836]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montivagorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C622D1545FD91501B" box="[361,584,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus montivagorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C61171545FD48501C" bold="true" box="[595,657,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC65B7C61171545FD48501C" box="[595,657,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C61E61545FCB8501C" bold="true" box="[674,865,1814,1836]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">MCMa 1949.014,</emphasis>
R tarsometatarsus.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C67721545FB94501C" bold="true" box="[1078,1101,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C671C1545FB2A501B" box="[1112,1267,1814,1836]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C671C1545FB2A501B" box="[1112,1267,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C67BA1545FAE5501C" bold="true" box="[1278,1340,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01D4BF0BFFC65B7C67BA1545FAE5501C" box="[1278,1340,1814,1835]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C66091545FF2F507D" bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">MCMa 1951.014</emphasis>
, R tarsometatarsus.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C628E1566FE02507D" bold="true" box="[458,475,1845,1866]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC65B7C62A11567FD48507C" box="[485,657,1844,1867]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C62A11567FD48507C" box="[485,657,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Rallus aquaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC65B7C61DD1566FC90507D" bold="true" box="[665,841,1845,1866]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">IMEDEA 12474</emphasis>
, R tarsometatarsus. 1, dorsal view. 2, plantar view. Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7CEC8EEAFFC55B7F63D3117BFF37544C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233615/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" targetBox="[169,1436,185,782]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC55B7F63D3117BFF37544C" blockId="26.[151,1436,808,891]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F63D3117BFEC6540A" bold="true" box="[151,287,808,830]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
Photograph of a silicified specimen of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC55B7F61EE117BFD325409" box="[682,747,808,830]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F61EE117BFD325409" box="[682,747,808,830]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B from Algar do Carvão, Terceira.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F6730117BFB54540A" bold="true" box="[1140,1165,808,829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">A.</emphasis>
General view.
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F6662117BFAE4540A" bold="true" box="[1318,1341,808,829]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">B.</emphasis>
Detail of the tarsometatarsus. The scales of the tarsometatarsus are visible in the section free of silica. Scale bar of
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F67801114FB0F546B" bold="true" box="[1220,1238,839,860]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">A</emphasis>
: 4 cm. Scale bar of
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F63D31135FF71544C" bold="true" box="[151,168,870,891]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">B</emphasis>
: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC55B7F638311F0FB21527F" blockId="26.[151,1436,930,2036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F638311F0FD53548B" bold="true" box="[199,650,930,956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
A silicified specimen of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC55B7F62B711F1FDE7548C" box="[499,574,930,955]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F62B711F1FDE7548C" bold="true" box="[499,574,930,955]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B
</emphasis>
. We report here the first avian body fossil described from ancient siliceous sinter (opal) deposits in the Azorean Islands, curated at the Colecção dos Montanheiros. The specimen comes from the Algar do Carvão, Terceira. It is a 3D preservation of feathers and soft body morphology (
<figureCitation id="B0A8C2E7FFC55B7F661511B8FF6C5310" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="26.[151,250,808,830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1436,185,782]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[157,1442,177,791]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 18. Photograph of a silicified specimen of Rallus sp. B from Algar do Carvão, Terceira. A. General view. B. Detail of the tarsometatarsus. The scales of the tarsometatarsus are visible in the section free of silica. Scale bar of A: 4 cm. Scale bar of B: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233615/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Figure 18</figureCitation>
), derived from a silicification process that allows the preservation of features normally lost during fossilization. Silica (silicon oxide) is a mineral associated with exceptional preservation of fossils (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F67CA1660FAFA537C" author="Allison" box="[1166,1315,1075,1100]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Allison, P. A. (1988) Konservat-Lagerstatten: Cause and Classification. Paleobiology, 14, 4, 331 - 344." type="journal article" year="1988">Allison 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F666B1660FECB5347" author="Channing" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Channing, A., Schweitze, M. H., Horner, J. R. &amp; McEneaney, T. (2005) A silicified bird from Quaternary hotspring deposits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 905 - 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2989" type="journal article" year="2005">
Channing
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F63D3160BFF105358" box="[151,201,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F625B1604FDD05358" author="Manning" box="[287,521,1111,1136]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Manning, P. L., Morris, P. M., McMahon, A., Jones, E., Gize, A., Macquaker, J. H. S., Wolff, G., Thompson, A., Marshall, J., Taylor, K. G., Lyson, T., Gaskell, S., Reamtong, O. Sellers, W. I., van Dongen, B. E., Buckley M. &amp; Wogelius, R. A. (2009) Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA). Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 276 (1672), 3429 - 3437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.0812" type="journal article" year="2009">
Manning
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F62C8160BFE675358" box="[396,446,1111,1135]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Some Azorean caves contain siliceous speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites and flowstone) made of opal. The opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica that precipitates as hot water evaporates, becoming solid after drying. The silicification of a specimen results from its coating and encrustation by the dissolved opal and its subsequent drying. Exceptionally, the silification can affect carcasses of recently dead animals. Thesilica encrustation of the body of the dead specimen can occur within hours or days after death and before substantial soft tissue degradation takes place (i.e., before 2–3 days after death;
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F67CE1758FA4E5214" author="Davis" box="[1162,1431,1291,1316]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Davis, P. G. &amp; Briggs, D. E. G. (1998) The impact of decay and disarticulation on the preservation of fossil birds. Palaios, 13, 3 - 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3515277" type="journal article" year="1998">Davis and Briggs 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F63D3177CFE5E527F" author="Channing" box="[151,391,1327,1352]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Channing, A., Schweitze, M. H., Horner, J. R. &amp; McEneaney, T. (2005) A silicified bird from Quaternary hotspring deposits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 905 - 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2989" type="journal article" year="2005">
Channing
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F624F1763FEE55270" box="[267,316,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). It can preserve the feathers, nails, and the colonizing microbial communities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC55B7F63831700FE4B502C" blockId="26.[151,1436,930,2036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F63831700FE01525B" box="[199,472,1363,1388]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Channing, A., Schweitze, M. H., Horner, J. R. &amp; McEneaney, T. (2005) A silicified bird from Quaternary hotspring deposits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 905 - 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2989" type="journal article">
Channing
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F62051707FEA1525C" box="[321,376,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
described a silicified bird from Yellowstone Quaternary hot springs deposits. It consisted of an external mould of the body of a
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC55B7F61F01724FD2452B8" box="[692,765,1399,1423]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Fulica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F61F01724FD2452B8" box="[692,765,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Fulica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to the description of Nunes
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F6787172BFB2D52B8" box="[1219,1268,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al</emphasis>
. (2004), Algar do Carvão is a volcanic cave located in the centre of Terceira
<collectingCountry id="50849EF2FFC55B7F600817C8FC4A5283" box="[844,915,1435,1460]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Island</collectingCountry>
, at
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F60FE17C8FBD85284" box="[954,1025,1435,1460]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.83" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="583.0">583 m</quantity>
above sea level. The entrance of the volcanic pit is
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F620417ECFEA252E0" box="[320,379,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
<date id="5C2DF8A2FFC55B7F62C01793FE6F52E0" box="[388,438,1471,1495]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" value="1927-10">
x
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F62DE17ECFE6F52E0" box="[410,438,1471,1495]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="27.0">27</quantity>
</date>
m in size and connects with a vertical conduit, which drops ca.
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<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F67DE17ECFB0152E0" box="[1178,1240,1471,1496]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
After an uneven slope, the conduit [or passage] drops vertically once again and ends in a lake of clear water, at ca.
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F67A917B0FAFE52CC" box="[1261,1319,1507,1531]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
below the mouth of the pit. The lake has a maximum depth of about
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F60661454FC825128" box="[802,859,1543,1568]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
and dries up almost completely in summer in years of low precipitation. The complex geological and biochemical phenomena which occur in the hydrogeological system of Algar do Carvão allowed the formation of stalactites and flowstone of amorphous silica (Si ≈ 77% to 82%). These are probably the most exuberant, rare and beautiful structures present in the volcanic caves of the Azores. These opal stalactites, milky-white coloured with reddish internal veins, cover a large area of the roof and walls of the pit and reach a length of about
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F61DC14E8FD1C51E4" box="[664,709,1723,1747]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F607914E8FC5C51E4" box="[829,901,1723,1747]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
to
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC55B7F60EA14E8FC2F51E4" box="[942,1014,1723,1748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
in diameter. On the cave floor, opal flowstone coats several square meters. The presence of opal speleothems suggests the sporadic activity of a hot spring inside the cave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC55B7F63831574FB9550C3" blockId="26.[151,1436,930,2036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
Unlike the
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC55B7F62031574FE485008" box="[327,401,1831,1855]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Fulica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F62031574FE485008" box="[327,401,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Fulica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen described by
<bibRefCitation id="4C02A393FFC55B7F61E21574FC755077" box="[678,940,1831,1856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" refString="Channing, A., Schweitze, M. H., Horner, J. R. &amp; McEneaney, T. (2005) A silicified bird from Quaternary hotspring deposits. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 905 - 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2989" type="journal article">
Channing
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F6058157BFC8F5008" box="[796,854,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
, which corresponds to an external cast that could have originated by the erosion of the body in a fully coated specimen or by the deposition of a carcass upon an opaline gum, the
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC55B7F623F153CFE1A50B0" box="[379,451,1903,1927]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC55B7F623F153CFE1A50B0" box="[379,451,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B from the Algar do Carvão preserves its body. The specimen is a feathered carcass coated with a thin layer of opal. It suffered some damage during its extraction in the 1990s, and currently it is curated in the Museum of Os Montanheiros, at Angra do Heroísmo. The opal coat of the specimen was formed apparently as the result of a silica-enriched water flux upon a freshly dead specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC45B7E638312C4FB3F569A" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
The specimen is 17.5 x
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC45B7E629E12C4FDEF5798" box="[474,566,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5699999999999998" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="cm" value="15.7">15.7 cm</quantity>
in size and apparently corresponds to an adult or to a full-grown specimen, preserving the body (abdomen and trunk), the two hindlimbs (the right is broken at the level of the proximal end of tarsometatarsus; the left is broken at the level of the toes), and the right wing. The tail is not visible and the specimen is broken at the level of the neck, lacking the entire head. A hole allows the right coracoid to be seen, fully formed, in its anatomical position. The tip of the wing is slightly broken, but the total length of the wing can be estimated at
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC45B7E620E131FFE765653" box="[330,431,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="cm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9–10 cm</quantity>
. The length of the tarsosometatarsus is ca.
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC45B7E60D6131FFC175653" box="[914,974,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
, and the specimen might have attained a height of c.
<quantity id="EF6B7387FFC45B7E62511323FEB956B0" box="[277,352,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
. It is possible to see the skin scales on the proximal right tarsometatarsus. The hindlimbs appear to wear fewer feathers than in
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC45B7E62AF13C6FDAE569B" box="[491,631,405,428]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC45B7E62AF13C6FDAE569B" box="[491,631,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">R. aquaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The tibiotarsus seems to be naked until its upper third.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC45B7E63D313E4FB0B56E7" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,645]" box="[151,1234,439,464]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">The plumage of the ventral part of the body has the appearance of a juvenile (i.e. loose feathers).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="282CDE62FFC45B7E6383138FFE4455B2" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC45B7E6383138FFF2756C2" bold="true" box="[199,254,476,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Age:</emphasis>
Holocene-Recent. The silicified specimen of
<taxonomicName id="EF93A5E1FFC45B7E6043138FFC9756C3" box="[775,846,476,500]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC45B7E6043138FFC9756C3" box="[775,846,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Rallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. B found in Algar do Carvão, (Terceira
<collectingCountry id="50849EF2FFC45B7E667E138FFA5956C2" box="[1338,1408,476,501]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Island</collectingCountry>
) a volcanic pit of a Late-Holocene age (Forjaz
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC45B7E61CD1052FD63552F" box="[649,698,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al</emphasis>
. 2004), indicates a very recent extinction. The radiometric dating analysis of charcoal found beneath the basaltic lava flow at Algar do Carvão rendered an age of 1730± 40 years BP for the lava flow (Forjaz
<emphasis id="1AE70270FFC45B7E62FA101AFE2B5557" box="[446,498,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">et al</emphasis>
. 2004), and the silicified specimen was apparently deposited at an indeterminate moment after this flow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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