treatments-xml/data/03/BE/87/03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73.xml

<document id="D9DDEA8C8FE4DA85E33B025DF9109386" ID-CLB-Dataset="21207" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffdfb2b7-ecf7-4eef-a826-cbaeed24bb17" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3994811" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598027921682" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Dick, Matthew H. &amp; Grischenko, Andrei V." docDate="2016" docId="03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.51.3-4.141-266.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 51" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Celleporaria triangula , Seo 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="191" masterDocId="FF87FFBAD16C5C716215FFFAFF85FFE8" masterDocTitle="Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1698845144665" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7F383CD272F06953B15C259A29589130">Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2C2AA6358C4A11B8E109CDCE357BD0DB">Dick, Matthew H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EFB2189BF7BFEB5622E98B8D99984176">Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C2C4E7604F54530956743ADBBD8A2F9D">Grischenko, Andrei V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1C02A1C2739C021BEDFC1D09213E3C5E">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Aquatic Ecology, Biological Faculty, Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4333641" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167288389" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4333641" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5F63DEFCCDFCDDFCB8" box="[459,856,823,848]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F63DEFCCDFCDDFCB8" blockId="46.[459,856,823,882]" box="[459,856,823,848]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1425C5F63DEFCCDFCDDFCB8" box="[459,856,823,848]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1425C5F63DEFCCDFCDDFCB8" authority="Seo, 1994" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[459,856,823,848]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F63DEFCCDFD5EFCB8" bold="true" box="[459,731,823,848]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="3">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1425C5F60F1FCCDFCDDFCB8" author="Seo JE" box="[740,856,823,848]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" pagination="189 - 197" refId="ref65065" refString="Seo JE. 1994. Two species of Celleporaria (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa) from Korea. Kor J Syst Zool. 10: 189 - 197." type="journal article" year="1994">Seo, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5F6022FCA3FD68FC9A" box="[567,749,857,882]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F6022FCA3FD68FC9A" blockId="46.[459,856,823,882]" box="[567,749,857,882]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1425C5F6022FCA3FD68FC9A" box="[567,749,857,882]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="2">
(
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1425C5F602AFCA3FD35FC9A" box="[575,688,857,882]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="44.[160,225,1485,1508]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 14. (a–e) Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu and Bassler), (a–d) NSMT-Te 1092, (e) SES-22: (a) autozooids near colony margin; (b) primary orifice; (c) suboral avicularia and typical suboral umbonate processes; (d) very long suboral umbonate processes; (e) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (f–h) Celleporaria triangula Seo, NSMT-Te 1097: (f) autozooids and vicarious avicularium near colony margin; (g) primary orifices; (h) colony interior, with autozooids, vicarious avicularia and developing ooecia. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a, d–f, h = 500 µm; b = 100 µm; c = 250 µm; g = 150 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994839/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(f 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F60AAFCA3FD48FC9A" box="[703,717,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
h))
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5F62B5FC67FC89FC3F" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FC67FD43FC5D" blockId="46.[160,780,925,983]" box="[160,710,925,949]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1425C5F62B5FC67FDD8FC5D" authority="Seo, 1994, p. 189" authorityName=", Seo" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1994" box="[160,605,925,949]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62B5FC67FE0BFC5D" box="[160,398,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1425C5F6382FC67FD80FC5D" author="Seo JE" box="[407,517,925,949]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" pagination="189 - 197" refId="ref65065" refString="Seo JE. 1994. Two species of Celleporaria (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa) from Korea. Kor J Syst Zool. 10: 189 - 197." type="journal article" year="1994">Seo, 1994</bibRefCitation>
, p. 189
</taxonomicName>
, pls. 1, 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FC45FC89FC3F" blockId="46.[160,780,925,983]" box="[160,780,959,983]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1425C5F62B5FC45FDD8FC3F" authority=": Seo 2005, p. 397" authorityName="Seo" authorityPageNumber="397" authorityYear="2005" box="[160,605,959,983]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62B5FC45FE0BFC3F" box="[160,398,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1425C5F6389FC45FD80FC3F" author="Seo JE" box="[412,517,959,983]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" refId="ref65093" refString="Seo JE. 2005. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna &amp; flora of Korea. Vol. 40. Bryozoa: Seoul: Daehon Printing &amp; Publishing. Korean." type="book" year="2005">Seo 2005</bibRefCitation>
, p. 397
</taxonomicName>
, pls. 120B, 121.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5F62B5FBF2FB01FB62" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FBF2FEC8FBCA" blockId="46.[160,1156,1032,1162]" box="[160,333,1032,1058]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1425C5F62B5FBF2FEC8FBCA" box="[160,333,1032,1058]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62B5FBF2FEC8FBCA" bold="true" box="[160,333,1032,1058]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="3">Measurements</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FBD7FB01FB62" blockId="46.[160,1156,1032,1162]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
AzL, 0.44 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62EAFBD6FE89FBAC" box="[255,268,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.47 (0.455 ± 0.017); AzW, 0.32 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F6047FBD6FDDAFBAC" box="[594,607,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.36 (0.338 ± 0.018) (n = 3, 1). OrL (including sinus), 0.12 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62D9FBB5FF5CFB8F" box="[204,217,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.16 (0.134 ± 0.014); OrW, 0.14 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F6050FBB5FDD7FB8F" box="[581,594,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.18 (0.158 ± 0.012) (n = 13, 1). OvL, 0.21 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F665CFBB5FBD3FB8F" box="[1097,1110,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.24 (0.225 ± 0.016); OvW, 0.25 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F63BAFB88FE39FB62" box="[431,444,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">–</emphasis>
0.26 (0.256 ± 0.002) (n = 3, 1). Largest colony observed 
<quantity id="4CEF9B31D1425C5F61ECFB88FBB2FB62" box="[1017,1079,1138,1162]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
across.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5F62B5FB41FBBBFAF2" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FB41FE05FB3D" blockId="46.[160,1156,1211,1306]" box="[160,384,1211,1237]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1425C5F62B5FB41FE05FB3D" box="[160,384,1211,1237]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62B5FB41FE05FB3D" bold="true" box="[160,384,1211,1237]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="3">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FB25FBBBFAF2" blockId="46.[160,1156,1211,1306]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
NSMT-Te 1097-a (
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D1425C5F634BFB25FE13FB1F" box="[350,406,1247,1271]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="Herbarium">SES-</collectionCode>
13), bleached, on SEM stub (with 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1425C5F60ECFB25FC49FB1F" authorityName="Scholz and Cusi" authorityYear="1991" box="[761,972,1247,1271]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="soulesi">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F60ECFB25FC49FB1F" box="[761,972,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Parasmittina soulesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); NSMT-Te 1098, 15 dried specimens, 
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D1425C5F6390FAF8FE29FAF2" box="[389,428,1282,1306]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="Herbarium">SES</collectionCode>
site; 
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D1425C5F63F2FAF8FDBBFAF2" box="[487,574,1282,1306]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
2016.5.13.26-38, 13 dried specimens, 
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D1425C5F61F6FAF8FB8FFAF2" box="[995,1034,1282,1306]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="Herbarium">SES</collectionCode>
site.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1425C5E62B5FAB1FCB6FE71" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5F62B5FAB1FEA3FA8D" blockId="46.[160,1156,1355,1727]" box="[160,294,1355,1381]" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1425C5F62B5FAB1FEA3FA8D" box="[160,294,1355,1381]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1425C5F62B5FAB1FEA3FA8D" bold="true" box="[160,294,1355,1381]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="187" reason="3">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1425C5E62B5FA95FCB6FE71" blockId="46.[160,1156,1355,1727]" lastBlockId="47.[160,1156,142,409]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">
Colony encrusting, multilaminar, forming a low mound. Zooids at colony margin (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1425C5F62B2FA68FE9CFA42" box="[167,281,1426,1450]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="44.[160,225,1485,1508]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 14. (a–e) Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu and Bassler), (a–d) NSMT-Te 1092, (e) SES-22: (a) autozooids near colony margin; (b) primary orifice; (c) suboral avicularia and typical suboral umbonate processes; (d) very long suboral umbonate processes; (e) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (f–h) Celleporaria triangula Seo, NSMT-Te 1097: (f) autozooids and vicarious avicularium near colony margin; (g) primary orifices; (h) colony interior, with autozooids, vicarious avicularia and developing ooecia. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a, d–f, h = 500 µm; b = 100 µm; c = 250 µm; g = 150 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994839/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(f)) irregularly hexagonal; zooidal boundaries indistinct in colony interior. Frontal wall coarsely granulated, with three or four small, circular areolae along each lateral margin. Newly budded zooids at margin or interior of colony margin occasionally show one or two spine scars or small, cylindrical spine bases distal to the orifice; most zooids show no trace of spines. Primary orifice (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1425C5F60AEF9E7FCA3F9DD" box="[699,806,1565,1589]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="44.[160,225,1485,1508]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 14. (a–e) Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu and Bassler), (a–d) NSMT-Te 1092, (e) SES-22: (a) autozooids near colony margin; (b) primary orifice; (c) suboral avicularia and typical suboral umbonate processes; (d) very long suboral umbonate processes; (e) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (f–h) Celleporaria triangula Seo, NSMT-Te 1097: (f) autozooids and vicarious avicularium near colony margin; (g) primary orifices; (h) colony interior, with autozooids, vicarious avicularia and developing ooecia. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a, d–f, h = 500 µm; b = 100 µm; c = 250 µm; g = 150 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994839/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="187">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(g)) broader than long, roughly D-shaped; with small, blunt, condyles near corners. Proximal orificial margin slightly concave, with three small, falciform or denticulate processes delineating asymmetrical proximal sinuses (one larger, one smaller). Peristome a thick, low rim proximal and lateral to orifice; primary orifice not deeply sunken and usually visible. Small suboral avicularium on raised, sometimes slightly umbonate chamber proximal to orifice, contributing to proximal peristome; rostrum oval, acute to frontal plane, bluntly denticulate around distal margin; crossbar complete; mandible D-shaped, directed frontolaterally. Large interzooidal avicularia are scattered abundantly among autozooids; chamber raised, granulated like frontal wall except at rostral end; rostrum raised distally, bluntly serrate around distal margin; crossbar complete; mandible blunt-triangular. Ovicells (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1435C5E62B2FEA4FE9CFE9E" box="[167,281,350,374]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="44.[160,225,1485,1508]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[178,1138,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 14. (a–e) Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu and Bassler), (a–d) NSMT-Te 1092, (e) SES-22: (a) autozooids near colony margin; (b) primary orifice; (c) suboral avicularia and typical suboral umbonate processes; (d) very long suboral umbonate processes; (e) ovicelled and non-ovicelled autozooids. (f–h) Celleporaria triangula Seo, NSMT-Te 1097: (f) autozooids and vicarious avicularium near colony margin; (g) primary orifices; (h) colony interior, with autozooids, vicarious avicularia and developing ooecia. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a, d–f, h = 500 µm; b = 100 µm; c = 250 µm; g = 150 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994839/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Figure 14</figureCitation>
(h)) incompletely developed in our material; the most complete is cowlshaped, not yet covered with granulated secondary layer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD1435C4162B5FE20FCA8FB9F" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E62B5FE20FE83FE1C" blockId="47.[160,1156,474,1262]" box="[160,262,474,500]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1435C5E62B5FE20FE83FE1C" box="[160,262,474,500]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E62B5FE20FE83FE1C" bold="true" box="[160,262,474,500]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" reason="3">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E62B5FE04FCF8FB06" blockId="47.[160,1156,474,1262]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
In her remarks accompanying the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6126FE04FBBBFDFE" authority=", Seo (1994)" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[819,1086,510,534]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6126FE04FC33FDFE" box="[819,950,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. triangula</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E61D1FE04FBBBFDFE" author="Seo JE" box="[964,1086,510,534]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="189 - 197" refId="ref65065" refString="Seo JE. 1994. Two species of Celleporaria (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa) from Korea. Kor J Syst Zool. 10: 189 - 197." type="journal article" year="1994">Seo (1994)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
listed a number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E632EFDDBFE3AFDD1" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1821" box="[315,447,545,569]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E632EFDDBFE3AFDD1" box="[315,447,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Celleporaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that have denticles on the proximal orificial margin. Taxonomists giving weight to the presence of these denticles have likely misidentified specimens of a variety of species as 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6074FD9CFC36FD96" authority="(Busk, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[609,947,614,638]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="tridenticulata">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6074FD9CFC92FD96" box="[609,791,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. tridenticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E613CFD9CFC2FFD96" author="Busk G" box="[809,938,614,638]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="341 - 356" refId="ref60680" refString="Busk G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the challenger expedition. J Linn Soc Zool. 15: 341 - 356." type="journal article" year="1881">Busk, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E61D1FD9CFF65FD49" authority="(Busk, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="vagans">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E61D1FD9CFBB0FD96" box="[964,1077,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. vagans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6652FD9CFF5DFD49" author="Busk G" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="341 - 356" refId="ref60680" refString="Busk G. 1881. Descriptive catalogue of the species of Cellepora collected on the challenger expedition. J Linn Soc Zool. 15: 341 - 356." type="journal article" year="1881">Busk, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6319FD73FDA8FD49" authority="(Hincks, 1882 a)" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[268,557,649,673]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aperta">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6319FD73FEF6FD49" box="[268,371,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. aperta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6396FD73FDA1FD49" author="Hincks T" box="[387,548,649,673]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref62705" refString="Hincks T. 1882 a. Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. IX. Foreign Cheilostomata (miscellaneous). Ann Mag Nat Hist Ser 5. 9: 116 - 127, Plate 5." type="journal article" year="1882">Hincks, 1882a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which have been perceived as widely distributed; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E62C3FD51FE0FFD2B" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[214,394,683,707]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
for a discussion of the problem. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E612BFD51FC6EFD2B" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[830,1003,683,707]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 28A, B) illustrated a 
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D1435C5E632CFD34FE17FD0E" box="[313,402,718,742]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimen for 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6050FD34FD7EFD0E" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[581,763,718,742]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="tridenticulata">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6050FD34FD7EFD0E" box="[581,763,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. tridenticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has orificial denticles quite different from those in 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E63B8FD0BFDAAFCE1" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[429,559,753,777]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E63B8FD0BFDAAFCE1" box="[429,559,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. triangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and has lanceolate interzooidal avicularia. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6633FD0BFF65FCC3" author="Tilbrook KJ" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 28C, D) also illustrated a 
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D1435C5E6040FCE9FD3FFCC3" box="[597,698,787,811]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6173FCE9FC52FCC3" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[870,983,787,811]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="vagans">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6173FCE9FC52FCC3" box="[870,983,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. vagans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the denticles again differ from in 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6385FCCCFD91FCA6" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[400,532,822,846]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6385FCCCFD91FCA6" box="[400,532,822,846]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. triangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the interzooidal avicularia are spatulate, with a palmate mandible. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6392FCA3FDAAFC99" author="Harmer SF" box="[391,559,857,881]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="42 - 74" refId="ref62331" refString="Harmer SF. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga expedition, part 4, Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga Exped. 28 d: 641 - 1147, Plates 42 - 74." type="book chapter" year="1957">Harmer (1957)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E60D0FCA3FCABFC99" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[709,814,857,881]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aperta">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E60D0FCA3FCABFC99" box="[709,814,857,881]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. aperta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to have a very broad Indo- Pacific distribution, but both Hincks 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6053FC81FDC9FC7B" box="[582,588,891,915]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">’</emphasis>
s (1882a) original description and redescriptions by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E62DDFC64FDA8FC5E" author="Winston JE &amp; Heimberg BF" box="[200,557,926,950]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref66066" refString="Winston JE, Heimberg BF. 1986. Bryozoans from Bali, Lombok, and Komodo. Am Mus Novit. 2847: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1986">Winston and Heimberg (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6065FC64FC3DFC5E" author="Ryland JS &amp; Hayward PJ" box="[624,952,926,950]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="223 - 301" refId="ref64820" refString="Ryland JS, Hayward PJ. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mem Queensland Mus. 32: 223 - 301." type="journal article" year="1992">Ryland and Hayward (1992)</bibRefCitation>
show the orifice with a small, rounded median sinus lacking a median denticle. The variation that 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E62B5FC19FEC4FC13" author="Harmer SF" box="[160,321,995,1019]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="42 - 74" refId="ref62331" refString="Harmer SF. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga expedition, part 4, Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga Exped. 28 d: 641 - 1147, Plates 42 - 74." type="book chapter" year="1957">Harmer (1957</bibRefCitation>
, p. 674, text-fig. 56) illustrated in the orificial denticles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E660CFC19FB06FC13" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1049,1155,995,1019]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="aperta">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E660CFC19FB06FC13" box="[1049,1155,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. aperta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes some of that seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6002FBFCFD18FBF6" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[535,669,1030,1054]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6002FBFCFD18FBF6" box="[535,669,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">C. triangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and indeed some of the specimens he included in the former may actually be the latter. 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E60E9FBD3FC75FBA9" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[764,1008,1065,1089]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E60E9FBD3FC75FBA9" box="[764,1008,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from congeners in the following combination of characters: one or two ephemeral oral spines; orificial denticles delineating major and minor sinuses, with the denticles themselves quite variable; interzooidal avicularia having a blunt-triangular (rather than spatulate, lanceolate or acute) mandible; and a bluntly denticulate distal margin of the rostrum in both the suboral and interzooidal avicularia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E62B5FAD5FEA1FAA1" blockId="47.[160,1155,1327,1457]" box="[160,292,1327,1353]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
<heading id="D0E081B8D1435C5E62B5FAD5FEA1FAA1" box="[160,292,1327,1353]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E62B5FAD5FEA1FAA1" bold="true" box="[160,292,1327,1353]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" reason="3">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E62B5FAAEFC6CFA59" blockId="47.[160,1155,1327,1457]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E62B5FAAEFE09FA84" authorityName=", Seo" authorityYear="1994" box="[160,396,1364,1388]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triangula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E62B5FAAEFE09FA84" box="[160,396,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Celleporaria triangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was restricted to the SES site, where it was abundant (
<tableCitation id="C695036FD1435C5E61E4FAAEFBC6FA84" box="[1009,1091,1364,1388]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 1. Relative abundance, local occurrence and status in Japan for rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoan species detected in west-central Okinawa, Japan." pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Table 1</tableCitation>
). This species was previously known only from the vicinity of Cheju Island in the East 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1435C5E6656FA8CFB06FA66" box="[1091,1155,1398,1422]" name="China" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, and from the Strait of 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1435C5E63CDFA63FD9DFA59" box="[472,536,1433,1457]" name="South Korea" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Korea</collectingCountry>
off the coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D1435C5E60CDFA63FCE6FA59" box="[728,867,1433,1457]" name="South Korea" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">South Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6167FA63FC58FA59" author="Seo JE" box="[882,989,1433,1457]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="189 - 197" refId="ref65065" refString="Seo JE. 1994. Two species of Celleporaria (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa) from Korea. Kor J Syst Zool. 10: 189 - 197." type="journal article" year="1994">Seo 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E638BFA21FCE9F9FE" blockId="47.[394,933,1499,1662]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
Superfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6026FA21FC20FA1C" authority="Levinsen, 1909" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1909" box="[563,933,1499,1524]" class="Gymnolaemata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Smittinoidea">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6026FA21FD68FA1C" bold="true" box="[563,749,1499,1524]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">SMITTINOIDEA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E60E3FA21FC20FA1C" author="Levinsen GMR" box="[758,933,1499,1524]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" refId="ref63579" refString="Levinsen GMR. 1909. Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Copenhagen: Nationale Forfatteres Forlag." type="book" year="1909">Levinsen, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E6018FA07FCE9F9FE" authority="Levinsen, 1909" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1909" box="[525,876,1533,1558]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6018FA07FD36F9FE" bold="true" box="[525,691,1533,1558]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">SMITTINIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E60A9FA07FCE9F9FE" author="Levinsen GMR" box="[700,876,1533,1558]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" refId="ref63579" refString="Levinsen GMR. 1909. Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Copenhagen: Nationale Forfatteres Forlag." type="book" year="1909">Levinsen, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E63D0F9DAFCDBF9D1" blockId="47.[394,933,1499,1662]" box="[453,862,1568,1593]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E600DF9DAFCDBF9D1" authority="Osburn, 1952" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[536,862,1568,1593]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E600DF9DAFD33F9D1" bold="true" box="[536,694,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Parasmittina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E60AAF9DAFCDBF9D1" author="Osburn RC" box="[703,862,1568,1593]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref64248" refString="Osburn RC. 1952. Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of North America. Part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pac Exped. 14: 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E639FF9B9FC1CF9B4" blockId="47.[394,933,1499,1662]" box="[394,921,1603,1628]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E639FF9B9FC1CF9B4" authority="Soule and Soule, 1973" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[394,921,1603,1628]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E639FF9B9FD03F9B4" bold="true" box="[394,646,1603,1628]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" reason="3">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E609AF9B9FC1CF9B4" author="Soule DF &amp; Soule JD" box="[655,921,1603,1628]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C5E6044F99FFD57F996" blockId="47.[394,933,1499,1662]" box="[593,722,1637,1662]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
(
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D1435C5E604CF99FFD4FF996" box="[601,714,1637,1662]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Figure 15</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D1435C4162B5F960FB01FBDA" blockId="47.[160,856,1690,1714]" lastBlockId="48.[160,1156,1015,1143]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D1435C5E62B5F960FD5EF95A" authority="Soule and Soule, 1973, p. 396" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityPageNumber="396" authorityYear="1973" box="[160,731,1690,1714]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E62B5F960FEF9F95A" box="[160,380,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D1435C5E6390F960FD06F95A" author="Soule DF &amp; Soule JD" box="[389,643,1690,1714]" pageId="47" pageNumber="188" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule, 1973</bibRefCitation>
, p. 396
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 3(d 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D1435C5E6120F960FCC7F95A" box="[821,834,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="188">–</emphasis>
f). 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5FC0DFEB6FBE7" box="[160,307,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Parasmitttina</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15C5C41632EFC0DFDEAFBE7" authority=": Gordon 1984, p. 96" authorityName="Gordon" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1984" box="[315,623,1015,1039]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C41632EFC0DFE01FBE7" box="[315,388,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">serrula</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C416387FC0DFDA2FBE7" author="Gordon DP" box="[402,551,1015,1039]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 198" refId="ref61690" refString="Gordon DP. 1984. The marine fauna of New Zealand: bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec ridge. N Z Oceanogr Inst Mem. 91: 1 - 198." type="journal article" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
, p. 96
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 35B, C. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C4160E6FC0DFC0AFBE7" author="Winston JE" box="[755,911,1015,1039]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref66042" refString="Winston JE. 1984. Shallow-water bryozoans of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Am Mus Novit. 2799: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1984">Winston 1984</bibRefCitation>
, p. 23, fig. 45. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C416622FC0DFE10FBDA" author="Ryland JS &amp; Hayward PJ" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" pagination="223 - 301" refId="ref64820" refString="Ryland JS, Hayward PJ. 1992. Bryozoa from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mem Queensland Mus. 32: 223 - 301." type="journal article" year="1992">Ryland and Hayward 1992</bibRefCitation>
, p. 272, figs 23(e, f) and 24(a). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C4160E4FBE0FC1AFBDA" author="Dick MH &amp; Tilbrook KJ &amp; Mawatari SF" box="[753,927,1050,1074]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" pagination="2197 - 2257" refId="ref61502" refString="Dick MH, Tilbrook KJ, Mawatari SF. 2006. Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA. J Nat Hist. 40: 2197 - 2257." type="journal article" year="2006">Dick et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2221, fig. 9(a 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C41664FFBE3FBE2FBD9" box="[1114,1127,1049,1073]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
d).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF68665CD15C5C4162B5FCC2FB01FC4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" startId="48.[160,225,824,847]" targetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FCC2FB01FC4F" blockId="48.[160,1157,824,935]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5FCC2FE82FCA7" bold="true" box="[160,263,824,847]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15C5C416305FCC2FDF0FCA7" authority="Soule and Soule" authorityName="Soule and Soule" authorityYear="1973" box="[272,629,824,847]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C416305FCC2FE4AFCA7" box="[272,463,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
Soule and Soule
</taxonomicName>
, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4161EBFC6AFB8EFC4F" box="[1022,1035,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
d = 300 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FBC6FCA8FB9F" blockId="48.[160,1156,1015,1143]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15C5C4162A1FBC6FDF8FBBC" authority=": Scholz 1991, p. 325" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1991" box="[180,637,1084,1108]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162A1FBC6FE0AFBBC" box="[180,399,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
: Scholz 1991, p. 325
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 29, figs 1, 2 and 4. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C416193FBC6FBE4FBBC" author="Tilbrook KJ &amp; Hayward PJ &amp; Gordon DP" box="[902,1121,1084,1108]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" pagination="35 - 109" refId="ref65953" refString="Tilbrook KJ, Hayward PJ, Gordon DP. 2001. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Vanuatu. Zool J Linn Soc Lond. 131: 35 - 109." type="journal article" year="2001">Tilbrook et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
, p. 76, fig. 14(a, b). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15C5C41636DFBA5FD96FB9F" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[376,531,1119,1143]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
, p. 154, pls. 29C, 31A 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C41611CFBA5FC93FB9F" box="[777,790,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
C.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15C5C4162B5FB56FE34FAC6" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FB56FE05FB2E" blockId="48.[160,1156,1196,1326]" box="[160,384,1196,1222]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
<heading id="D0E081B8D15C5C4162B5FB56FE05FB2E" box="[160,384,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5FB56FE05FB2E" bold="true" box="[160,384,1196,1222]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="3">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FB2BFE34FAC6" blockId="48.[160,1156,1196,1326]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
NSMT-Te 1099 (
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15C5C416341FB2BFE0BFB01" box="[340,398,1233,1257]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15598" name="University of Minnesota" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" type="Herbarium">MIN-</collectionCode>
22), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1100 (
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15C5C416192FB2BFC47FB01" box="[903,962,1233,1257]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15598" name="University of Minnesota" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" type="Herbarium">MIN-</collectionCode>
13), bleached, on SEM stub (with 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15C5C416342FB09FDDBFAE3" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[343,606,1267,1291]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Crepidacanthidae" genus="Crepidacantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="poissonii">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C416342FB09FDDBFAE3" box="[343,606,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Crepidacantha poissonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); NSMT-Te 1101, dried specimen, 
<collectionCode id="ED06AE11D15C5C4161FDFB09FB8AFAE3" box="[1000,1039,1267,1291]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14095" name="Southeastern Shanxi Teachers School" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" type="Herbarium">SES</collectionCode>
site (with 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15C5C4162B5FAECFE21FAC6" authorityName="Tilbrook" authorityYear="2006" box="[160,420,1302,1326]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reniformis">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5FAECFE21FAC6" box="[160,420,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Calyptotheca reniformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15C5C4062B5FA99FBB9FCD1" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FA99FEC8FA95" blockId="48.[160,1156,1379,1544]" box="[160,333,1379,1405]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
<heading id="D0E081B8D15C5C4162B5FA99FEC8FA95" box="[160,333,1379,1405]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5FA99FEC8FA95" bold="true" box="[160,333,1379,1405]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="3">Measurements</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5FA72FC4EF9E0" blockId="48.[160,1156,1379,1544]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
AzL, 0.28 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C416317FA72FE8AFA48" box="[258,271,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.47 (0.374 ± 0.053); AzW, 0.19 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C416048FA72FDEFFA48" box="[605,618,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.29 (0.239 ± 0.028) (n = 20, 1). SecOrL (including sinus), 0.08 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C41630EFA50FEADFA2A" box="[283,296,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.10 (0.090 ± 0.007); SecOrW, 0.08 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4160B6FA50FD35FA2A" box="[675,688,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.10 (0.089 ± 0.006) (n = 20, 1). OvL, 0.16 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C416663FA50FB06FA2A" box="[1142,1155,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.18 (0.167 ± 0.006); OvW, 0.18 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4163E0FA37FD87FA0D" box="[501,514,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.22 (0.198 ± 0.011) (n = 13, 1). Longest AvRosL per zooid, 0.08 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162DAFA0AFF59F9E0" box="[207,220,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
0.12 (0.096 ± 0.013) (n = 20, 1). Largest colony observed 7 × 
<quantity id="4CEF9B31D15C5C416191FA0AFC42F9E0" box="[900,967,1520,1544]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4162B5F9C7FEA3F9BF" blockId="48.[160,1155,1597,1727]" box="[160,294,1597,1623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
<heading id="D0E081B8D15C5C4162B5F9C7FEA3F9BF" box="[160,294,1597,1623]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C4162B5F9C7FEA3F9BF" bold="true" box="[160,294,1597,1623]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189" reason="3">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15C5C4062B5F998FBB9FCD1" blockId="48.[160,1155,1597,1727]" lastBlockId="49.[160,1156,142,825]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">
Colony forming an irregular, unilaminar, encrusting sheet; white in colour. Zooids (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15C5C4162B2F97FFE91F975" box="[167,276,1669,1693]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15C5C41633DF97EFEB0F974" box="[296,309,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="189">–</emphasis>
c)) distinct, outlined by opposing columns of small areolae with a line of calcification between them; six or seven areolae along each lateral margin. Frontal wall convex; smooth or sparsely granulated. Primary orifice deeply immersed, broader than long, lyrula (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C406338FF4BFE1DFF21" box="[301,408,177,201]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a)) ranging from tapering and truncate, to moderately broad and alate; condyles blunt, weakly denticulate at end, directed proximomedially. Peristome a raised collar, often tall, with a conspicuous, U-shaped secondary sinus (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C4061F9FF0CFBDEFEE6" box="[1004,1115,246,270]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a)); zooids often have a sharp, umbonate or conical, sometimes wing-like projection on peristomial rim on each side of groove. Zooids have three or four ephemeral distal oral spines, in about equal proportions. In zooids destined to produce an ovicell, distal margin of secondary orifice serrate (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C406021FE7BFD1BFE71" box="[564,670,385,409]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a)). Ovicells typically widespread in colony, present in third or fourth zooid generation from ancestrula. Ovicell (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C4061C4FE5EFBC6FE54" box="[977,1091,420,444]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(b, c)) hyperstomial; smooth, with conspicuous pseudopores except in proximocentral region, periphery covered with secondary calcification. Peristome extends across proximal edge of ooecium, giving rise to low or tall, conical or horn-like process on each side (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C40660FFDF6FB06FDCC" box="[1050,1155,524,548]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(b)). Zooids lack a frontal avicularium (41%) or have a single one (59%) (n = 46) on either side proximal to orifice; rostrum strongly tilted to one side, upper rostral edge serrate; crossbar thin or lacking; mandible elongate, tapering, blunt, pointing proximally or angled slightly medially or laterally. Enlarged avicularia (not shown) occurred but were rare in our material; those observed were single, on either side of orifice, pointing proximally, nearly as long as zooid; rostrum sub-spatulate, widening distally, with coarsely toothed rim. Ancestrula (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15D5C40600AFD04FD0EFCFE" box="[543,651,766,790]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(d)) tatiform, with moderately wide proximal cryptocyst and nine marginal spines; first daughter zooid has five orificial spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D655FD15D5C4362B5FC9FFC9EFA73" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15D5C4062B5FC9FFE83FC97" blockId="49.[160,1156,869,1727]" box="[160,262,869,895]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">
<heading id="D0E081B8D15D5C4062B5FC9FFE83FC97" box="[160,262,869,895]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C4062B5FC9FFE83FC97" bold="true" box="[160,262,869,895]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" reason="3">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15D5C4062B5FC70FEDCFB32" blockId="49.[160,1156,869,1727]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">
The original description and illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15D5C4060B3FC70FC03FC4A" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[678,902,906,930]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C4060B3FC70FC03FC4A" box="[678,902,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Maui, Hawaiian archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15D5C406320FC57FDB0FC2D" author="Soule DF &amp; Soule JD" box="[309,565,941,965]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref65270" refString="Soule DF, Soule JD. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule and Soule 1973</bibRefCitation>
), indicate small zooids (average ZL, 
<quantity id="4CEF9B31D15D5C4061F7FC57FBCFFC2D" box="[994,1098,941,965]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="0.37">0.37 mm</quantity>
; ZW, 
<quantity id="4CEF9B31D15D5C4062B5FC35FE83FC0F" box="[160,262,975,999]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
); a granulated frontal wall; usually four oral spines; a denticulate distal orificial margin; a narrow to medium-width, tapering, non-alate lyrula rather widely separated from the condyles; often tall projections on the peristome lateral to the sinus groove; small, usually paired frontal avicularia lateral or proximolateral to the orifice, with the rostrum pointing proximally, turned onto one side, and having the upper edge finely serrate; occasional giant avicularia replacing the smaller 
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D15D5C40615CFB87FCF8FB7D" box="[841,893,1149,1173]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">type</typeStatus>
, with coarsely serrate rostral margins; and a tatiform ancestrula with a wide proximal cryptocyst and eight marginal spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15D5C4362D5FB1FFE4AFE54" blockId="49.[160,1156,869,1727]" lastBlockId="50.[160,1156,142,1067]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">
Most populations described subsequent to the original description have similarly small zooids, but vary in the range and mode of oral spine number, lyrula shape, the frequency of single versus paired lateral-oral avicularia, and the number of spines on the ancestrula. In fact, some of this variation may not be intraspecific, and some previous records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15D5C40630FFA95FEFBFA6F" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[282,382,1391,1415]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C40630FFA95FEFBFA6F" box="[282,382,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may actually represent different species. For example, in nominal 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15D5C406665FA95FF6CFA42" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C406665FA95FF6CFA42" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">
P. 
<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C89D15D5C4062B5FA68FF6CFA42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2846793315" box="[160,233,1426,1450]" country="Solomon Islands" location="Hawaiian" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" specimenCount="1">serrula</materialsCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15D5C40634DFA68FD8AFA42" box="[344,527,1426,1450]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15D5C406009FA68FD32FA42" author="Tilbrook KJ" box="[540,695,1426,1450]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" refId="ref65817" refString="Tilbrook KJ. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
), the lyrula is narrow, tapering, non-alate and relatively distant from the condyles (as expected in 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15D5C406137FA4FFC02FA25" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[802,903,1461,1485]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C406137FA4FFC02FA25" box="[802,903,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but other characters differ from those in 
<location id="8EC8600FD15D5C406398FA2DFE71FA07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87C2D1425C4363DEFCCDFC9EFA73:8EC8600FD15D5C406398FA2DFE71FA07" box="[397,500,1495,1519]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Hawaiian" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Hawaiian</location>
material: zooid size is much larger (ca. 0.65 × 0.40); the lateral-oral avicularia are longer, of somewhat different shape, scarcely elevated and not tilted as much laterally; the peristome is mildly asymmetrical and much thinner, without horn-like projections proximally and/or distally on the peristomial rim; and zooids show an additional, non-tilted 
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D15D5C4063ADF998FE6FF992" box="[440,490,1634,1658]" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">type</typeStatus>
of small frontal avicularia. Material from 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15D5C4061AEF998FB9CF992" box="[955,1049,1634,1658]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15D5C406633F998FE9CF975" author="Tilbrook KJ &amp; Hayward PJ &amp; Gordon DP" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" pagination="35 - 109" refId="ref65953" refString="Tilbrook KJ, Hayward PJ, Gordon DP. 2001. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Vanuatu. Zool J Linn Soc Lond. 131: 35 - 109." type="journal article" year="2001">Tilbrook et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
) described as 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15D5C4063D6F97FFDADF975" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[451,552,1669,1693]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="49" pageNumber="190" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15D5C4063D6F97FFDADF975" box="[451,552,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="190">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likewise may not be that species. Judging from the SEM images, zooids are around the same size as in Hawaiian material, but the peristome is thin and mildly asymmetrical, and the lyrula is low, moderately broad and conspicuously alate. Finally, the identity of Philippine material (Scholz 1991) with 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C4361EAFF4BFBE2FF21" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[1023,1127,177,201]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4361EAFF4BFBE2FF21" box="[1023,1127,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is questionable. Scholz did not provide measurements; the ancestrula has nine spines, as at Okinawa, and enlarged avicularia with a serrate margin occur, as is typical of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C43660EFF0CFBFBFEE6" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[1051,1150,246,270]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C43660EFF0CFBFBFEE6" box="[1051,1150,246,270]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, zooids appear to lack tilted, single or paired lateral-oral avicularia but instead have non-tilted adventitious avicularia with a smooth rostral edge, situated in the midline proximal to the orifice; the shapes of the peristome and proximal sinus are unusual for 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C43633CFE7BFE08FE71" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[297,397,385,409]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C43633CFE7BFE08FE71" box="[297,397,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and there appear to be two or three oral spines. The lyrula is not evident in Scholz 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C436376FE59FEECFE53" box="[355,361,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">’</emphasis>
s figures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C4362D5FE3CFD87FBC3" blockId="50.[160,1156,142,1067]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
Our material differs from the original and most subsequent descriptions in that zooids either lack a lateral-oral avicularium or have only a single one, in about equal proportions. Additionally, enlarged avicularia were rare; we observed them in only a few zooids in colony NSMT-Te 1101. Finally, the pronounced, paired, horn-like projections on the distal peristomial rim have not been reported in other populations, though previous workers may have missed them in the frontal-view SEM images typically used for illustrations (e.g. see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C43639BFD6CFDB9FD46" author="Dick MH &amp; Tilbrook KJ &amp; Mawatari SF" box="[398,572,662,686]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" pagination="2197 - 2257" refId="ref61502" refString="Dick MH, Tilbrook KJ, Mawatari SF. 2006. Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA. J Nat Hist. 40: 2197 - 2257." type="journal article" year="2006">Dick et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9(a)). As a further complication, among several specimens at 
<collectingRegion id="49D3F836D15E5C436351FD43FE2DFD39" box="[324,424,697,721]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
, colonies showed either of two distinct morphologies. In one (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15E5C4362BDFD21FE92FD1B" box="[168,279,731,755]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(a, b)), the zooids have a smooth frontal wall and the lyrula is moderately broad and weakly alate. In the other (
<figureCitation id="132C2A51D15E5C436043FD04FD41FCFE" box="[598,708,766,790]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="48.[160,225,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[178,1138,142,793]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 15. Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule, (a, b) NSMT-Te 1099, (c, d) NSMT-Te 1100: (a) orifices, showing lyrula and condyles; (b), ovicelled autozooids, with small suboral avicularia; (c) ovicelled autozooids, with larger suboral avicularia; (d) ancestrula and first daughter zooid. All panels are scanning electron microscopic images of bleached specimens. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b–d = 300 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3994841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3994841/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Figure 15</figureCitation>
(c)), the frontal wall is granulated (as is typical of 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C436307FCDBFEF2FCD1" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[274,375,801,825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C436307FCDBFEF2FCD1" box="[274,375,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">P. serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the lyrula is narrower, tapering and either non-alate or weakly alate. Since other characters are similar in the two forms (small zooid size; three or four oral spines; lateral-oral avicularia single or lacking; paired, horn-like projections can occur both proximally and distally on the peristomial rim), we attribute the observed differences to intraspecific, inter-colony variation. However, the differences also mirror the situation in an Alaskan 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C4363BCFC34FDB9FC0E" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1895" box="[425,572,974,998]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Rhynchozoon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4363BCFC34FDB9FC0E" box="[425,572,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Rhynchozoon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C4360D8FC34FC65FC0E" author="Dick MH &amp; Mawatari SF" box="[717,992,974,998]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" pagination="344 - 354" refId="ref61435" refString="Dick MH, Mawatari SF. 2005. Morphological and molecular concordance of Rhynchozoon clades (Bryozoa, Cheilstomata) from Alaska. Invertebr Biol. 124: 344 - 354." type="journal article" year="2005">Dick and Mawatari 2005</bibRefCitation>
) in which two morphological 
<typeStatus id="54AC8876D15E5C436358FC0BFE0CFBE1" box="[333,393,1009,1033]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">types</typeStatus>
with minor differences represented genetically divergent lineages and probably different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C4362B5FB96FEA1FB6E" blockId="50.[160,1156,1132,1435]" box="[160,292,1132,1158]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
<heading id="D0E081B8D15E5C4362B5FB96FEA1FB6E" box="[160,292,1132,1158]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4362B5FB96FEA1FB6E" bold="true" box="[160,292,1132,1158]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" reason="3">Occurrence</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA836D4D15E5C4362B5FB6BFC9EFA73" blockId="50.[160,1156,1132,1435]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">
We found a total of eight colonies, at the SES and MIN sites (
<tableCitation id="C695036FD15E5C4361BAFB6BFB8CFB41" box="[943,1033,1169,1193]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[160,216,142,165]" captionText="Table 1. Relative abundance, local occurrence and status in Japan for rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoan species detected in west-central Okinawa, Japan." pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Nominal 
<taxonomicName id="4C174D57D15E5C4362B5FB49FE07FB23" authorityName=": Scholz" authorityYear="1991" box="[160,386,1203,1227]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="serrula">
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4362B5FB49FE07FB23" box="[160,386,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Parasmittina serrula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broadly distributed in the subtropical to tropical, central to western Pacific. It has previously been reported from Hawaii, the 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C4361AAFB2CFB05FB06" box="[959,1152,1238,1262]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C4362B5FB03FE85FAF9" box="[160,256,1273,1297]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
, the 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C436354FB03FE3AFAF9" box="[321,447,1273,1297]" name="Philippines" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, Kermadek Ridge (
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C436088FB03FCBCFAF9" box="[669,825,1273,1297]" name="New Zealand" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
) and the Great Barrier Reef (see the synonyms for references). There is also a curious disjunct record from Carrie Bow Cay (
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C43630EFAC4FEE5FABE" box="[283,352,1342,1366]" name="Belize" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Belize</collectingCountry>
) in the Caribbean (
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B25D15E5C436058FAC4FD75FABE" author="Winston JE" box="[589,752,1342,1366]" pageId="50" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref66042" refString="Winston JE. 1984. Shallow-water bryozoans of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Am Mus Novit. 2799: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1984">Winston 1984</bibRefCitation>
). The Caribbean material appears indistinguishable from Hawaiian material and may reflect anthropogenic dispersal on ships 
<emphasis id="B963EAC6D15E5C4362CCFA79FF5AFA73" box="[217,223,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">’</emphasis>
hulls from the Pacific through the 
<collectingCountry id="F3007644D15E5C436066FA79FD48FA73" box="[627,717,1411,1435]" name="Panama" pageId="50" pageNumber="191">Panama</collectingCountry>
Canal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>