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<document id="356AB1E672DE7BE6302D3E4D4EBDA9AE" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930110104258" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5260089" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629926448909" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="KOTT, PATRICIA" docDate="2003" docId="8B5387D025489A321213E4B1FBEBFA22" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.37.13.1611-1653.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 37 (13)" docSource="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222930110104258" docStyle="DocumentStyle:443144A73DAE3E092C51A378E4CD0138.2:JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="443144A73DAE3E092C51A378E4CD0138" docStyleName="JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Botrylloides violaceus Oka 1927" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1648" masterDocId="776AFFA8256D9A14104DE657FFC1FFB7" masterDocTitle="New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea" masterLastPageNumber="1653" masterPageNumber="1611" pageNumber="1647" updateTime="1699128596582" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="4B4E888DB0FE557B5107ECB9BD38C031">New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="3EA66E161E1EB9379CDEAD7B07712697">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="399DC41C8DDCD0ED536BBF94829FA034">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="729560C6C3C972E29E2280D9ED5C172E">2010-12-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0C8F4F1F2202BB648B3411382947F485">37</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6F20D125AF8C2B3D47FFA2ADCCF45E6D">13</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5DBB372820C05006B3C14FA1C88EA676" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8B5387D025489A321213E4B1FBEBFA22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5260277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5260277" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8B5387D025489A321213E4B1FBEBFA22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B5387D025489A321213E4B1FBEBFA22" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="1648" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<subSubSection id="4BE0654D25489A311213E4B1FC93FCA8" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="034536C625489A311213E4B1FC0FFD48" blockId="37.[313,1058,742,858]" box="[606,974,742,767]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<heading id="580D81AA25489A311213E4B1FC0FFD48" box="[606,974,742,767]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D4525489A311213E4B1FC0FFD48" ID-CoL="MPNZ" authority="Oka, 1927" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[606,974,742,767]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD425489A311213E4B1FC8EFD49" bold="true" box="[606,847,742,766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
Oka, 1927
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C625489A311296E550FC93FCA8" blockId="37.[313,1058,742,858]" box="[731,850,775,799]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">(plate 1F)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BE0654D25489A311174E57EFC8DFCEE" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="034536C625489A311174E57EFBE3FC89" blockId="37.[313,1058,742,858]" box="[313,1058,808,831]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D4525489A311174E57EFD0EFC88" ID-CoL="MPNY" authority="Oka, 1927 b: 608" authorityName="Oka" authorityPageNumber="608" authorityYear="1927" box="[313,719,809,831]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="318EEAD425489A311174E57EFDDDFC89" box="[313,540,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Botrylloides violaceum</emphasis>
Oka, 1927b: 608
</taxonomicName>
; Kott, 1985: 278 and synonymy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C625489A311174E513FC8DFCEE" blockId="37.[313,1058,742,858]" box="[313,844,836,858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D4525489A311174E513FC89FCEE" ID-CoL="MPQD" authority=": Monniot and Monniot, 1996: 238" authorityName=": Monniot and Monniot" authorityPageNumber="238" authorityYear="1996" box="[313,840,836,858]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD425489A311174E513FE1BFCEE" box="[313,474,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Botryllus firmus</emphasis>
: Monniot and Monniot, 1996: 238
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BE0654D25489A32112CE529FBEBFA22" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="1648" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="034536C625489A31112CE529FCECFBAF" blockId="37.[313,1269,893,1693]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<emphasis id="318EEAD425489A31112CE529FE27FC21" box="[353,486,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Distribution</emphasis>
. New records: Queensland (Moreton Bay, QM G308550). With the exception of another specimen from the Queensland coast (Sarina: Kott, 1985) and possible records from the
<collectingCountry id="7BED765625489A311222E5E8FD6EFC60" box="[623,687,959,983]" name="Palau" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Palau</collectingCountry>
Is,
<collectingCountry id="7BED765625489A3112AFE5E8FC90FC60" box="[738,849,959,983]" name="Indonesia" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="7BED765625489A3113DFE5E8FBB8FC60" box="[914,1145,959,983]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Monniot and Monniot, 1996), all the known records are from
<collectingCountry id="7BED765625489A3113F7E5B7FC3CFC40" box="[954,1021,992,1015]" name="Japan" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Japan</collectingCountry>
where it is common from
<collectingRegion id="C13EF82425489A311134E5A8FE2CFBA0" box="[377,493,1023,1047]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
to Kyusu (Tokioka, 1953).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C625489A31112CE277FD08FA0C" blockId="37.[313,1269,893,1693]" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
<emphasis id="318EEAD425489A31112CE277FE21FB80" box="[353,480,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">Description</emphasis>
. Newly recorded colonies are flat plates to
<quantity id="C4029B2325489A31139AE277FBC8FB80" box="[983,1033,1056,1080]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
diameter and about
<quantity id="C4029B2325489A311174E268FEB6FBE0" box="[313,375,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
thick. They have a layer of sand attached to the base of the colony but sand is not included in the flexible but tough test nor is there any on the upper surface. Zooids are vertical and occupy almost the whole thickness of the colony. They are in straight double rows, although these are not always parallel. There are more or less parallel wrinkles on the soft upper surface of the colony. Depressions sometimes (but not always) extend between rows of zooids, but often the rows of zooids run at angles to the ridges. Living colonies have large protuberant common cloacal apertures, but the branchial apertures are depressed into the test. Terminal ampullae, dark blue in life, are crowded between the rows of zooids. In preservative specimens are pale dusty pink, the zooids being pinkish and the gut a brighter pink which shows through the translucent test. Small buds, one each side of the posterior end of the zooids, also are bright pink.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C625489A32112CE394FD52FEB3" blockId="37.[313,1269,893,1693]" lastBlockId="38.[313,1269,138,1430]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="1648" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647">
Zooids are up to 3 or
<quantity id="C4029B2325489A311221E393FD6BFA6C" box="[620,682,1476,1500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="1647" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
long with a short, plain-rimmed branchial siphon and a variable atrial aperture, sometimes the body wall being produced out from the dorsal surface into a short siphon, but sometimes the opening is wide, exposing a large part of the middle of the branchial sac and it has a rounded anterior and posterior lip. Small clumps of spherical (blood?) cells are at the ventral end of each row of stigmata (each side of the endostyle). Stigmata are in 13–15 rows and are arranged according to the following formula: DL 5.2.3.3E. The proximal part of the gut is behind the branchial sac and a short narrow loop is horizontal or oblique. The rectum extends anteriorly to the atrial aperture. The barrrel-shaped stomach has 10 parallel longitudinal folds. An L-shaped caecum is in the gut loop. There are no gonads in these specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C6254B9A32112CE75BFC06FDDF" blockId="38.[313,1269,138,1430]" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32112CE75BFE05FE93" box="[353,452,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Remarks</emphasis>
. The present colonies have 13–15 rows of stigmata and Japanese specimens have 9–14. No other significant differences can be found between the known Australian specimens and the Japanese ones. The species is unusual in its plate-like colonies. The zooid systems resemble those of other colonies of
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321459E73AFB58FE32" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[1044,1177,365,389]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321459E73AFB58FE32" box="[1044,1177,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their long double-row systems but they are distinguished by the gastric caecum which is longer than in
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3211A0E7F8FD98FE71" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[493,601,430,454]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3211A0E7F8FD98FE71" box="[493,601,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. leachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related species, and shorter than in
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32140AE7F8FB7CFE71" box="[1095,1213,431,454]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A32140AE7F8FB78FE71" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1095,1209,431,454]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anceps">B. anceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The stomach and gastric caecum do resemble
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A32135CE798FC27FE50" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[785,998,463,487]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32135CE798FC27FE50" box="[785,998,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus schlosseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A32146CE798FB07FE51" authorityName="Brewin" authorityYear="1958" box="[1057,1222,463,486]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stewartensis">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32146CE798FB07FE51" box="[1057,1222,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. stewartensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the large atrial apertures and the long double rows of zooids distinguish the present species from these
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321243E458FD6BFD90" box="[526,682,527,551]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321243E458FDB2FD90" box="[526,627,527,551]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
The lack of sand around the surface, the flat plates (rather than tall, vertical long colony lobes) and the long (rather than circular) systems further distinguish it from
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321280E407FC01FDDF" authorityName="Brewin" authorityYear="1958" box="[717,960,592,616]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stewartensis">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321280E407FC01FDDF" box="[717,960,592,616]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus stewartensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C6254B9A32112CE426FBDCFB26" blockId="38.[313,1269,138,1430]" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">
Kott (1985) assigned to this species other Australian tropical specimens which, like the present colonies, are morphologically identical to specimens included in
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321174E4E5FD0FFD7D" authority="Oka, 1927 b" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[313,718,690,714]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321174E4E5FDF9FD7D" box="[313,568,690,714]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceum</emphasis>
Oka, 1927b
</taxonomicName>
(compare, especially the colonies, zooids, gut loop in Tokioka, 1953: plate XLIV, and Kott, 1985: figure 136). As in the newly recorded material, Kott (1985) did not find gonads in colonies she assigned to
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321496E4A3FE5DFC9C" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321496E4A3FE5DFC9C" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. violaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These specimens also closely resemble
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3213C0E544FE25FCFB" authority="Monniot and Monniot, 1996" authorityName=": Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="1996" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3213C0E544FB86FC9B" box="[909,1095,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus firmus</emphasis>
Monniot and Monniot, 1996
</taxonomicName>
, which was distinguished from Kott’s specimens largely on the course of the rectum—a character affected by the contraction and general condition of the zooid.
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3211C6E522FD83FC3A" authorityName=": Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="1996" box="[395,578,885,909]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3211C6E522FD83FC3A" box="[395,578,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus firmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the same short stomach folds on the left side of the stomach as Tokioka (1953: plate XLV) figured for
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3213C8E5C1FBCBFC19" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[901,1034,918,942]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3213C8E5C1FBCBFC19" box="[901,1034,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. violaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and its gonads and atrial aperture show it to be a species of
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321344E5E1FC4FFC79" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[777,910,950,974]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321344E5E1FC4FFC79" box="[777,910,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Monniot and Monniot (1996) found, in
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3211E6E580FDD0FC58" authorityName=": Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="1996" box="[427,529,983,1007]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3211E6E580FDD0FC58" box="[427,529,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. firmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a small testis in adult zooids and larger ones in first-generation buds which had second-generation buds containing oocytes. They conclude that this separates their species from others previously considered congeneric with
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321422E24FFDE6FBE7" authority="Oka, 1927 b" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321422E24FFE5DFBE7" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
Oka, 1927b
</taxonomicName>
(see Saito and Watanabe, 1985; Mukai
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3213A0E26EFBE4FBE7" box="[1005,1061,1080,1104]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">et al.</emphasis>
, 1987 for maturation of five
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A3211F2E20EFDBEFBC6" box="[447,639,1113,1137]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A3211F2E20EFD85FBC6" box="[447,580,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
). The details of maturation recorded for
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321415E20DFB7FFBC6" authorityName=": Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="1996" box="[1112,1214,1113,1137]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321415E20DFB7FFBC6" box="[1112,1214,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. firmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that would establish it as distinct from
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321284E22DFC8CFB26" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[713,845,1145,1169]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321284E22DFC8CFB26" box="[713,845,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">B. violaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not recorded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="034536C6254B9A32112CE2CDFBEBFA22" blockId="38.[313,1269,138,1430]" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">
Monniot, C. (1988) proposed that the use of the name
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321398E2CDFDEAFB64" authority="(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321398E2CDFB65FB05" box="[981,1188,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus violaceus</emphasis>
(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
</taxonomicName>
for a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321354E2ECFC32FB64" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[793,1011,1211,1235]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321354E2ECFC32FB64" box="[793,1011,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides leachii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made it a secondary homonym and unavailable in the combination
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A32132AE28CFB31FB44" authority="Oka, 1927 b" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[871,1264,1243,1267]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32132AE28CFB9BFB44" box="[871,1114,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
Oka, 1927b
</taxonomicName>
. The combination
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A32125CE2ABFCC6FAA3" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[529,775,1276,1300]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A32125CE2ABFCC6FAA3" box="[529,775,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not used by any author until Oka (1927b) used it, and despite the fact that Monniot (1988) believes
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321404E34BFB6FFA83" authorityName="Gaertner" authorityYear="1774" box="[1097,1198,1308,1332]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321404E34BFB6FFA83" box="[1097,1198,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be the senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321208E36AFD0BFAE2" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[581,714,1341,1365]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321208E36AFD0BFAE2" box="[581,714,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321296E36AFB35FAE2" authority="(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy and Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[731,1268,1341,1365]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321296E36AFC6CFAE2" box="[731,941,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botryllus violaceus</emphasis>
(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321126E30AFD27FAC2" authority="Oka, 1927 b" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[363,742,1373,1397]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321126E30AFD9AFAC2" box="[363,603,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
Oka, 1927b
</taxonomicName>
were never in the same genus level taxon. The name
<taxonomicName id="C4FA4D45254B9A321132E329FDB1FA21" authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" box="[383,624,1406,1430]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
<emphasis id="318EEAD4254B9A321132E329FDB1FA21" box="[383,624,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="1648">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the present taxon is a valid name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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