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<mods:title id="04EC17C745F5C279947FE6BD98D7FD28">The genus Cephaloleia Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="72C001BF472B36E8AC5D1AF9A41D03E1">Staines, Charles L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="876E95C3CCCC5EDC8915727E1E6ED219">Garcia-Robledo, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="545CFA370E72863E18899D75268ED920" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ECCA844442287DE07AB4E64442B54A2C" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="BCB119553B36CBFD93D71ED63CEF54E8" ID-CoL="5XJ9V" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cephaloleia_dorsalis" authority="Baly, 1885" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1885" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia dorsalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">Cephaloleia dorsalis Baly, 1885</taxonomicName>
Fig. 127
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D58838F6046900CA6B079E3049423FB" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="937D1F50B3335AF005A762022915A97D" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="376E7F476213D0EFA3AC333A3317A1A3" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia dorsalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">Cephaloleia dorsalis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="50B037CA16AA6337FC178377C4D2BE98" author="Baly, JS" editor="Godman, FD" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="284" pageNumber="285" title="Biologia CentraliAmericana, Zoology, Insecta, Coleoptera, Phytophaga" year="1885">Baly 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 15. 
<bibRefCitation id="251CA961A26ACB2C5A349585AF600D85" author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="284" pageNumber="285" pagination="551 - 763" title="Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1946">Blackwelder 1946</bibRefCitation>
: 719 (catalog); 
<bibRefCitation id="3DF3A1395E7CCB626E95A550ACA515F1" author="Papp, CS" journalOrPublisher="Portugaliae Acta Biologica (B)" pageId="291" pageNumber="292" pagination="1 - 147" title="The Hispinae of America. 3 rd Contribution for promoting the scientifical results of the International Hylean Amazon Institute in Manaos, Brazil." volume="4" year="1953">Papp 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 16 (catalog); 
<bibRefCitation id="DAA6406EE0BF50981496017898A0C7AB" author="Uhmann, E" journalOrPublisher="W. Junk, Gravenhage" pageId="296" pageNumber="297" pagination="1 - 153" title="Coleopterorum Catalogus. Supplementa. Chrysomelidae: Hispinae, Hispinae Americanae" year="1957 a">Uhmann 1957a</bibRefCitation>
: 18 (catalog); 
<bibRefCitation id="E65287292AB41FDBBD10EF37EF3D0452" author="Wilcox, JA" journalOrPublisher="Biological Research Institute of America, Latham, NY" pageId="297" pageNumber="298" title="Checklist of the beetles of Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies" year="1983">Wilcox 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 137 (catalog); 
<bibRefCitation id="84F32090B76A7EAF3343959B9391D16C" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Staines 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 29 (Central America species), 
<bibRefCitation id="8D444C890D548252B0F86D17258A8010" author="Staines, CL" editor="Jolivet, P" journalOrPublisher="SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, Netherlands" pageId="293" pageNumber="294" pagination="307 - 319" title="Cassidines and Zingiberales: A review of the literature." volumeTitle="New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
: 312 (host plants), 
<bibRefCitation id="845A0456B917F31176D1F0616B1F5728" author="Staines, CL" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="293" pageNumber="294" pagination="45 - 65" title="Hispines (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica." url="10.3897/zookeys.157.1338" volume="157" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
: 49 (faunal list); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B700D648F0B45DCD8BB091E28D45" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Staines and Staines 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 8 (types), 
<bibRefCitation id="14683A978B29C4F8170707414E159F03" author="Staines, CL" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomologie" pageId="293" pageNumber="294" pagination="489 - 530" title="Joseph Sugar Baly: The man and his entomological works." volume="49" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
: 523 (Baly species list) 
<bibRefCitation id="737CCF481C4A91260EA2EA371C2C4F0A" author="Hsaio, TH" editor="Cox, ML" journalOrPublisher="Backhuys Publishers, Leiden" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" pagination="39 - 50" title="Historical and biological relationships among Hispinae inferred from 12 S MTDNA sequence data." volumeTitle="Advances in Chrysomeldiae Biology" year="1999">Hsaio and Windsor 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 43 (phylogeny); 
<bibRefCitation id="A0AA51477D2CC3B426EB92D029C4DC9A" author="Flowers, RW" editor="Furth, DG" journalOrPublisher="Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="25 - 51" title="Leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) diversity in eight Costa Rican habitats." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae" year="2003">Flowers and Hanson 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 51 (distribution); 
<bibRefCitation id="4051F68982CE8302C0AF00EBAB0E3DB2" author="McKenna, DD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="117 - 131" title="Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf ' hispine' beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cassidinae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.011" volume="37" year="2005">McKenna and Farrell 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 119 (phylogeny), 
<bibRefCitation id="467D35581D367A26C5C78FE0A1AF69C4" author="McKenna, DD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="10947 - 10951" title="Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity." url="10.1073/pnas.0602712103" volume="103" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
: 10949 (phylogeny); 
<bibRefCitation id="CA6CB0B53CEAB4CEAAD51CB25A130204" author="Meskins, C" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Tropical Insect Science" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="159 - 171" title="A comparison of hispine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with three orders of monocot host plants in lowland Panama." volume="27" year="2008">Meskins 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 163 (host plants), 
<bibRefCitation id="03CD4790495A77389D3655922434E446" author="Meskens, C" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="480 - 489" title="Host plant taxonomy and phenotype influence the structure of a Neotropical host plant-hispine beetle food web." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.2011.01294.x" volume="36" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
: 483 (food web); 
<bibRefCitation id="46A3A3DB4D453F37522A2FB30CD67573" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="115 - 120" title="Host plant scents attract rolled-leaf beetles to Neotropical gingers in a Central American tropical rain forest." url="10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00843.x" volume="131" year="2009">
<normalizedToken id="DAC9E6D7AC8D13223721EEA4FB2738FA" originalValue="García–Robledo">Garcia-Robledo</normalizedToken>
and Horvitz 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 116 (host plants), 
<bibRefCitation id="12EBE6623E0B5B572C2BC0769C36B090" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Animal Ecology" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="976 - 989" title="Experimental demography and the vital rates of generalist and specialist insect herbivores on native and novel host plants." url="10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01843.x" volume="80" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
: 978 (biology), 
<bibRefCitation id="8CF04C8902FBC50AAB82F6ECDF2C475A" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="38 - 53" title="Jack of all trades masters novel host plants: Positive genetic correlations in specialist and generalist insect herbivores expanding their diets to novel hosts." volume="25" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
: 40 (biology); 
<bibRefCitation id="F350ECCB218A2AEF5F00F2A33FC66176" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="50 - 68" title="Larval morphology and development, host plants, adult longevity, sexual dimorphism and notes on natural history in Cephaloleia rolled-leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae)." volume="2610" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="08AA4822F7D52A8096F68549BD66F89B" originalValue="García–Robledo">Garcia-Robledo</normalizedToken>
et al. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 51 (larva, biology), 
<bibRefCitation id="E7BBE721338A582FC9FCF4D2F250C734" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" title="Tropical plant-herbivore networks: Reconstructing species interactions using DNA barcodes." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0052967" volume="8" year="2013 a">2013a</bibRefCitation>
: 3 (biology), 
<bibRefCitation id="9F66A62B8C4D65E4F47A28D1FBD284EA" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="189 - 198" title="Using a comprehensive DNA barcode library to detect novel egg and larval host plant associations in a Cephaloleia Rolled-leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." url="10.1111/bij.12115" volume="110" year="2013 b">2013b</bibRefCitation>
: 193 (biology).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50270E37B1BE63A49A89C0E7170753DA" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="6F57B71C8E6D640C2FD72472FCC655B8" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephalolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephalolia dorsalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">Cephalolia dorsalis</taxonomicName>
Baly. 
<bibRefCitation id="97568DE581951A742C762C56D4D4EFB9" author="Donckier, H" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" pagination="540 - 615" title="Catalogue systematique des Hispides." volume="68" year="1899">Donckier 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 549 (catalog); 
<bibRefCitation id="28D37B51B20D76A757D8AACFD43FD23D" author="Weise, J" journalOrPublisher="W. Junk" pageId="297" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 94" title="Coleopterorum Catalogus, Chrysomelidae: Hispinae" year="1911 a">Weise 1911a</bibRefCitation>
: 8 (catalog), 
<bibRefCitation id="FCBAEC2A4931EBB506F9BB8B4E187A0B" author="Weise, J" editor="Wytsman, P" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum, Brussels" pageId="297" pageNumber="298" pagination="1 - 123" title="Coleoptera Phytophaga fam. Chrysomelidae, subfam. Hispinae." volume="fasc. 125" year="1911 b">1911b</bibRefCitation>
: 12 (catalog), 
<bibRefCitation id="BBDE586D7AC24EDC82C8991FBBB0B822" author="Weise, J" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschite" pageId="297" pageNumber="298" pagination="263 - 274" title="Amerikanische Hispinen." volume="87 A" year="1921 a">1921a</bibRefCitation>
: 263 (noted).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B15826457EB97B7F0BB8F4CD81400D18" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="description">
<paragraph id="2C9485DEE20529332F8B0DA1740DE517" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8182309D34CA0E5665203DC66F30167" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
Elongate; subconvex; subparallel; head, antennae, and pronotum black; elytra yellow with black sutural vitta at base extending to puncture row 3 then narrowing to only suture and darkened after middle; venter with pro-, meso-, and metasterna red medially, dark laterally; legs yellow. Head: vertex densely punctate, faint medial carina present; keel present between antennae; frons not projecting; not depressed between eyes. Antenna: more than 
<normalizedToken id="4AB1E1C674BA70992DE4A6C9D8E2CE15" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
body length; slender; antennomere 1 thickened, subequal in length to 2; 2 elongate; 3 elongate, as long as 1 and 2 combined; 4-10 elongate, decreasing in length; 11 2 
<normalizedToken id="3FA7868F7FAB607222662EBAA659AC95" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of 10, rounded at apex; 1-2 punctate with scattered setae; 3-11 setose. Pronotum: slightly wider than long; lateral margin straight then rounding to anterior angle, strongly margined; anterior angle slightly produced, rounded; posterior angle angulate; anterior margin weakly emarginate behind head; disc subconvex; disc strongly punctate; basal impression absent; pronotal length 0.7-1.0 mm; pronotal width 1.1-1.6 mm. Scutellum: pentagonal; impunctate. Elytron: lateral margin straight, smooth, margined; apex rounded; sutural angle without tooth; humerus rounded, not produced; slightly constricted behind humerus; moderately convex; shallowly punctate-striate; puncture rows complete; elytral length 3.3-4.0 mm; elytral width 1.9-2.3 mm. Venter: pro-, meso-, and metasterna impunctate medially, punctate laterally; abdominal sterna punctate, each puncture with pale seta; suture between sterna 1 and 2 obsolete medially; last sternite with apical margin u-shaped in male, ovoid in female. Leg: slender; femur punctate on top; tibia with fringe of setae on inner margin of apex. Total length: 4.4-5.4 mm; females are larger than males.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29F9C9B550933E0B2BA125BA42759C8C" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="130B5A3C5AE3E8F308EF32866D3415FE" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<pageBreakToken id="D1BFAA8394DDF71B4637D10989DF326D" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DB830F0F1431EA635C2B644CF943D9C" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
This species is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="21129632567369E3502C398681BC9AD7" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia balyi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balyi">Cephaloleia balyi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F4628ADD5BDE57E4959952D24C5490EF" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia deficiens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deficiens">Cephaloleia deficiens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="92627DDC8668972EE91F409A89AA5ED8" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia linkei" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linkei">Cephaloleia linkei</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="A85710B8A8C507795B6551CCB696E5D1" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia suturalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">Cephaloleia suturalis</taxonomicName>
. It can be distinguished by the yellowish pronotum with black longitudinal vitta and by antennomere 3 being larger than 1 and 2 combined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="682B66AC4CC2EF88997691379A1A7625" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="comments">
<paragraph id="0136AB934A8D9410F4C44F43E5848B81" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24C26FAEF2E29CB8B967C6F751F985D7" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Preliminary analysis of the CO1 gene indicates that cryptic species may be present under the current application of this species name. Further work is needed to resolve this question.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EB3BB532713CF42CC7895B5D807AABDF" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="host plant">
<paragraph id="AF1CCCB34AEC103EA5082A31215C0422" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Host plant.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2895D652030CF247C4BF0EB2830D1A2" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
Adults have been collected on 
<taxonomicName id="A49C3626143456C5BD5181161128C10F" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Costus" order="Zingiberales" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Costus</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="5B71C466810DA31B55E941047CE41395" genus="Costaceae" lsidName="Costaceae" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="57D74DE3DCA7B0A6B62C75CAA7BF543A" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Staines 1996</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="E7C14A30F3A36FFA161A539F818564D2" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Renealmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Renealmia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Renealmia</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="FC64791ADF33EF5BB17D117E6AA6EF88" genus="Zingiberaceae" lsidName="Zingiberaceae" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="090B92DA5ADA676DEEF17D2DDBDA89F9" author="McKenna, DD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="117 - 131" title="Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf ' hispine' beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cassidinae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.011" volume="37" year="2005">McKenna and Farrell 2005</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="7FA2AF1F5F3417FDA72BCC8A7D3416E3" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia pulverulentus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulverulentus">Cephaloleia pulverulentus</taxonomicName>
C. Presl. (
<bibRefCitation id="BFEFBFEE269C21D9016BA93471B2336B" author="Meskins, C" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Tropical Insect Science" pageId="290" pageNumber="291" pagination="159 - 171" title="A comparison of hispine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with three orders of monocot host plants in lowland Panama." volume="27" year="2008">Meskins et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="8E85BD4C00DCCABE9A2CB386DC37BCF2" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia bracteatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bracteatus">Cephaloleia bracteatus</taxonomicName>
Gleason, 
<taxonomicName id="68655EC89ABFD859E8FAF9E7E306BC84" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia laevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevis">Cephaloleia laevis</taxonomicName>
Ruiz and Pav., 
<taxonomicName id="485C7FD49EA0EF5F1A8D2168B6A144D5" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cephaloleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloleia malortieanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malortieanus">Cephaloleia malortieanus</taxonomicName>
H. Wendl. (
<bibRefCitation id="B3098BEED2ED23B6D4093CC1612B0FD7" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="115 - 120" title="Host plant scents attract rolled-leaf beetles to Neotropical gingers in a Central American tropical rain forest." url="10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00843.x" volume="131" year="2009">
<normalizedToken id="4AF21C0F96CAC726CF1C35C93626C53F" originalValue="García–Robledo">Garcia-Robledo</normalizedToken>
and Horvitz 2009
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="1EA08FA41B9C26B0947D8E986331E8DF" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Cheilocostus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheilocostus speciosus" order="Zingiberales" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosus">Cheilocostus speciosus</taxonomicName>
(J. Koenig) C. D. Specht (
<taxonomicName id="0B61CB680392C061A98EB42162F53065" genus="Costaceae" lsidName="Costaceae" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="genus">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61BBE537B3038104EC59F50F731E064F" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="immatures">
<paragraph id="EB2C161B77C2D771BB8DB5DFB5E7E7D9" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Immatures.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FAD1F0754487F9B0E7B1496E61BECE0A" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
Color when live (Figs 35-38) pale yellowish, margins translucent; venter pale yellowish. Color when dead dirty-brown with paler margins. Pronotum surface of central elevation micropustulate; with two diagonal carinae laterally extending to lateral margin, carinae wide at base, narrowing apically to sharp point; surface laterally punctate. Meso- and metanota with base elevated, sloping back to apex, narrowing laterally into sharp point; punctate laterally. Abdominal tergites 1-6 wider than long, decreasing in width; base elevated, sloping back to apex, ending in sharp point; punctate laterally. Tergites 7-9 with two diagonal carinae on each side which extend to lateral margin. Spiracles just off central elevation, with margins darkened. Venter with surface of expansions punctate, rugose-striate. Head surface rugose-punctate; labrum with surface alutaceous, without setae; clypeus with fringe of long setae at apex, with four setae on apical 
<normalizedToken id="BBDCF03B761DAF84A4CBB82EA7315D74" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
, surface alutaceous; mandibles tridentate; maxillary palps with 2 palpomeres and short, robust setae at apex; maxilla robust, clavate, with fringe of long setae at apex; labium densely setose. Antenna with antennomere 1 short, robust; 2 narrower than 1, transverse; 3 elongate, cylindrical, narrower than 2, with fringe of short setae at apex. Pro- and mesosterna wider than long; slightly depressed medially; surface rugose-striate. Metasternum longer than others; depressed medially; with suture along apical margin. Abdominal sternites 1-8 wider than long; decreasing in width; laterally with curved sulcus dividing the sternite into thirds; sterna 9-10 fused, rounded at apex. Leg: femur short, robust; tibiotarsus subconical, with a strong claw and eight setae at apex. Total length:6.4-6.7 mm; width 4.3-4.4 mm. (
<bibRefCitation id="9AA89C27CC264C9786A69EEC6C5719C1" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="50 - 68" title="Larval morphology and development, host plants, adult longevity, sexual dimorphism and notes on natural history in Cephaloleia rolled-leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae)." volume="2610" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="BB148E80E13BD4DDF9ADBC5AB4AD65C5" originalValue="García–Robledo">Garcia-Robledo</normalizedToken>
et al. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D28DA5891DC13781E356891A6135DA55" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="biology">
<paragraph id="DDDFBC3AE6E3911AFE9E9BE7289F3BC8" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="64E7FEBCC09E123A5665DD54C41A2990" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
Eggs are about 2.5 mm long and are laid singly or in clusters of two or more on host plant petioles, the surface of bracts, or the inner surface of inflorescence bracts and are covered with frass. Eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days. The larvae have two instars the first lasting 10 to 18 days and the second 36 to 48 days. The pupal stage lasts 14 to 20 days. Adults live about 157 days (
<bibRefCitation id="0EECAFEF2C897BD6E7EAC6BA454172F1" author="Garcia-Robledo, C" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="287" pageNumber="288" pagination="50 - 68" title="Larval morphology and development, host plants, adult longevity, sexual dimorphism and notes on natural history in Cephaloleia rolled-leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae)." volume="2610" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="536B3B37105E8CA606A5435297B45501" originalValue="García–Robledo">Garcia-Robledo</normalizedToken>
et al. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="01F5735126C75D0AA24B53558424FDEF" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="254C6D2671F5A62EBE3619325A12D5D0" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3BABE35E020D7608AFD6A96665D52235" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2A233C602B43CE0BA7F1B49D9E6853C4" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="type material examined">
<paragraph id="00AF78A379D01AADD93BB0FD391F136C" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9988841657B5BCD4F6D9FE5EA840C133" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Syntype: Bugaba, 800-1500 ft., Champion [printed label]/ Paratipo [handwritten red label]/ F. Monros Collection 1959 [printed label]/ Cephaloleia dorsalis Baly, J. S. Baly det. [handwritten pink label] (USNM, 1).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E41CFC68E56C0150A121C5D3B7138FA2" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph id="30CD4916AA9A336CB582118B086888BF" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
<pageBreakToken id="124F225703A1B799B6ABDA027C89099F" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" start="start">Specimens</pageBreakToken>
examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A9CDE3DA713D5B25C1E0058743AC8187" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
COSTA RICA: Alajuela- 20 km S Upala, 11-20 July 1991 (BYUC); Upala, Sector San 
<normalizedToken id="CB63499BE6722E942D484C42985CF852" originalValue="Ramón">Ramon</normalizedToken>
de Dos 
<normalizedToken id="C7403147ED15F64AE2646D05DFE80CC9" originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
, 1.5 km NW Hacienda Nueva Zelandia, 600-700 m (INBIO). Cartago- Quebrada Segunda, Ref. Nac. Fauna Silv. 
<normalizedToken id="A7235F318BD388C939FE47C8239FA542" originalValue="Tapantí">Tapanti</normalizedToken>
, 1250 m, April 1992 (INBIO). Guanacaste- Est Cacao, 1000-1400 m, Lado SO Vol. Cacao, P.N. Guan., 21-29 May 1992 (INBIO); Est. Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S Sta. Cecilia, P.N. Guanacaste, February 1990, September 1991, (INBIO); 
<normalizedToken id="98C9DCE61B7DE9AEC656F5D8A02BD680" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
San Lorenzo, 1050 m, Tierras Morenas, Z. P. Tenorio, 23 March- 21 April 1992 (INBIO); 
<normalizedToken id="3013D988B50F264453B1A79EDD4FC249" originalValue="Volcán">Volcan</normalizedToken>
Cacao, 1100 m, Est. Mengo, pasture, 11 September 1989 (INBIO); 3 km SE 
<normalizedToken id="DFBD7C2DC6852C94B6ABF8285F4E3D85" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Naranjo, 19 May 1993 (BYUC). Heredia- Est. El Ceibo, Braulio Carillo, N.P., 400-600 m, November 1989 (INBIO); La Selva Biol. Sta., 2 km. S. Pt. Viejo, 3-5 June 1984 (EGRC); Est. Magasasay, 200 m, P. N. Braulio Carillo, May 1991 (INBIO); Rara Avis Biological Station, 9 November 2011, 13 November 2011, 17 November 2011 (USNM). 
<normalizedToken id="234DECB8B561D7FF81047659DD6F15C6" originalValue="Limón-">Limon-</normalizedToken>
Amubri, 70 m, Talamanca, 5-26 January 1993 (INBIO); Sector Cerro 
<normalizedToken id="F9F317AECC4C890A5275BE83234202A1" originalValue="Cocorí">Cocori</normalizedToken>
, Fca. de E. Rojas, 150 m, April 1991, May 1991, August 1991, October 1991, November 1991, December 1991, January 1992, 31 January- 21 February 1992, March 1992, 26 March- 24 April 1992, 28 May- 17 June 1992, 26 June- 16 July 1992, October 1992, 9-30 November 1992, December 1992, January 1993, February 1993, April 1993, May 1993 (INBIO); 
<normalizedToken id="F19889A0C34C81C6556350C0E913C540" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Sardinas, 10 m, R. N. F. S., Barra del Colorado, 25 August 1992, 10 October 1992 (INBIO); Valle de la Estrella Pandora, 17-20 February 1984 (CMNC); A. C. Llanuras del Tortuguero, 
<normalizedToken id="451D05AB3808C58A3A0356189542CC22" originalValue="Pococí">Pococi</normalizedToken>
, 0-100 m (INBIO); 
<normalizedToken id="8B712BC9913A0B61EB96122C1B6404A0" originalValue="Pococí">Pococi</normalizedToken>
, Sector Cerro 
<normalizedToken id="84740BCC252DB5A4E453E9763547C1C1" originalValue="Cocorí">Cocori</normalizedToken>
, 30 km N Cariari, 100-200 m (INBio). Puntarenas- Fca Cafrosa, Est Las Mellizas, P.N. Amistad, 1300 m, April 1991 (INBIO); Finca Las Cruces, 6 km. S. San Vito de Java, 4200 ft., 28 September- 2 October 1986 (FSCA); Est Sirena, 0-100 m, P.N. Corcovado, December 1989, June 1991, July 1991, September 1991, October 1991, June 1992 (INBIO); 
<normalizedToken id="0A4AC4A24AC6BFD47709E7C44ADF1D75" originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
Altamira, 1 km S Cerro Biolley, 1400-1500 m (INBIO); Osa, Sierpe, Rancho Quemando, 200-300 m (INBIO). San 
<normalizedToken id="7CCE8A0A6248F337B91AC46BBB44F860" originalValue="José-">Jose-</normalizedToken>
Perez 
<normalizedToken id="99D1E6C7D1F3ECA31503A3C2AE93B636" originalValue="Zeledón">Zeledon</normalizedToken>
, Santa Elena Las Nubes, 1200-1300 m (INBIO). GUATEMALA: Zacapa- 3.5 km S.E. La 
<normalizedToken id="DB8D490C2AEA3D759D3CBAAA74FAABB2" originalValue="Unión">Union</normalizedToken>
, 1500 m, 4 June 1991 (CMNC), 23-25 June 1993, 25-27 June 1993, 27 June 1993 (SEMC). PANAMA: Bocas del Toro- 6 km N Punta 
<normalizedToken id="6ABFFB6277C9412B70C3884EAC4FFE34" originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
, 28 May 1993 (CDFA). 
<normalizedToken id="7414613E2453D5BC78B59EA5FC6D353B" originalValue="Chiriquí-">Chiriqui-</normalizedToken>
Dst. Recacimiento, Santa Clara, 4000-4200', 4 July 1976 (EGRC); Reserva Fortuna, Continental Divide Trail, 26 May 1993, 29 May 1993 (CDFA, EGRC). 
<normalizedToken id="2C26FAAD90D26D51368D04B371423D44" originalValue="Coclé-">Cocle-</normalizedToken>
Cerro Gaital, 4000', 1 June 1993 (AJGC, CDFA). 
<normalizedToken id="E70BF1B79266892CF236BE45DD216E03" originalValue="Colón-">Colon-</normalizedToken>
Skunk Hollow nr. Ft. Sherman, 28 May 1980 (EGRC). 
<normalizedToken id="F85BFDA74BEF5F9D9FD1CA9830376051" originalValue="Panamá-">Panama-</normalizedToken>
Cerro Campana, 29 July 1970 (CMNC), 30 May 1970, 11 May 1974, 11-15 May 1980 (EGRC), 17 May 1993 (CDFA). Total: 144.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>