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<document id="AEA369FEE3783D4B3C9C733C9F5CA83D" ID-CLB-Dataset="46346" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.278705" ID-GBIF-Dataset="abd0f439-e330-47a4-9cd4-0a851db163fa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="278705" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460389490805" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oliveira, Téo Veiga De, Schultz, Cesar Leandro, Soares, Marina Bento &amp; Rodrigues, Carlos Nunes" docDate="2011" docId="03C7132AFFF37822FF54187CFA9DF86E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03027p028.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3027" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Candelariodon barberenai de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFFE6B52FFF77827FFC31913FF85FFDD" masterDocTitle="A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov." masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698298061598" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="42AC2696651EE359250AAA11E9A9357B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A7FDF3D21C3CA31441A9397506B5D57D">
<mods:title id="6596219D81AD86EF41B4491838C2CD5D">A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DECC331F9480EC2EB3959F2BB8C747A3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="57FE3F189B77B160E46BA440B664ADF5">
<mods:roleTerm id="D8E36A4AB4B059112EC3E6C55D96E7CF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8EAF3555C0CC5082F8865DED9A6393AD">Oliveira, Téo Veiga De</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7E159519084464C0D7CD8239F9B5491A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7E8DDCED64DB9ABBD3982620E606806C">
<mods:roleTerm id="896E5A3A4C4FD1479AAC15770592D32F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="60C32150D4AFCE25D7FDE694AF24E682">Schultz, Cesar Leandro</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="72E8F388AE1699738173146441CA76E4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A94F5702189655281AFC6CD7AAF1AB3A">
<mods:roleTerm id="8205F0931095107D6D1B1B608DB80B03">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6CD8F0AF470071681B831B754D873210">Soares, Marina Bento</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E62BEC6FFDF57089DD64AB47B52EA22E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="32DFCBF38DD7CE23D6706B1B131AE18E">
<mods:roleTerm id="F1E38FC129FB5916B4CE31FF6A6A6AEF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F1458EEE77429AE9C57444C4C7E8D2C6">Rodrigues, Carlos Nunes</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D5E47817AA6AFE4E25A2887FE13CEAE7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="78F3DD7E4A5A0A34350C4F6AC061A620">
<mods:title id="84D1FDEECC7F7BB4A1D6FFB34EC76AD1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="49980F5F9D7A70C08151D31B5E0F8387">
<mods:date id="0BB649AAE92F3EA2809D623422A3D4E2">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="26A721A2B858B7D8381460467CBC7F88" type="volume">
<mods:number id="56C8FD0E03ED4FA62E1404A34013209E">3027</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="BB9E630DB289742F69AF320EFD0C7DCD" unit="page">
<mods:start id="14DC05337AA030BAA357EB98CAF2E69A">19</mods:start>
<mods:end id="EDD475F557D3FC0726A162B03A064B22">28</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8419A13B1CA070D0E5B5EE56E373465B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="377F2422AD4690DC141087A0046A207F" type="CLB-Dataset">46346</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3AC5713F9BA31D4ADB9DFC0B30F41C50" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.278705</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0D8C47042F4880EB645EE23972453834" type="GBIF-Dataset">abd0f439-e330-47a4-9cd4-0a851db163fa</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="016C5E01602BC3D8741C82231391EA77" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AD4D5D29ED9801A260D54DE4F7BB4634" type="Zenodo-Dep">278705</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C7132AFFF37822FF54187CFA9DF86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6193917" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119416382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6193917" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7132AFFF37822FF54187CFA9DF86E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7132AFFF37822FF54187CFA9DF86E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection id="C374F1B7FFF37823FF54187CFDBEFE54" box="[151,571,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF54187CFDBEFE54" blockId="4.[151,571,367,393]" box="[151,571,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="D0991550FFF37823FF54187CFDBEFE54" bold="true" box="[151,571,367,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF54187CFDBEFE54" bold="true" box="[151,571,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF37823FF54187CFE52FE54" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,471,367,393]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberenai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF54187CFE52FE54" bold="true" box="[151,471,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Candelariodon barberenai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229C355FFF37823FE1D187CFDBEFE54" box="[478,571,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374F1B7FFF37823FF5418A4FE54FE2F" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF5418A4FE54FE2F" blockId="4.[151,1437,438,1002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF5418A4FE9BFE12" bold="true" box="[151,286,439,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific word is a tribute to Prof. Mário Costa Barberena, a pioneer of research on Permian and Triassic Brazilian tetrapods.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374F1B7FFF37823FF0418ECFD20FD7A" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF0418ECFE03FD5F" blockId="4.[151,1437,438,1002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF0418ECFEBEFDCA" bold="true" box="[199,315,511,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<typeStatus id="54D51C9EFFF37823FF0418ECFEB3FDCA" box="[199,310,511,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED7F3AF9FFF37823FE8118EDFE67FDCB" box="[322,482,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">MMACR PV-</collectionCode>
0001-T; right and left dentaries fused; right and left splenials approximately in articulated position; distal left lower incisor; both lower canines broken near the crown basis; first to fifth left and first to third right lower postcanines; isolated postcanine lying in the lateral surface of the left dentary, interpreted as a right maxillary tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF041B9DFD20FD7A" blockId="4.[151,1437,438,1002]" box="[199,677,654,679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF041B9DFE24FD7A" bold="true" box="[199,417,654,679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Specific diagnosis.</emphasis>
Same as for the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374F1B7FFF37822FF041BA1FA9DF86E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF041BA1FED2FC37" blockId="4.[151,1437,438,1002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF041BA1FEDCFD16" bold="true" box="[199,345,690,715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Description.</emphasis>
The dentary of
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF37823FDDC1BA0FD4CFD16" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[543,713,691,715]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FDDC1BA0FD4CFD16" box="[543,713,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Candelariodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF37823FD1E1BA1FCA0FD17" box="[733,805,690,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1587,1610]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1061,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1058,1566]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left mandible in lateral view. B, left branch of mandible in medial view and part of the right dentary in lateral view. C, mandible in occlusal view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Diagonal lines represent matrix. Abbreviations: cd, coronoid process of the dentary; ct, canine; da, dentary angle; ea, empty alveoli; i, incisor; PC, upper postcanine; pc, lower postcanine; pda, postdentary attachment area; rd, anterior portion of the right dentary; sp, splenial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278709/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) is greatly developed with its posterior end probably extending close to the craniomandibular articulation. The bone is considerably robust, i.e., the height and the thickness of its horizontal ramus are considerable large when compared with its total length. Two similarly sized mental foramina are present, one below the canine and the second placed slightly posterior and ventral to the first. The partially preserved coronoid process rises at the level of the sixth or seven postcanine and it is twice taller than the horizontal ramus of the dentary; laterally, the wide and shallow masseteric fossa extends over the complete process. Dentary without angular process. Medially in the most posterior region of the dentary, it is possible to observe a crest dorsally delimitating the area for the postdentary bones attachment. The dentaries are united by a long synostosed symphysis.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF11F2B4FFF37823FF541F20FE40F90D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278709/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[156,1431,1061,1562]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF541F20FE40F90D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1587,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FF541F20FE96F995" bold="true" box="[151,275,1587,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF37823FED91F20FDAFF994" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[282,554,1587,1609]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberenai">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FED91F20FDAFF994" box="[282,554,1587,1609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Candelariodon barberenai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FDF21F27FD55F994" bold="true" box="[561,720,1588,1609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(Holotype, MMACR PV-0001-T). A, left mandible in lateral view. B, left branch of mandible in medial view and part of the right dentary in lateral view. C, mandible in occlusal view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Diagonal lines represent matrix. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FD011F65FD5EF956" bold="true" box="[706,731,1654,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">cd</emphasis>
, coronoid process of the dentary;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FB871F65FBDDF956" bold="true" box="[1092,1112,1654,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">ct</emphasis>
, canine;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FB7B1F65FB56F956" bold="true" box="[1208,1235,1654,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">da</emphasis>
, dentary angle;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FABD1F65FA13F956" bold="true" box="[1406,1430,1654,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">ea</emphasis>
, empty alveoli;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FEEC1F84FEB3F973" bold="true" box="[303,310,1687,1710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">i</emphasis>
, incisor;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FE561F84FE32F973" bold="true" box="[405,439,1687,1710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">PC</emphasis>
, upper postcanine;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FDBE1F8BFD13F970" bold="true" box="[637,662,1688,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">pc</emphasis>
, lower postcanine;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FC9E1F8BFC00F970" bold="true" box="[861,901,1688,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">pda</emphasis>
, postdentary attachment area;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FB7F1F8BFB50F970" bold="true" box="[1212,1237,1688,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">rd</emphasis>
, anterior portion of the right dentary;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FE8F1FA8FEE1F90D" bold="true" box="[332,356,1723,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">sp</emphasis>
, splenial.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF041E13FB27F8E0" blockId="4.[151,1436,1792,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
The splenial is slender and elongated, and although it is somewhat damaged it is possible to see that it starts posteriorly to the symphysis and reaches at least the level of the eighth postcanine (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF37823FBFF1E36FB04F8E0" box="[1084,1153,1829,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1587,1610]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1061,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1058,1566]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left mandible in lateral view. B, left branch of mandible in medial view and part of the right dentary in lateral view. C, mandible in occlusal view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Diagonal lines represent matrix. Abbreviations: cd, coronoid process of the dentary; ct, canine; da, dentary angle; ea, empty alveoli; i, incisor; PC, upper postcanine; pc, lower postcanine; pda, postdentary attachment area; rd, anterior portion of the right dentary; sp, splenial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278709/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF37823FF041E5BFF48F82D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1792,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
Only the left distal lower incisor is present in
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF37823FD081E5AFCF0F8BC" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[715,885,1865,1889]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF37823FD081E5AFCF0F8BC" box="[715,885,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Candelariodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54D51C9EFFF37823FCBF1E5BFC5BF8BD" box="[892,990,1864,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF37823FC2D1E5BFBB4F8BD" box="[1006,1073,1864,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). It is considerably high when compared with the height of the postcanines, slightly procumbent and without serrations or denticulations along its edges. Both canines are broken near the crown basis, but the condition of the preserved portions suggests a considerably large tooth (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF37823FEAE1EA6FE35F810" box="[365,432,1973,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A).
<collectingCountry id="F379E2ACFFF37823FE1F1EA6FE7EF810" box="[476,507,1973,1997]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">As</collectingCountry>
in the incisor, there is no evidence of serration or denticulation in the canine margins.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF11F2B4FFF27822FF541AB2FC3FFBEF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF27822FF541AB2FC3FFBEF" blockId="5.[151,1436,929,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FF541AB2FE97FC6A" bold="true" box="[151,274,929,952]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FEDB1AB2FDA2FC6A" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[280,551,929,951]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberenai">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FEDB1AB2FDA2FC6A" box="[280,551,929,951]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Candelariodon barberenai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FDEF1AB1FD42FC6A" bold="true" box="[556,711,930,951]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">gen. et sp. nov.</emphasis>
(Holotype, MMACR PV-0001-T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10mm. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FB4E1AEEFB3FFBCF" bold="true" box="[1165,1210,1021,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">A-D</emphasis>
, upper tooth cusps;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FA441AEDFF20FBEC" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">a- d</emphasis>
(and
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FF1D1D08FE97FBEF" bold="true" box="[222,274,1051,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">a’-d’</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FE871D08FE00FBEF" bold="true" box="[324,389,1051,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">a’’-d’’</emphasis>
), lower tooth cusps;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FD991D0FFDF7FBEC" bold="true" box="[602,626,1052,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">cg</emphasis>
, cingulum;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FD281D0FFD7AFBEC" bold="true" box="[747,767,1052,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">ct</emphasis>
, canine;
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FC981D08FCE7FBEF" bold="true" box="[859,866,1051,1074]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">i</emphasis>
, incisor.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF27822FF061D73FCBFF9FA" blockId="5.[151,1437,1119,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
In the left dentary, the first to fifth postcanines (pc) are preserved; in addition, there are still three distal empty alveoli (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FF301D90FEB0FB46" box="[243,309,1155,1179]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). The pc1 is damaged in both sides but apparently it has only two cusps, the main (cusp a) and the distal accessory (cusp c); the pc2 shows the same cusp pattern (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FC411DB4FC41FB62" box="[898,964,1191,1215]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D). The pc3 has its main cusp followed by two distal accessory cusps, one buccal (cusp c) and another lingual (cusp d), that gives the impression of a more expanded appearance to the distal half of the tooth (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FD191DFCFC9EFADA" box="[730,795,1263,1287]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). The pc4 shows this same pattern but there are also two small cusps placed lingually to the main one, forming an incipient cingulum (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FBE61C00FBE6FAF6" box="[1061,1123,1299,1323]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig.5</figureCitation>
B). The pc5 is very peculiar, lacking the sharp cusps present in the anterior teeth and being buccolingually more expanded. In this tooth, the cusps are low and distributed in two longitudinal rows, in buccal and lingual position, separated by a shallow “occlusal basin” or central valley (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FDDB1C6CFDDCFA4A" box="[536,601,1407,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). Each row has four cusps, named here as b’, a’, c’ and d’, in the buccal row, and b’’, a’’, c’’ and d’’, in the lingual row (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FD111CB0FC96FA66" box="[722,787,1443,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). Buccally, the cusps a’ and c’ are the taller, whereas in the lingual row the cusp b’’ is the most eminent. The use of a noncommittal terms for these cusps is because the peculiar morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FE701CF8FDD8F9DE" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[435,605,1515,1539]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FE701CF8FDD8F9DE" box="[435,605,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Candelariodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth does not allow the determination of exact homology between its cusps and the cusps of other non-mammaliaform cynodonts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1A23CFFF27822FF061F20FA9DF86E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1119,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
The lower postcanine teeth change their morphology from subsectorial teeth in the anterior region to a low, multicuspidate tooth in the posterior half of the mandible (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FC981F44FC28F9B2" box="[859,941,1623,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). Some cynodonts, as
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FB3A1F44FECFF94E" authority="Bonaparte 1969" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1969" class="Reptilia" family="Traversodontidae" genus="Andescynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FB3A1F44FA19F9B2" box="[1273,1436,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Andescynodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FF541F6FFECFF94E" author="Bonaparte" box="[151,330,1659,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. (1969) Dos nuevas &quot; faunas &quot; de reptiles triasicos de Argentina. In: 1 st Coloquio Internacional sobre la Estratigrafia y la Paleontologia del Gondwana, Anales. UNESCO, Mar del Plata, pp. 283 - 306." type="book chapter" year="1969">Bonaparte 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FE4B1F68FD84F94E" author="Goni" box="[392,513,1659,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Goni, R. (1986) Reemplazo de dientes postcaninos en Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae). In: 4 th Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Estratigrafia, Actas. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Cordoba, 2, pp. 7 - 14." type="journal article" year="1986">Goñi 1986</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FD811F68FCE3F94E" authority="Seeley 1895" authorityName="Seeley" authorityYear="1895" box="[578,870,1659,1683]" class="Reptilia" family="Tritylodontidae" genus="Diademodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FD811F68FD56F94E" box="[578,723,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Diademodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FD181F68FCE3F94E" author="Seeley" box="[731,870,1659,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Seeley, H. G. (1895) Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 5. On the skeleton in new Cynodontia from the Karroo rocks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 186, 59 - 148." type="journal article" year="1895">Seeley 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FC671F68FB12F94E" author="Martinelli" box="[932,1175,1659,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Martinelli, A. G., De la Fuente, M. &amp; Abdala, F. (2009) Diademodon tetragonus Seeley, 1894 (Therapsida: Cynodontia) in the Triassic of South America and its biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 852 - 862." type="journal article" year="2009">
Martinelli
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FBDF1F6FFBCBF94E" box="[1052,1102,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
) have sectorial (and/or subsectorial) and buccolingually teeth in their mandibles, although not in the exact pattern seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FB281F8CFA10F96A" authority="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues, 2011" authorityName="de Oliveira, Schultz, Soares &amp; Rodrigues" authorityYear="2011" box="[1259,1429,1695,1719]" class="Reptilia" genus="Candelariodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FB281F8CFA10F96A" box="[1259,1429,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Candelariodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The most relevant fact is that the change of buccolingually expanded teeth to sectorial postcanines in these cynodonts is not reversed in none known specimen, i.e. once the teeth reach a sectorial morphology, none tooth posterior to them became expanded again. This was the reason that led us to consider the tooth preserved on the lateral surface of the left dentary (
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FE071E3CFD83F89A" box="[452,518,1839,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1587,1610]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1061,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1058,1566]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left mandible in lateral view. B, left branch of mandible in medial view and part of the right dentary in lateral view. C, mandible in occlusal view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Diagonal lines represent matrix. Abbreviations: cd, coronoid process of the dentary; ct, canine; da, dentary angle; ea, empty alveoli; i, incisor; PC, upper postcanine; pc, lower postcanine; pda, postdentary attachment area; rd, anterior portion of the right dentary; sp, splenial." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278709/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) as an upper postcanine and not as a tooth that could to occupy one of the empty alveoli of the left dentary. It is more sectorial than the lower postcanines, with four mesiodistally aligned cusps (B, A, C, and D;
<figureCitation id="1355BEB9FFF27822FEEC1E64FEF5F852" box="[303,368,1911,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,929,952]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,199,901]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV- 0001 - T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a’ - d’ and a’ ’ - d’ ’), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E–F); there are also two small cingular cusps that we consider lingual [as occurs in e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C6ED9BFFFF27822FA931E6BFE16F86E" authority="Broom 1937" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Procynosuchidae" genus="Procynosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A7E2EFFF27822FA931E6BFF7AF86E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Procynosuchus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FEC51E8FFE16F86E" author="Broom" box="[262,403,1947,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Broom, R. (1937) A further contribution to our knowledge of the fossil reptiles of the Karroo. Proceedings of the Zoological, B, 107, 299 - 318." type="journal article" year="1937">Broom 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFDFCDFFF27822FE0D1E8FFDD2F86E" author="Kemp" box="[462,599,1947,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Kemp, T. S. (1979) The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: functional anatomy of the skull and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 285, 73 - 122." type="journal article" year="1979">Kemp 1979</bibRefCitation>
)]. Consequently the tooth is from the right side of the cranium.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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