<documentid="456EC826D7461D31D287F499939C7762"ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11512244"ID-ISSN="0068-547X"ID-Zenodo-Dep="11512244"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe"IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina"checkinTime="1717719192119"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Zug, George R."docDate="2015"docId="03856357CC48FFD3FFD05D94FDD7674F"docLanguage="en"docName="ProcCalifAcadSci.62.5.135-190.pdf"docOrigin="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 62 (5)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B.2:ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article"docStyleId="E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B"docStyleName="ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article"docStyleVersion="2"docTitle="Kalophrynus meizon Zug 2015"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"lastPageNumber="169"masterDocId="FFBC1B2FCC57FFF1FFAB5C0AFF8C611C"masterDocTitle="Morphology and Systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma Populations (Anura: Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a Taxonomy of the Genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs"masterLastPageNumber="190"masterPageNumber="135"pageNumber="166"updateTime="1720721637343"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:titleid="9DDA5B3ABABA32DFEB34361BB60F8EA5">Morphology and Systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma Populations (Anura: Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a Taxonomy of the Genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs</mods:title>
<figureCitationid="1317CEC4CC48FFEEFFD05DB5FF5960C8"box="[123,213,447,469]"captionStart="FIGURE"captionStartId="32.[539,551,1647,1666]"captionTargetBox="[123,1176,216,1717]"captionTargetId="figure-351@32.[504,1176,216,1632]"captionTargetPageId="32"captionText="FIGURE 8. Images of holotype of Kalophrynus meizon (FMNH 267881, male, 47.5 mm SVL) in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views [photog- rapher, J.A. Poindexter]."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512258"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512258/files/figure.png"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">Figures 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="1317CEC4CC48FFEEFF495DB5FE9C60C8"box="[226,272,447,468]"captionStart="FIGURE"captionStartId="44.[155,167,1351,1370]"captionTargetBox="[169,1129,216,1336]"captionTargetId="figure-124@44.[169,1129,215,1336]"captionTargetPageId="44"captionText="FIGURE 11. Coloration of living representatives of pleurostigma-interlineatus group. (A) Dorsolateral view of a K. anya (USNM 520321) from the Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, Sagaing, Myanmar [photographer, C. Hansen]; (B) dorsolateral view of a K. anya (USNM 523966) from the Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, Sagaing, Myanmar [photographer, G.R. Zug]; (C) dorsolateral view of a K. interlineatus (CAS) from the Tanintharyi National Park, Tanintharyi, Myanmar [photograph- er, J.V. Vindum]; (D) dorsolateral view of a K. meizon (FMNH 242796) from Poring Station, Mt. Kinabulu Park, Ranua District, Sabah [photographer, R.F. Inger]; (E) dorsolateral view of a K. sinensis (UK 333148) from Agusan del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines [photographer, R.M. Brown]; (F) dorsolateral view of a K. pleurostigma (UK 333148) from Gunung Kunyit, Jambi, Sumatra [photographer, E.N. Smith]."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512262"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512262/files/figure.png"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">11D.</figureCitation>
<materialsCitationid="3B44D81CCC48FFEEFF005DFBFE1D6356"collectingDate="2004-11-29"collectionCode="TYPE, MATERIAL"collectorName="Bintulu Division & Robert F. Inger"country="Malaysia"latitude="2.9333334"location="Field Museum of Natural History"longLatPrecision="1307"longitude="113.083336"municipality="Samarakan Nursery"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"specimenCount="1"typeStatus="holotype">
<locationid="8EF3849ACC48FFEEFDAF5DFBFCF46315"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03856357CC48FFD3FFD05D94FDD7674F:8EF3849ACC48FFEEFDAF5DFBFCF46315"box="[516,888,497,521]"country="Malaysia"latitude="2.9333334"longLatPrecision="1307"longitude="113.083336"municipality="Samarakan Nursery"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">Field Museum of Natural History</location>
<collectingDateid="EFD60D69CC48FFEEFF0B5E38FEBE6356"box="[160,306,562,586]"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"value="2004-11-29">29 Nov 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<figureCitationid="1317CEC4CC48FFEEFEED5E38FE0B6356"box="[326,391,562,586]"captionStart="FIGURE"captionStartId="32.[539,551,1647,1666]"captionTargetBox="[123,1176,216,1717]"captionTargetId="figure-351@32.[504,1176,216,1632]"captionTargetPageId="32"captionText="FIGURE 8. Images of holotype of Kalophrynus meizon (FMNH 267881, male, 47.5 mm SVL) in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views [photog- rapher, J.A. Poindexter]."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512258"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512258/files/figure.png"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitationid="3B44D81CCC48FFEEFE095E38FB026356"box="[418,1166,562,586]"collectingDate="2004-11-29"collectionCode="FMNH"collectorName="Bintulu Division & Robert F. Inger"country="Malaysia"latitude="2.9333334"location="Field Museum of Natural History"longLatPrecision="1307"longitude="113.083336"municipality="Samarakan Nursery"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"specimenCode="FMNH 267873, 267875-880"specimenCount="1"typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFD8D5E38FD416356"box="[550,717,562,586]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">FMNH 267873</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFD755E38FCEF6356"box="[734,867,562,586]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">267875–880</specimenCode>
, same locality as holotype
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitationid="3B44D81CCC48FFEEFFD05E59FE9A6397"collectingDate="2004-11-29"collectionCode="FMNH"collectorName="Bintulu Division & Robert F. Inger"country="Malaysia"latitude="2.9333334"location="Sg"longLatPrecision="1307"longitude="113.083336"municipality="District"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"specimenCode="FMNH 269668-670, 269673, 269675"specimenCount="1"typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFFD05E59FED86376"box="[123,340,594,618]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">FMNH 269668–670</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFECA5E58FE3D6376"box="[353,433,594,618]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">269673</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFE155E58FD826376"box="[446,526,594,618]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">269675</specimenCode>
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFE8F5E79FE4B6397"box="[292,455,627,651]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">FMNH 273264</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFE7F5E79FDA86397"box="[468,548,627,651]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">273266</specimenCode>
<materialsCitationid="3B44D81CCC48FFEEFC105E79FC4563B7"collectionCode="USNM, FMNH"country="Malaysia"location="Tabua Camp on Sungei Pesu"municipality="Bintulu District"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"specimenCode="USNM 197671, FMNH 157676"specimenCount="1"typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFC105E79FBD26397"box="[955,1118,627,651]"collectionCode="USNM"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">USNM 197671</specimenCode>
(formerly
<specimenCodeid="DB8A7A3ACC48FFEEFF6B5E9EFEE963B7"box="[192,357,659,683]"collectionCode="FMNH"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795"name="Field Museum of Natural History"pageId="31"pageNumber="166"type="Museum">FMNH 157676</specimenCode>
)
<locationid="8EF3849ACC48FFEEFEDF5E99FD2563B7"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03856357CC48FFD3FFD05D94FDD7674F:8EF3849ACC48FFEEFEDF5E99FD2563B7"box="[372,681,659,684]"country="Malaysia"municipality="Bintulu District"name="Tabua Camp on Sungei Pesu"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">Tabua Camp on Sungei Pesu</location>
toe; head without median head stripe (HeadMid 0 %) uncommonly with parasagittal ones (HeadPsag 11 % present) and DorsNap (11 % present); chin seldom with paired, broad longitudinal bars; hindlimbs (HndlBr) weakly or inconspicuously barred (50 %) and commonly (>50 %) with light horizontal stripe on rear of thighs.
<paragraphid="8B93D241CC48FFD1FF00594AFE52626F"blockId="31.[123,1174,497,1725]"lastBlockId="32.[123,478,219,1715]"lastPageId="32"lastPageNumber="167"pageId="31"pageNumber="166">Skin strongly glandular with dorsal skin thickened and cloak-like extending from nape to posterior end of trunk, surface with numerous small white conical spines in adult males; skin thickest anteriorly forming distinct supratympanic fold over dorsal and posterior edge of tympanic annulus and swollen mass above axilla; distinct diagonal dorsolateral ridge from eye to inguina, below cloak merges imperceptibly into lateral trunk skin; limbs without enlarged glandular areas and surface mostly smooth; chest skin smooth, abdominal skin glandular and pebble-like; chest without small unpigmented glands. Nuptial pad of dense fine spines on bases second and third fingers. Tongue large, spatulate, posterior one half free. Vomerine teeth absent. Three sets of palatal folds on roof of mouth: vomerine paired, each long with low smooth free edge and narrowly separated medially; postorbital single, continuous, composed of 10 to 12 rectangular lobes; buccal slightly lower than postorbital and single continuous fold of 15 to 16 rectangular, abutting lobes, medial lobes larger than lateral ones. Fingers and toes well-developed and tips bluntly rounded; hand web free; asperities dorsally on base of second and third fingers; foot moderately webbed (WebIII.2 = 2.5, WebIV.1 = 1.5). Subarticular tubercles well-developed on hand and foot; large, elliptical palmar tubercle with moderately large tubercle at base of each finger and only third finger with tubercle of free portion of digit; on foot, paired moderate-sized, elliptical metatarsal tubercles on edges, inner slightly smaller than outer; each toe with basal subarticular tubercle; third toe with single tubercle on free portion of digit, fourth with two tubercles, and fifth with one (hence total of two tubercles on fifth toe, both low). Digital length formulae, hand 3>1≈2≈4, foot 4>3>5>2>1.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8B93D241CC77FFD1FF005F71FF11674E"blockId="32.[123,478,219,1715]"pageId="32"pageNumber="167">Coloration in preservative (Fig. 8). Dorsum from tip of snout to between eyes uniform light brown thereafter to end of body dusky brown; dorsum largely without marking aside from numerous white spine; distinct dark centered ocelli in light brown inguinal pocket; dorsolateral ridge light brown bordered immediately below by narrow ‘stripe’ of dark brown quickly fading to medium brown ventrolaterally; face (loreal) dark brown at canthus rostralis, lighter brown to mouth; no banding on dorsal of thighs although light brown horizontal stripe from vent to behind knees. Venter light brown from chin to thighs, somewhat dusky from chin to base of throat; no stripes or bars on venter.</paragraph>
group members surface texture and dorsolateral ridge/fold are sexually dimorphic, latter distinctly elevated in males; surface dimorphic, smoothly rugose in females, spiny rugose in males. Most males, perhaps sexually active ones, have numerous small white, sharptipped, conical spines from nape to vent, spines more numerous on posterior third of males’ trunks; in females, most individuals are spine free, when present, spines rounded (dome-shaped) and widely scattered on posterior third of trunk. Ventrally, males and females have similar surface morphology, smoothly rugose from chin to chest, abdomen large, pebble-like rugose. All adult males have asperities on bases of second and third finger, but of variable development.
</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8B93D241CC76FFD0FF00582BFDBC65A5"blockId="33.[123,1174,219,1725]"pageId="33"pageNumber="168">Oral morphology is relatively uniform among individuals although these data are not quantified. Tongue broadly ovate, about ½ free. No vomerine teeth. Vomerine folds are elongate smooth-edged flaps, nearly in contact on midline. Postorbital folds are well developed and continuous across midline and consist of six to eight abutting rectangular lobes. Buccal fold is low continuous fold with low abutting rectangular lobes.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8B93D241CC76FFD0FF0058C8FE976700"blockId="33.[123,1174,219,1725]"pageId="33"pageNumber="168">Fingers lack webbing. Both finger and toe tips are bluntly rounded. Subarticular tubercle are well developed on the digits; only third finger bears a subarticular tubercle on free portion of digit; all fingers have a tubercle at their base and another row between a large, elliptical to oblong, nearly medial outer palmar tubercle. Second and third fingers bear asperities on dorsal surface of distal end of the metacarpal and first phalanx. For the hindfoot, each toe has a basal subarticular tubercle, third toe with addition tubercle on free portion of digit, two tubercles on free portion of fourth toe, and fifth toe with basal and midlevel tubercles often poorly developed to nearly absent. Inner and outer metatarsal tubercles are present; inner is large, nearly circular to elliptical; outer circular and small to nearly absent. Toes moderately webbed WebIII2 median 2.0 (2.0–2.5), WebIV1 1.0 (1.0–2.0). Digit lengths nearly constant for fore- and hindfeet; finger formula 3>1≈2≈4; toe formula 4>3>5>2>1.</paragraph>
are dull, muddy colored (light to moderate grayish brown) frogs from dorsal view. Most individuals are unicolor dorsally or with few widely scattered, small, dark brown spots. Dorsolateral white stripe is well developed in all individuals and extends from snout tip above orbit to inguina, bordered below by dark brown fading to light brown ventrally. Inguinal dark-centered ocelli present in all individuals and uncommonly unilateral, smaller ocellus posteromedial to main ocellus. Venter is typically without pattern, dusky from chin through chest and light brown to cream on abdomen. Hindlimb commonly lack thigh banding and about half of individuals with horizontal light stripe continuously across rear of thighs. One individual (
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is potentially widespread in Borneo; however, the specimens or records available to me, of which I can confidently identify, indicate a predominantly northern Borneo distribution (
<figureCitationid="1317CEC4CC75FFD3FE7F5EF1FD91620F"box="[468,541,763,787]"captionStart="FIGURE"captionStartId="34.[731,743,894,913]"captionTargetBox="[696,1176,396,875]"captionTargetId="figure-713@34.[696,1176,396,875]"captionText="FIGURE 9. Distribution of Kalophrynus meizon (Bor- neo). Solid circle denote specimens examined in this study; open circles are literature records and museum records of specimens not examined."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12726982"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12726982/files/figure.png"pageId="34"pageNumber="169">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFBDAFB0CC75FFD3FF1E5F91FE1962AF"author="MALKMUS, R & U. MANTHEY & G. VOGEL & P. HOFFMANN & J. KOSUCH"box="[181,405,923,947]"pageId="34"pageNumber="169"refId="ref38012"refString="MALKMUS, R, U. MANTHEY, G. VOGEL, P. HOFFMANN, AND J. KOSUCH. 2002. Amphibians & Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu (North Borneo) A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell."type="book"year="2002">Malkmus et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
), this Sticky Frog occurs on the floor of primary dipterocarp forest between
<subScriptid="17A8D004CC75FFD3FD105FC0FC7D62C1"attach="left"box="[699,1009,970,989]"fontSize="8"pageId="34"pageNumber="169">records of specimens not examined.</subScript>
<paragraphid="8B93D241CC75FFD3FFD05FF1FDDB654E"blockId="34.[122,1174,987,1619]"pageId="34"pageNumber="169">from body pits beneath leaf litter or at edge of shallow, ephemeral, forest pools. Eggs are deposit- ed in clusters and develop quickly with metamorphosis in about 16 days. Diet is principally ants although other small invertebrates are eaten.</paragraph>
<bibRefCitationid="EFBDAFB0CC75FFD3FEAA5851FE05656F"author="INGER, R. F."box="[257,393,1115,1139]"pageId="34"pageNumber="169"pagination="1 - 402"refId="ref37683"refString="INGER, R. F. 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology 52: 1 - 402."type="journal article"year="1966">Inger (1966)</bibRefCitation>
observed that individuals occurred on the forest floor of primary forest and mainly beneath leaves. He also confirms small pools in logs and road ruts as breeding sites. Between 1984 and 2005, Inger (field data –
. The following is my summary of his data sheets. The majority (>75 %) of the frogs were found on midstream bars or tree snags in intermittent streams in primary forest. During morning searching, he and his team found ~30 % of the total frogs observed and all but few were beneath dry to moist leaf litter or other forest litter; at night, the frogs were exposed and most were sitting on the surface of the leaf litter. A few (4; ~3 % of total observations) were sitting on vegetation hanging over the stream bed, one individual at
<bibRefCitationid="EFBDAFB0CC75FFD3FEE45991FE5C64AF"author="INGER, R. F."box="[335,464,1435,1459]"pageId="34"pageNumber="169"pagination="1 - 402"refId="ref37683"refString="INGER, R. F. 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology 52: 1 - 402."type="journal article"year="1966">Inger (1966</bibRefCitation>
: table 6) gave a smaller adult size for both the female (
from northern Borneo. It is unclear how he sexed his specimens (I suspect externally through darkened throats in male and egg-swollen abdomens in females). Although his maturity identifications are likely correct, I have retained the minimum adult size as determined by my examination of the gonads for the specimens available to me for this account, but use his broader range of sizes in
