treatments-xml/data/15/D3/E4/15D3E4B3D326598C80C4C97BB29D1C0D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-197-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" ModsDocID="1314-2003-197-1" checkinTime="1653390746137" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hoste, Ivan &amp; Verloove, Filip" docDate="2022" docId="15D3E4B3D326598C80C4C97BB29D1C0D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 197: 1-31" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 197" docPubDate="2022-05-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499" docTitle="Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1653390746137" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hoste, Ivan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-7587</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ivan.hoste@plantentuinmeise.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Verloove, Filip</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-2422</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-05-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>197</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>31</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-197-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">95688E227E3D529DBD2A8FC988E394B1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:15D3E4B3D326598C80C4C97BB29D1C0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/15D3E4B3D326598C80C4C97BB29D1C0D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="15D3E4B3-D326-598C-80C4-C97BB29D1C0D" authority="Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827." authorityName="Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frumentacea">Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type, lectotype designated here">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type, lectotype designated here.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
India, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Roxburgh</emphasis>
s.n. (K000215131, the specimen on the extreme right on the sheet). Image available at http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000215131.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The protologue refers to a Roxburgh collection from India (&quot;Roxb. ind. 1. 307. R. S. m. 2. 250. Hab. in India orientali ubi colitur&quot;). The Kew herbarium houses two original but undated Roxburgh collections (sheets K000215131 and K000215132) that can serve for a proper typification. None exactly matches the information provided in the protologue, but since Link described the species in 1827, i.e. well after 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Roxburgh’s">Roxburgh's</normalizedToken>
(1751-1815) death, these collections are supposed to have been at his disposal when describing the species. In the apparent absence of other original material, one of the two above-mentioned Kew collections could be chosen as the lectotype for that name. Digital images of both are easily accessible via online resources such as the Kew Herbarium Catalogue, JSTOR or POWO. Sheet K000215131 comprises five stems, four of which have an inflorescence. The extreme left specimen is atypical and might as well represent a different species. The other flowering specimens are representative for the species, and the specimen on the extreme right is here designated as the lectotype for the name 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frumentacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. frumentacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Floristische Rundbriefe" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B72" refString="Stafleu, FA, Cowan, RS, 1983. Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Vol. 4 Authors P-Sak (second edition). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, ix + 1214 pp." title="Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Vol. 4 Authors P-Sak (second edition). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema &amp; Holkema, ix + 1214 pp." year="1983">Stafleu and Cowan (1983)</bibRefCitation>
considerable sets of duplicates of Roxburgh specimens are stored at BM, BR, E, G and LIV. In some of these herbaria isolectotypes could thus be found although a quick online search did not yield further specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Remarks on 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frumentacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. frumentacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Echinochloa esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(syn.: 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. utilis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="utilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. utilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ohwi &amp; Yabuno) and 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frumentacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. frumentacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are cultivated species. Neither is considered a persistent weed in Southwestern Europe. Still, they are included in the key since they are the most frequently occurring non-weedy representatives of the genus in Southwestern Europe, frequently recorded as bird-seed aliens in and along the border of crop fields (
<bibRefCitation author="Hanson, CG" journalOrPublisher="Watsonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="237 - 252" publicationUrl="http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats15p237.pdf" refId="B28" refString="Hanson, CG, Mason, JL, 1985. Birdseed aliens in Britain. Watsonia 15: 237 - 252, http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats15p237.pdf" title="Birdseed aliens in Britain." url="http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats15p237.pdf" volume="15" year="1985">Hanson and Mason 1985</bibRefCitation>
). They look similar, and young specimens can be difficult to identify, yet mature ones are easily distinguished by the colour of the spikelets. In both species, the inflorescence varies. In the more typical specimens, the branches are tightly clustered and appressed against the axis, creating a compact inflorescence. Often, however, the inflorescence is rather lax, with the distal part of the branches somewhat curved towards the axis; such specimens are easily mistaken for an awnless form of 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Yabuno, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 323" refId="B83" refString="Yabuno, T, 1966. Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa. Japanese Journal of Botany 19: 277 - 323" title="Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa." volume="19" year="1966">Yabuno (1966)</bibRefCitation>
describes the distinct characteristics of the two species, and recent genetic studies have confirmed that they are quite distinct, 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being derived from 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. frumentacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frumentacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. frumentacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. colona" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="colona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. colona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x" author="Yamaguchi, H" journalOrPublisher="Weed Biology and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="210 - 218" refId="B86" refString="Yamaguchi, H, Utano, A, Yasuda, K, Yano, A, Soejima, A, 2005. A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biology and Management 5 (4): 210 - 218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x" title="A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x" volume="5" year="2005">Yamaguchi et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113657" author="Ye, C-Y" journalOrPublisher="Weed Biology and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B91" refString="Ye, C-Y, Lin, Z, Li, G, Wang, Y-Y, Qiu, J, Fu, F, Zhang, H, Chen, L, Ye, S, Song, W, Jin, G, Zhu, J, Lu, Y, Guo, L, Fan, L, 2014. Echinochloa Chloroplast Genomes: Insights into the Evolution and Taxonomic Identification of Two Weedy Species. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113657" title="Echinochloa Chloroplast Genomes: Insights into the Evolution and Taxonomic Identification of Two Weedy Species. PLoS ONE 9 (11): e 113657." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113657" year="2014">Ye et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). There are arguments for reducing these two taxa to variety rank or, following 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" author="Banfi, E" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Sciences: Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="71 - 72" refId="B5" refString="Banfi, E, Galasso, G, 2021. Old and new nomenclatural combinations for Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian millet) (Poaceae). Natural History Sciences: Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 8 (1): 71 - 72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" title="Old and new nomenclatural combinations for Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian millet) (Poaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.490" volume="8" year="2021">Banfi and Galasso (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, subspecies rank under 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. colona" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="colona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. colona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Yabuno, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 323" refId="B83" refString="Yabuno, T, 1966. Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa. Japanese Journal of Botany 19: 277 - 323" title="Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa." volume="19" year="1966">Yabuno (1966)</bibRefCitation>
insinuated that 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. esculenta" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows more variation, and 
<bibRefCitation author="Michael, PW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B50" refString="Michael, PW, 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August-4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291-306." title="Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa species with special reference to their occurrence as weeds of rice. In: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International Weed Science Society (Org.) Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice, 31 August- 4 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 291 - 306." year="1983">Michael (1983)</bibRefCitation>
added that in this species, the spikelets may be awned (although awned spikelets seem to be rare); this reflects the highly polymorphic nature of the parent species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Spikelet of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata subsp. var. var. microstachya" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" subSpecies="var." variety="microstachya">Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya</taxonomicName>
showing the lower glume and unawned sterile lemma (left) and upper glume (right). Scale bar 1 mm. (Drawing: Sven Bellanger, Meise Botanic Garden).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Spikelet of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa muricata subsp. var. var. wiegandii" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="muricata" subSpecies="var." variety="wiegandii">Echinochloa muricata var. wiegandii</taxonomicName>
showing upper glume (left) and lower glume and awned sterile lemma (right). Scale bar 1 mm. (Drawing: Sven Bellanger, Meise Botanic Garden).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/686463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Habit of 
<taxonomicName authority="var. crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. var. var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli</taxonomicName>
growing as a roadside weed, Belgium. Although extremely variable, the usually more or less procumbent habit (the lower nodes often rooting) and the floppy leaves are among the features that distinguish var. 
<taxonomicName authority="crus-galli" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Echinochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" variety="crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli</taxonomicName>
from the obligate rice weeds 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. crus-galli subsp. var. var. oryzoides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="crus-galli" subSpecies="var." variety="oryzoides">E. crus-galli var. oryzoides</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" genus="E." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. oryzicola" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="oryzicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. oryzicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which are characterised by a more erect and stiffer habit. (Photograph: Luc Audenaerde).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>