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<document id="53B952A9AF491E7B707FBA1FEB1DDFA4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.173885" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e08cf2c-69cc-4c75-9627-7c3e692852cd" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="173885" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459786309427" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lanteri, Analia A. &amp; Rio, M. Guadalupe Del" docDate="2006" docId="86627421FFB0856F023FFE8BFD43FA3B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01312p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1312" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Acyphus Heller" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="7A5B0C59FFB2856A0337FFEAFF93FF85" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genus Acyphus Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with comments on infraspecific variation" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1698218573034" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F172A7DBC4CCC2DB58C1F109345766FA">
<mods:title id="B4195E84287609D1F13A969CF92F1672">Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genus Acyphus Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with comments on infraspecific variation</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="54D8191ABE7C6C26DC497BB6366A8CCE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="334133C8EFF10BFEDF8D4F01A1276426">Lanteri, Analia A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="286EBCEA9F0AAEDEEAC37D954EC2186B">Rio, M. Guadalupe Del</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F56E3B7CAF4C698AC6686C08B2CA1F8F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="B0B1D89219FCF076F5CE138FF43FEF7F">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="62FEE1C815C5070FBB7BD2BF31641C14" type="volume">
<mods:number id="ABF5385C16CD16AC347EC554477C0D4A">1312</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3036C5A6518CC12D35AEE30683435165" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="86627421FFB0856F023FFE8BFD43FA3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6256928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119349164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6256928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:86627421FFB0856F023FFE8BFD43FA3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/86627421FFB0856F023FFE8BFD43FA3B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB08568023FFE8BFE26FE1B" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08568023FFE8BFE55FEFE" blockId="2.[264,454,353,414]" box="[264,454,353,379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<heading id="553C725BFFB08568023FFE8BFE55FEFE" bold="true" box="[264,454,353,379]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB08568023FFE8BFE55FEFE" ID-CoL="8HC6W" authority="Heller" authorityName="Heller" box="[264,454,353,379]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568023FFE8BFE55FEFE" bold="true" box="[264,454,353,379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568023FFE8BFEE3FEFE" bold="true" box="[264,368,353,379]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Acyphus</emphasis>
Heller
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08568023FFE6EFE26FE1B" blockId="2.[264,454,353,414]" box="[264,437,388,414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
(
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB085680227FE6EFE3FFE1B" box="[272,428,388,414]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId-0="3.[264,382,1157,1181]" captionStartId-1="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox-0="[277,1314,600,1133]" captionTargetBox-1="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[267,1320,593,1142]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal habitus of Acyphus renggeri. 1 – 3, females; 4, male. Scale: 2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/173886/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Figures 1–12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB08568023FFE3EFCF9FDAE" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08568023FFE3EFCF9FDAE" blockId="2.[264,1323,468,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2EDBE219FFB08568023FFE3EFCF9FDAE" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB08568023FFE3EFD82FE6E" ID-CoL="8HC6W" authority="Heller 1921:21" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1921" box="[264,529,468,491]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568023FFE3EFEF1FE6E" box="[264,354,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Acyphus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB08568025BFE3EFD82FE6E" author="Heller" box="[364,529,468,491]" page="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB08568025BFE3EFE62FE6E" author="Heller" box="[364,497,468,491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Heller, K. M. (1921) Nuevos curculionidos de la Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 91, 19 - 35, illus." type="journal article" year="1921">Heller 1921</bibRefCitation>
:21
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB085680128FE3EFCAEFE6E" author="Dalla" box="[543,829,468,491]" page="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB085680128FE3EFC8DFE6E" author="Dalla" box="[543,798,468,491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von, Emden, M. van &amp; Emden, F. van (1936) Coleopterorum catalogus. Junk,´s- Gravenhage. Pars 147, Curculionidae: Brachyderinae I, pp. 1 - 132 (Vol. 27)." type="book chapter" year="1936">
Dalla Torre
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB085680193FE3EFD4EFE6E" box="[676,733,468,491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
1936
</bibRefCitation>
:10
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue);
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB0856800F9FE3EFB14FE6E" author="Emden" box="[974,1159,468,491]" page="513" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB0856800F9FE3EFBC9FE6E" author="Emden" box="[974,1114,468,491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1944) A key to the genera of Brachyderinae of the world. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 2, 11, 503 - 532, 559 - 586, illus." type="journal article" year="1944">Emden 1944</bibRefCitation>
:513
</treatmentCitation>
(in key);
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB0856807C0FE3EFE52FD8E" author="Hustache" page="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1947">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB0856807C0FE3EFE21FD8E" author="Hustache" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hustache, A. (1947) Naupactini de l'Argentine et des regions limitrophes (Col. Curculion.). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 13 (1 - 5), 3 - 146." type="journal article" year="1947">Hustache 1947</bibRefCitation>
:8
</treatmentCitation>
(in key);
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB08568011CFE1EFC8DFD8E" author="Blackwelder" box="[555,798,500,523]" page="792" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1947">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB08568011CFE1EFD7CFD8E" author="Blackwelder" box="[555,751,500,523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Blackwelder, R. E. (1947) Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 5. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (185), i - iv, 765 - 925." type="journal article" year="1947">Blackwelder 1947</bibRefCitation>
:792
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist); Wibmer &amp; O’Brien 1986:52 (checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="8F6AE326FFB085680247FDFEFD77FDAE" author="Alonso-Zarazaga" box="[368,740,532,555]" page="163" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB085680247FDFEFD2AFDAE" author="Alonso-Zarazaga" box="[368,697,532,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. &amp; Lyal, C. H. C. (1999) A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Entomopraxis S. C. P., Spain, 315 pp." type="book" year="1999">Alonso­Zarazaga &amp; Lyal 1999</bibRefCitation>
:163
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB08568023FFDBEFD12FD0E" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08568023FFDBEFD12FD0E" blockId="2.[264,1322,596,651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<typeStatus id="D1707B95FFB08568023FFDBEFEAEFDEE" box="[264,317,596,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB08568029CFDBEFCA9FDEE" authority="Heller 1921:27" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1921" box="[427,826,596,619]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funicularis">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568029CFDBEFD15FDEE" box="[427,646,596,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Acyphus funicularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB0856801A5FDBEFC8AFDEE" author="Heller" box="[658,793,596,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Heller, K. M. (1921) Nuevos curculionidos de la Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 91, 19 - 35, illus." type="journal article" year="1921">Heller 1921</bibRefCitation>
:27
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB08568006AFDBEFEE2FD0E" authority="Labram &amp; Imhoff 1849" authorityName="Labram &amp; Imhoff" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megalostylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renggeri">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568006AFDBEFBC0FDEE" box="[861,1107,596,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Megalostylus renggeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB085680757FDBEFEE2FD0E" author="Labram" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Labram, D. &amp; Imhoff, L. (1849) Singulorum generum curculionidum. Die Gattungen der Russelkafer. Basel. Vol. 2, fasc. 16 - 18. [pp. unnumbered (usually facing plate), number cited corresponds to the plates]." type="journal article" year="1849">Labram &amp; Imhoff 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB08569023FFD56FDA7FDA3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08568023FFD56FDA3FC43" blockId="2.[264,1325,700,1886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568023FFD56FE1BFD53" bold="true" box="[264,392,700,726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Antenna robust, with scape strongly dilated and compressed from near base onwards; funicular article 2 as long as funicular article 1; remaining articles slightly longer than wide. Pronotum truncate­conical, thickened at base. Elytra somewhat depressed, with strongly bisinuate base, prominent humeri and 10 extra numeral striae (20 striae in total). Front tibiae with small denticles on inner face. Outer bevels broad, squamose. Spermatheca large, with long tubular nodulus and well developed ramus; spermathecal duct strongly sclerotized.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB08569020FFC3EFDA7FDA3" blockId="2.[264,1325,700,1886]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1323,284,550]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568020FFC3EFE7EFC6B" bold="true" box="[312,493,980,1006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Redescription.</emphasis>
Species medium sized (female
<quantity id="C93368D2FFB08568005CFC3EFBB5FC6B" box="[875,1062,980,1006]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.5" valueMin="9.5">9.50–15.50 mm</quantity>
long; male
<quantity id="C93368D2FFB085680780FC3EFEA5FB93" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.175" metricValueMax="9.75" metricValueMin="8.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="9.175" valueMax="9.75" valueMin="8.6">8.60–9.75 mm</quantity>
long). Integument either devoid of distinct scaly vestiture, or covered with recumbent short setae and cream, oval, apressed scales, forming an irregular nebulose pattern.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568023FFBA6FEF8FBE0" box="[264,363,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Rostrum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB085680248FBA6FE78FBE3" box="[383,491,1100,1126]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[277,1314,600,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[267,1320,593,1142]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal habitus of Acyphus renggeri. 1 – 3, females; 4, male. Scale: 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
) short to moderately long (LR/WR:1.15–1.33), moderately truncateconical (WF/WR:1.52–1.70), with elevate, sharp borders; dorsum flat, depressed on anterior third; median groove linear, deep, almost reaching anterior margin of pronotum; epistome narrow, covered with small oval scales; scrobes strongly curved, visible from dorsum, ending in front of eyes; gular angle about 90º.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB085680091FB06FBA5FA80" box="[934,1078,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Mouthparts.</emphasis>
Prementum (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB0856807EEFB06FAB2FA83" box="[1241,1313,1260,1286]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) subcordate, external surface slightly concave, areolate, without setae; internal surface with a moderately developed median keel; palpi forming an obtuse angle regarding prementum. Maxillae (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB0856802B6FA8EFE54FAFB" box="[385,455,1380,1406]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) with subrectangular mala, almost parallel to axis of palpus, having three basal lacinial teeth and numerous setae; palpifer and articles 1–2 of palpi transverse, article 3 subconical. Eyes convex; preocular impression absent; postocular constriction slight. Frons and vertex slightly convex.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB0856801ACFA36FC99FA70" box="[667,778,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Antennae</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB08568002DFA36FCF2FA73" box="[794,865,1500,1526]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) very stout; scape strongly dilated and compressed from near base onwards, reaching hind margin of eyes, as long as funiculum excluding club; funicular article 2 as long as article 1, articles 3 to 7 slightly longer than wide; club acuminate oval (LC/WC:1.75–2.20).
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB08568007EF9BEFC2EF9E8" box="[841,957,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Pronotum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB0856800F8F9BEFBABF9EB" box="[975,1080,1620,1646]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[277,1314,600,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[267,1320,593,1142]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal habitus of Acyphus renggeri. 1 – 3, females; 4, male. Scale: 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
) strongly transverse (WP/LP:1.37–1.57), truncate­conical (WP+/WP­:1.20–1.45); disc slightly convex, with median depression; front margin slightly curved onwards; flanks slightly arcuate; hind margin thickened, strongly bisinuate; posterior angles strongly projected.
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB085680780F926FAB9F960" box="[1207,1322,1740,1765]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB085680780F926FAB9F960" box="[1207,1322,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Scutellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinct, small, covered with white scales.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB0856801CBF91EFCD6F888" box="[764,837,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Elytra</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB085680061F91EFC2DF88B" box="[854,958,1780,1806]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[277,1314,600,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[267,1320,593,1142]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal habitus of Acyphus renggeri. 1 – 3, females; 4, male. Scale: 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
) moderately elongate (LE/WE:1.48–1.68) and somewhat depressed; base strongly bisinuate; humeri strongly prominent, without tooth; apex entire (not bifid), moderately acute; apical declivity slight; punctures of striae moderate to broad; intervals slightly convex, having extra­numeral striae (whole number of striae= 20). Metathoracic wings present.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB1856900B1FEAEFC2EFED8" box="[902,957,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Legs</emphasis>
short; fore coxae contiguous, slightly closer to anterior margin than to posterior margin of prosternum; fore tibiae with row of 5 small denticles on inner face (crenulate) and strong mucro; tarsites 2 and 3 laterally expanded; outer bevels broad, squamose; dorsal comb slightly longer than apical comb.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569026CFE0EFE59FE78" box="[347,458,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Intercoxal portion as long as cavities of hind coxae; ventrite 2 slightly longer than ventrites 3+4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5AB495BFFFB18569023FFB6FFB52FB19" box="[264,1217,1157,1181]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173886/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[277,1314,600,1133]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB18569023FFB6FFB52FB19" blockId="3.[264,1217,1157,1181]" box="[264,1217,1157,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569023FFB6FFE27FB18" bold="true" box="[264,436,1157,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB18569014EFB6FFCA6FB19" box="[633,821,1157,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renggeri">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569014EFB6FFCA6FB19" box="[633,821,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Acyphus renggeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB185690075FB6FFCE2FB18" bold="true" box="[834,881,1157,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">1–3,</emphasis>
females;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB1856900EFFB6FFC76FB18" bold="true" box="[984,997,1157,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">4</emphasis>
, male. Scale: 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB1856E020FFB3AFD39F888" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB18569020FFB3AFB96F987" blockId="3.[264,1324,1232,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569020FFB3AFD9AFB6C" box="[312,521,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
Sternite VIII (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB18569018DFB3AFC92FB6F" box="[698,769,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) subrhomboidal,
<date id="7A75E3F7FFB1856900E2FB3AFC61FB6F" box="[981,1010,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">3x</date>
as long as apodeme, with pair of longitudinal strongly sclerotized stripes, apex curved bearing long setae. Ovipositor (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB185690227FACAFE14FABF" box="[272,391,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Figs 9–10</figureCitation>
) slender, long (about 0,6x as long as abdomen), slightly curved on lateral view, with 8–19 pairs of broad setae on external sides of distal half of baculi; hemisternites slightly sclerotized with short setae; baculi divergent toward proximal end; styli well developed, slightly divergent. Spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB185690010FA72FCEEFA37" box="[807,893,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) large (about
<quantity id="C93368D2FFB185690710FA72FBF4FA37" box="[1063,1127,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
), subcylindrical, with long tubular nodulus (as long as spermathecal body), well developed ramus, and long cornu with rounded apex; spermathecal duct strongly sclerotized.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB18569020FF9FAFECCF9FF" blockId="3.[264,1324,1232,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569020FF9FAFE7DF9AC" box="[312,494,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
Aedeagus (
<figureCitation id="96F0D9B2FFB185690148F9FAFC9BF9AF" box="[639,776,1552,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="4.[264,382,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[406,1180,326,896]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of Acyphus renggeri. 5, prementum, external surface; 6, maxilla; 7, antennae; 8, sternite VIII; 9 – 10, ovipositor, ventral and lateral; 11, spermathecae; 12 – 13, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Figs 12–13</figureCitation>
) slightly shorter than abdomen; tube slightly longer than apodemes, slightly curved in lateral view, with subacute apex and large ostium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB18569020FF96DFE04F8EF" blockId="3.[264,1324,1232,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB18569020FF96DFDA4F924" bold="true" box="[312,567,1671,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Males more slender and smaller than females; antennal club more elongate and slender than in females (LC/WC:2.15–2.38); pronotum less transversal and larger in relation to elytral disc (values of LE/LP:2.97–3.20, smaller than in females), sides more arcuate on anterior third and less divergent towards posterior margin (WP/ LP:1.31–1.37, WP+/WP­:1.30–1.35); elytra more elongate than in females (LE/WE:1.67–1.84).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5AB495BFFFB6856E023FFC72FC24FB92" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173887/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[411,1169,333,891]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB6856E023FFC72FC24FB92" blockId="4.[264,1323,920,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E023FFC72FE52FC35" bold="true" box="[264,449,920,944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">FIGURES 5–13.</emphasis>
Mouth­parts, antennae and genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E005DFC72FBB5FC2A" box="[874,1062,920,943]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renggeri">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E005DFC72FBB5FC2A" box="[874,1062,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Acyphus renggeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E0704FC72FBD4FC35" bold="true" box="[1075,1095,920,944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">5,</emphasis>
prementum, external surface;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E025BFC51FEEAFC56" bold="true" box="[364,377,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">6</emphasis>
, maxilla;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E02C1FC51FD90FC56" bold="true" box="[502,515,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">7</emphasis>
, antennae;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E01B8FC51FD0FFC56" bold="true" box="[655,668,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">8</emphasis>
, sternite VIII;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E0062FC51FC19FC56" bold="true" box="[853,906,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">9–10</emphasis>
, ovipositor, ventral and lateral;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E063CFC51FAB0FC56" bold="true" box="[1291,1315,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">11</emphasis>
, spermathecae;
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E029FFC37FE78FC70" bold="true" box="[424,491,989,1013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">12–13</emphasis>
, aedeagi, ventral and lateral. Scales: 1 mm (antennae); 0.5 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositors and aedeagi); 0.25 mm (mouth­parts, spermathecae).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB6856E020FFBA0FE5FFAF8" blockId="4.[264,1324,1098,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E020FFBA0FCE2FBE1" bold="true" box="[312,881,1098,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Geographic distribution and host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E00BFFBA1FC78FBE1" box="[904,1003,1099,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E00BFFBA1FC78FBE1" box="[904,1003,1099,1124]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges in north­central
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E023FFB99FE13FB08" box="[264,384,1139,1165]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E02C8FB99FDD9FB08" box="[511,586,1139,1165]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E016EFB99FD55FB08" box="[601,710,1139,1165]" name="Paraguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0031FB99FCFCFB08" box="[774,879,1139,1165]" name="Uruguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
. This area corresponds to the Chaco and Pampa provinces of the Chacoan subregion of the Neotropics, according to the biogeographic scheme of
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E0177FB29FD6AFB58" author="Morrone" box="[576,761,1219,1245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2002) Presentacion sintetica de un nuevo esquema biogeografico de America Latina y el Caribe. In: C. Costa, S. A. Vanin, J. M. Lobo y A. Melic (Eds.) Proyecto Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica PrIBES 2002, pp. 267 - 275." type="journal article" year="2002">Morrone (2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E003EFB29FCDAFB58" author="Morrone" box="[777,841,1219,1245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands base don Panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
). The Chaco (southern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0750FB29FB53FB58" box="[1127,1216,1219,1245]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E023FFB01FEE5FA80" box="[264,374,1259,1285]" name="Paraguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E02C0FB01FDACFA80" box="[503,575,1259,1285]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and north­central
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0012FB01FC0FFA80" box="[805,924,1259,1285]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) is a xerophyllous caducifolious forest; the Pampa (eastern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0178FAF9FD54FAA8" box="[591,711,1299,1325]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, between 30º and 39º south latitude,
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E07B8FAF9FB66FAA8" box="[1167,1269,1299,1325]" name="Uruguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
and southern part of the Brazilian state of Río Grande do Sul) is a savanna with
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E07FCFAD1FE54FAF8" authority="Morrone 2000" authorityName="Morrone" authorityYear="2000" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Poaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E0227FA89FE53FAF8" author="Morrone" box="[272,448,1379,1405]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2000) What is the Chacoan subregion? Geotropica, 46, 51 - 68." type="journal article" year="2000">Morrone 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB6856E020FFA61FD39F888" blockId="4.[264,1324,1098,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
The only species of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E0116FA61FD16FA21" box="[545,645,1419,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E0116FA61FD16FA21" box="[545,645,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be associated to native trees of the Leguminosae family typical of the Chacoan subregion, especially
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E005AFA59FB01FA48" authority="(Mimosoideae)" baseAuthorityName="Mimosoideae" box="[877,1170,1459,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E005AFA59FC47FA49" box="[877,980,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Prosopis</emphasis>
(Mimosoideae)
</taxonomicName>
, a genus that probably evolved within this xeric biogeographic unit (
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E00ADFA31FB8FFA70" author="Roig" box="[922,1052,1499,1525]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Roig, F. A. (1993) &quot; Informe Nacional para la Seleccion de Germoplasma en Especies de Prosopis en la Republica Argentina &quot; IADIZA-CRICYT." type="book" year="1993">Roig 1993</bibRefCitation>
), playing an important role in the plant­herviborous interactions (Solbring 1977). The known hosts are
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E07F4F9E9FE5BF9C0" authority="Sprengel" authorityName="Sprengel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E07F4F9E9FEC2F9C1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Prosopis affinis</emphasis>
Sprengel
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E02D6F9C1FC6BF9C1" box="[481,1016,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
=
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E02C6F9C1FD68F9C1" box="[497,763,1579,1604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="algarrobilla">Prosopis algarrobilla</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E0039F9C1FC6BF9C1" box="[782,1016,1579,1604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nandubay">Prosopis nandubay</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E072FF9C1FB61F9C1" box="[1048,1266,1579,1604]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torquata">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E072FF9C1FB61F9C1" box="[1048,1266,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Prosopis torquata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E023FF9B9FEC7F9E9" box="[264,340,1619,1644]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E023FF9B9FEC7F9E9" box="[264,340,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Thalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E02A2F9B9FDC7F9E9" box="[405,596,1619,1644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E02A2F9B9FDC7F9E9" box="[405,596,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Prosopis affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a late deciduous tree, up to
<quantity id="C93368D2FFB6856E00CFF9B9FBBEF9E8" box="[1016,1069,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
high, distributed in northeastern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0296F991FD85F910" box="[417,534,1659,1685]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos,
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E0789F991FABBF910" box="[1214,1320,1659,1685]" name="Taiwan" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Formosa</collectingCountry>
, Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero provinces), southern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E00F2F949FB8CF938" box="[965,1055,1699,1725]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, southwestern
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E07ECF949FAB5F938" box="[1243,1318,1699,1725]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E023FF921FEE5F960" box="[264,374,1739,1765]" name="Paraguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E02B3F921FE2AF960" box="[388,441,1739,1765]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Peru</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="76DC85A7FFB6856E02C1F921FDCEF960" box="[502,605,1739,1765]" name="Uruguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E015AF921FC82F960" author="Burkart" box="[621,785,1739,1765]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Burkart, A. (1978) Leguminosas. In: Parodi, L. R. (Ed.) Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria 1. Ed. Acme, Buenos Aires, pp. 467 - 538." type="journal article" year="1978">Burkart 1978</bibRefCitation>
). This area approximately corresponds to the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E0177F919FD30F889" box="[576,675,1779,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E0177F919FD30F889" box="[576,675,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="46D196BCFFB6856F020FF8F0FD43FA3B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB6856F020FF8F0FDE8FDCB" blockId="4.[264,1324,1098,1885]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1470]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E020FF8F0FD46F8B0" bold="true" box="[312,725,1818,1845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Remarks and comparative notes.</emphasis>
Nothing is known about the possible relationships of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E021DF8A9FE1EF8D9" box="[298,397,1859,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB6856E021DF8A9FE1EF8D9" box="[298,397,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other genera of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB6856E01A7F8A9FC87F8D8" box="[656,788,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Naupactini">Naupactini</taxonomicName>
. In the keys of
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E00F9F8A9FBE2F8D8" author="Heller" box="[974,1137,1859,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Heller, K. M. (1921) Nuevos curculionidos de la Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 91, 19 - 35, illus." type="journal article" year="1921">Heller (1921)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB6856E0748F8A9FABBF8D8" author="Emden" box="[1151,1320,1859,1885]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Emden, F. I. van (1944) A key to the genera of Brachyderinae of the world. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 2, 11, 503 - 532, 559 - 586, illus." type="journal article" year="1944">Emden (1944)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F0209FEF6FD95FEB3" author="Hustache" box="[318,518,284,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Hustache, A. (1947) Naupactini de l'Argentine et des regions limitrophes (Col. Curculion.). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 13 (1 - 5), 3 - 146." type="journal article" year="1947">Hustache (1947)</bibRefCitation>
it goes out in the same couplet as
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F00F1FEF6FB5EFEB3" authority="Schoenherr" authorityName="Schoenherr" box="[966,1229,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyrtomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F00F1FEF6FBAFFEB0" box="[966,1084,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyrtomon</emphasis>
Schoenherr
</taxonomicName>
(senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0294FEAEFDCCFEDB" authority="Germar" authorityName="Germar" box="[419,607,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" genus="Cyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0294FEAEFE68FED8" box="[419,507,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphus</emphasis>
Germar
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0196FEAEFCE0FEDB" authority="Bedel" authorityName="Bedel" box="[673,883,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Neocyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0196FEAEFCB1FED8" box="[673,802,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Neocyphus</emphasis>
Bedel
</taxonomicName>
) (see
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F00F6FEAEFBE5FEDB" author="Lanteri" box="[961,1142,324,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Lanteri, A. A. (1990 a) Revision sistematica del genero Cyrtomon Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 34 (2), 387 - 402." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Lanteri 1990 a</bibRefCitation>
), based on the presence of supernumerary striae, however, in
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0075FE86FC24FE00" box="[834,951,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyrtomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0075FE86FC24FE00" box="[834,951,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyrtomon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these striae are not present in every interval (14 striae in total) and they are not continuous from base to apex. On the contrary,
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0249FE56FE71FE50" box="[382,482,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0249FE56FE71FE50" box="[382,482,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 20 complete striae being impossible to distinguish regular to supernumerary ones. Other external features such as those of the vestiture, the proportion of the antennal articles, and the shape of the body (especially pronotum and elytra) are clearly different in both genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB7856F020FFDB6FEC2FC0B" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
We propose that
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F02CBFDB6FDC7FDF0" box="[508,596,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphu</emphasis>
s is more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F00A5FDB6FBE1FDF3" authority="Roelofs" authorityName="Roelofs" box="[914,1138,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F00A5FDB6FB9FFDF0" box="[914,1036,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
Roelofs
</taxonomicName>
, also ranging in the Chacoan subregion. Both genera are similar in the characters of the antenna, body shape and vestiture (color, shape and arrangement of scales and setae). The
<typeStatus id="D1707B95FFB7856F074DFD46FB3FFD43" box="[1146,1196,684,710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F023FFD3EFE11FD68" box="[264,386,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F023FFD3EFE11FD68" box="[264,386,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F02A5FD3EFD1BFD6B" authority="Roelofs" authorityName="Roelofs" box="[402,648,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clathrata">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F02A5FD3EFDB2FD68" box="[402,545,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">C. clathrata</emphasis>
Roelofs
</taxonomicName>
, shows an elytral nebulose pattern similar to that seen in
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F023FFD16FEF8FC90" box="[264,363,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F023FFD16FEF8FC90" box="[264,363,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Lanteri &amp; del
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F0169FD16FD40FC93" author="Rio" box="[606,723,764,790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Lanteri, A. A. &amp; del Rio, M. G. (2006) Taxonomic revision of the genus Cyphopsis Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 53 (2), 275 - 281." type="journal article" year="2006">Río 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The main external differences between
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F07F0FD16FAB9FC90" box="[1223,1322,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F07F0FD16FAB9FC90" box="[1223,1322,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0208FCCEFE2AFCB8" box="[319,441,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0208FCCEFE2AFCB8" box="[319,441,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the presence of 20 elytral striae (instead of 10 normal striae), the absence of tubercles on pronotal flanks and the lack of denticles on the inner margin of all tibiae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E74C537FFB7856F020FFC76FD43FA3B" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
Based on male genitalia,
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F015BFC76FD5CFC30" box="[620,719,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F015BFC76FD5CFC30" box="[620,719,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0765FC76FB5FFC30" box="[1106,1228,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0765FC76FB5FFC30" box="[1106,1228,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F023FFC2EFEEEFC58" box="[264,381,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyrtomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F023FFC2EFEEEFC58" box="[264,381,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyrtomon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because in the latter genus the aedeagal apex has a particular arrow pointed shape similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F012AFC06FC84FB83" authority="Hustache" authorityName="Hustache" box="[541,791,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Priocyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F012AFC06FD30FB80" box="[541,675,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Priocyphus</emphasis>
Hustache
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0066FC06FBDDFB83" authority="Hustache" authorityName="Hustache" box="[849,1102,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mendozella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0066FC06FC49FB80" box="[849,986,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Mendozella</emphasis>
Hustache
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F07BBFC06FAB5FB83" author="Lanteri" box="[1164,1318,1004,1030]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Lanteri, A. A. (1989) Estudio sistematico de los generos Trichocyphus Heller y Mendozella Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion, 60, 139 - 147." type="journal article" year="1989">Lanteri 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F023FFBFEFEF0FBAB" author="Lanteri" box="[264,355,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Lanteri, A. A. (1990 b) Revision sistematica del genero Priocyphus Hustache 1939 y creacion de los generos Priocyphopsis y Lamprocyphopsis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 34 (2), 403 - 422." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="b">1990 b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6A5AB8C6FFB7856F0240FBFEFD26FBAB" author="Lanteri" box="[375,693,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Lanteri, A. A. &amp; Morrone, J. J. (1991) Cladistic analysis of Priocyphus Hustache and related genera (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93 (2), 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1991">Lanteri &amp; Morrone 1991</bibRefCitation>
), whereas in
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0052FBFEFC5BFBA8" box="[869,968,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0052FBFEFC5BFBA8" box="[869,968,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0726FBFEFB18FBA8" box="[1041,1163,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0726FBFEFB18FBA8" box="[1041,1163,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is subacute. Regarding to the female genitalia, all these genera are characterized by a strongly sclerotized spermathecal duct and a large spermathecae, with well developed ramus and long tubular nodulus. The curvature of the nodulus, the shape of the sternite VIII (subrhomboidal and with a long apodeme) and most characters of the ovipositor approximates
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0298FB36FD80FB70" box="[431,531,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0298FB36FD80FB70" box="[431,531,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F010CFB36FD23FB70" box="[571,688,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyrtomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F010CFB36FD23FB70" box="[571,688,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyrtomon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, more than to
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F0057FB36FC49FB70" box="[864,986,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyphopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F0057FB36FC49FB70" box="[864,986,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Cyphopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F07B3FB36FB74FB70" box="[1156,1255,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F07B3FB36FB74FB70" box="[1156,1255,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a very distinct feature of the ovipositor not seen in the other genera, the presence of two rows of coarse setae on each side of the baculi, the latter being recorded for some
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F023FFABEFDBFFAEB" authority="Dejean. For" authorityName="Dejean. For" box="[264,556,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Naupactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F023FFABEFE15FAE8" box="[264,390,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Naupactus</emphasis>
Dejean. For
</taxonomicName>
an accurate phylogenetic placement of
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F070EFABEFB0EFAE8" box="[1081,1181,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Acyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CBF1925FFB7856F070EFABEFB0EFAE8" box="[1081,1181,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Acyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it will be necessary to undertake a complete phylogenetic analysis of all the
<taxonomicName id="C9CBBEB4FFB7856F077FFA96FB5AFA13" box="[1096,1225,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Naupactini">Naupactini</taxonomicName>
genera, which is the main goal of our research.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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