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<mods:title id="FD59581C1C63C17B91E3E2099ADCE5BF">Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF44B93D8BD3FDCA" ID-CoL="4D3VQ" authority="SPHEKODES (SAUVAGE, 1879)" authorityName="SPHEKODES (SAUVAGE" authorityYear="1879" box="[201,741,533,558]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF44B93D8B28FDC9" box="[201,542,534,557]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">PARAMORMYROPS SPHEKODES</emphasis>
(
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)
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<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF2EB9158BBFFDB7" ID-CoL="73RCH" authority="Sauvage, 1879: 101" authorityName="Sauvage" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1879" box="[163,649,574,595]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EB9158897FDB7" box="[163,417,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Mormyrops sphekodes</emphasis>
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. 
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: MNHN 
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, 
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: 
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. Type locality: 
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at 
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<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF34B9B1889DFD4B" ID-CoL="73RCH" authorityName="Sauvage" authorityYear="1879" box="[185,427,666,687]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">Mormyrops sphekodes</taxonomicName>
–
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<treatmentCitation id="F1439F1FF2760734FE4CB9B18BB0FD4B" author="Sauvage HE" box="[449,646,665,687]" page="55" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" year="1880">
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FE4CB9B18BB0FD4B" author="Sauvage HE" box="[449,646,665,687]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="5 - 55" refId="ref24463" refString="Sauvage HE. 1880. Etude sur la faune ichthyologique de l'Ogooue. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 3: 5 - 55." type="journal article" year="1880">Sauvage, 1880: 55</bibRefCitation>
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, Pl. 2, 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2760734FD44B9B18A31FD4B" box="[713,775,666,688]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,245,711,733]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,196,671]" captionTargetId="figure-484@7.[323,1283,195,671]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711046/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
. 
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<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF34B9928893FD29" authority="Günther" box="[185,421,696,718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphecodes">Mormyrus sphecodes</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="F1439F1FF2760734FE48B9938BABFD29" author="Gunther A" box="[453,669,696,718]" page="280" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FE48B9938BABFD29" author="Gunther A" box="[453,669,696,718]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref23083" refString="Gunther A. 1896. Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Miss M. H. Kingsley during her travels on the Ogowe River and in Old Calabar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 6) 17: 261 - 285." type="journal article" year="1896">Günther, 1896: 280</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF34B9F388E5FD09" box="[185,467,727,749]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF34B9F388F7FD08" ID-CoL="6QTY5" baseAuthorityName="Sauvage" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[185,449,727,749]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphecodes">Marcusenius sphecodes</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="F1439F1FF2760734FE56B9FC8BE2FD08" author="Boulenger GA" box="[475,724,727,749]" page="793" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FE56B9FC8BE2FD08" author="Boulenger GA" box="[475,724,727,749]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="775 - 821" refId="ref22435" refString="Boulenger GA. 1898 b. A revision of the genera and species of fishes of the family Mormyridae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1898: 775 - 821." type="journal article" year="1898">Boulenger, 1898b: 793</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF34B9DD8BADFCEF" box="[185,667,758,779]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF34B9DD8BB0FCEF" ID-CoL="5WQT6" baseAuthorityName="Sauvage" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[185,646,758,779]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphecodes" subGenus="Brienomyrus">Brienomyrus (Brienomyrus) sphecodes</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="F1439F1FF2760734FD29B9DD880BFCCE" author="Taverne L" page="106" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FD29B9DD880BFCCE" author="Taverne L" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="99 - 110" refId="ref24938" refString="Taverne L. 1971. Note sur la systematique des poissons Mormyriformes. Le probleme des genres Gnathonemus Gill, Hippopotamyrus Pappenheim, Cyphomyrus Myers et les nouveaux genres Pollimyrus et Brienomyrus. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 84: 99 - 110." type="journal article" year="1971">Taverne, 1971: 106</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EB81F88C9FCAD" box="[163,511,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FF2EB81F88DFFCAC" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[163,489,819,841]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">Paramormyrops sphekodes</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FD87B818882CFC83" author="Hopkins CD &amp; Lavoue S &amp; Sullivan JP" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="220 - 334" refId="ref23354" refString="Hopkins CD, Lavoue S, Sullivan JP. 2007. Mormyridae. In: Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD, eds. Poissons d'eaux douces et saumatres de basse Guinee: Afrique Central de l'Ouest. Paris: IRD Editions, 220 - 334." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Hopkins 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FDF7B81F8B8FFCAC" box="[634,697,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007: 292–293
</bibRefCitation>
[Note: 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FEE3B8798BB8FC83" author="Hopkins CD &amp; Lavoue S &amp; Sullivan JP" box="[366,654,850,872]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="220 - 334" refId="ref23354" refString="Hopkins CD, Lavoue S, Sullivan JP. 2007. Mormyridae. In: Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD, eds. Poissons d'eaux douces et saumatres de basse Guinee: Afrique Central de l'Ouest. Paris: IRD Editions, 220 - 334." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Hopkins 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FE5BB8798B39FC83" box="[470,527,850,871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">et al.</emphasis>
(2007: 304
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; fig. 12.65) erroneously illustrated 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FE4AB85A8B63FC61" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[455,597,880,902]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FE4AB85A8B63FC61" box="[455,597,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FD43B85A8816FC41" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
rather than the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FE6FB8A48B7DFC41" box="[482,587,911,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
. Both specimens are now regarded as the same species (see comparison with existing types, in the following text).]
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EBF3E8851FBC9" box="[163,359,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Redescription of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FEE2BF3D8B8DFBC9" ID-CoL="4D3VQ" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[367,699,1045,1070]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">Paramormyrops sphekodes</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FF2EBF158BADFB09" blockId="13.[163,782,1086,1261]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FF2EBF158BA1FB09" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767314" country="Gabon" location="Because" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="lectotype">
<location id="753DEFD5F2760734FF2EBF158837FBB7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7:753DEFD5F2760734FF2EBF158837FBB7" box="[163,257,1086,1107]" country="Gabon" name="Because" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Because</location>
of the confusion surrounding the identity of 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FD7ABF158823FB95" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FD7ABF158823FB95" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its rarity in our collections from 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2760734FD07BF778BE0FB96" box="[650,726,1116,1138]" name="Gabon" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, and the existence of only two historic specimens from the type locality, we redescribe this species based on the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FF2EBF93883AFB2A" box="[163,268,1208,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FE9ABF938883FB2A" box="[279,437,1208,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
, four topotypes and five additional specimens from near the type locality
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FF2EBE3288CDFA6D" blockId="13.[163,779,1304,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FF2EBE3288CDFA6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767301" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="A. Marche" country="Gabon" county="Type" latitude="-0.84137" location="Doume" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.96548" municipality="Ogooue River" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ogooue-Lolo" typeStatus="lectotype">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EBE328821FACA" box="[163,279,1305,1326]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FF2EBE328827FACA" box="[163,273,1305,1326]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FEADBE328843FACA" box="[288,373,1305,1326]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">MNHN</collectionCode>
A. 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FE1ABE338B64FACA" box="[407,594,1304,1326]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9311387" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="893113.87">893, 113.87 mm</quantity>
SL, male. 
<collectingCounty id="993CC182F2760734FD5CBE328A3CFACA" box="[721,778,1305,1326]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Type</collectingCounty>
location: 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2760734FE84BE1C8863FAA9" box="[265,341,1335,1357]" name="Gabon" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="B22677ECF2760734FEEDBE1C88D9FAA9" box="[352,495,1335,1357]" country="Gabon" name="Ogooue-Lolo" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Ogooué-Lolo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="90392374F2760734FE76BE1C8BA2FAA9" box="[507,660,1335,1357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Ogooué River</collectingMunicipality>
at 
<location id="753DEFD5F2760734FD37BE1C8A3DFAA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7:753DEFD5F2760734FD37BE1C8A3DFAA9" box="[698,779,1335,1357]" country="Gabon" county="Type" latitude="-0.84137" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.96548" municipality="Ogooue River" name="Doume" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" stateProvince="Ogooue-Lolo">Doumé</location>
(modern GPS coordinates: 
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FE55BE7D8B7BFA8F" box="[472,589,1366,1387]" degrees="0.84137" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="-0.84137">0.84137°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FDD4BE7E8BD7FA8F" box="[601,737,1365,1387]" degrees="12.96548" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="12.96548">12.96548°E</geoCoordinate>
). 
<collectorName id="DD17DCD8F2760734FD7FBE7D89CDFA6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">A. Marche</collectorName>
, late 1876–early 1877.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FF2EBE998A3AFA02" blockId="13.[163,780,1457,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FF2EBE998A3EFA02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767311" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Gabon" location="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="MNHN 1998-1050" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EBE998876FA23" box="[163,320,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FF2EBE99880CFA23" box="[163,314,1458,1479]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FECABE998B2EFA23" box="[327,536,1457,1479]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">MNHN 1998-1050</specimenCode>
, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FDAEBE998BB0FA23" box="[547,646,1458,1480]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.67" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="96.7">96.7 mm</quantity>
SL, female. 
<location id="753DEFD5F2760734FF2EBEFA89ECFA02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7:753DEFD5F2760734FF2EBEFA89ECFA02" box="[163,218,1489,1510]" country="Gabon" name="Type" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Type</location>
location: 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2760734FEB1BEFB88B0FA02" box="[316,390,1488,1510]" name="Gabon" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, same location and date as 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FD2EBEFB8A3EFA02" box="[675,776,1488,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FF2EBD258B71F8FC" blockId="13.[163,779,1550,1817]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EBD258876F9C7" box="[163,320,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Topotypes (4):</emphasis>
Rapids in front of the village of Doumé on the Ogooué 
<collectingRegion id="B22677ECF2760734FEDDBD0788B9F9A6" box="[336,399,1580,1602]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">River</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FE12BD078B23F9A5" box="[415,533,1580,1601]" degrees="0.84137" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="-0.84137">0.84137°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FDACBD078B9FF9A6" box="[545,681,1580,1602]" degrees="12.96548" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="12.96548">12.96548°E</geoCoordinate>
)
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FD3DBD078880F99B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767317" collectingDate="2011-05-29" collectionCode="CUMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="CUMV 96810" specimenCount="1">
: 
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FD36BD0789DFF985" collectionCode="CUMV" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i64g-wjcr" name="Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="University or college">CUMV 96810</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1118) 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FDB5BD608B9DF984" box="[568,683,1611,1632]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.177" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="117.7">117.7 mm</quantity>
SL. J.P. Sullivan, 
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FE95BD418880F99B" box="[280,438,1642,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2011-05-29">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FE95BD418880F99B" box="[280,438,1642,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2011-05-29">29 May 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FE48BD41886BF958" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767318" collectingDate="2014-09-17" collectionCode="MRAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="B5-26" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FE48BD418B22F99B" box="[453,532,1642,1663]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FD93BD428B55F99B" box="[542,611,1641,1663]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="Museum">B5-26</specimenCode>
-P-2 (1, specimen no. JPS-1192) 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FE1FBDA38B3CF97A" box="[402,522,1672,1694]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.135" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="113.5">113.5 mm</quantity>
SL. J.P. Sullivan, 
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FD63BDA3886BF958" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FD63BDA3886BF958" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">17 September 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FEEABD8C8A30F93F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767302" collectingDate="2014-09-17" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="AMNH 264378" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FEEABD8C8B24F959" box="[359,530,1703,1725]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">AMNH 264378</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS- 1193) 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FF66BDEE8879F93F" box="[235,335,1733,1755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.45" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="94.5">94.5 mm</quantity>
SL. J.P. Sullivan, 
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FDA9BDED8A30F93F" box="[548,774,1734,1756]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FDA9BDED8A30F93F" box="[548,774,1734,1756]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">17 September 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FF2EBDCE8B75F8FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767306" collectingDate="2014-09-17" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="MNHN 2015-0257" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FF2EBDCE8844F91E" box="[163,370,1764,1786]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">MNHN 2015-0257</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1201) 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FD22BDCF8A3DF91E" box="[687,779,1764,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="111.0">111 mm</quantity>
SL. J.P. Sullivan, 
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FEEABC288B75F8FC" box="[359,579,1795,1817]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FEEABC288B75F8FC" box="[359,579,1795,1817]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-17">17 September 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FF2EBC6B8A3DF891" blockId="13.[163,779,1856,1909]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FF2EBC6B8A3DF891" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767303" location="Sebe" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Rivers">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FF2EBC6B88BEF8B1" box="[163,392,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Other specimens (5):</emphasis>
Five specimens included here are from a site close to the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FE27BC7488EDF890" box="[426,475,1887,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">type</typeStatus>
locality. 
<location id="753DEFD5F2760734FDB2BC748B43F891" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F84B0818F2760736FF44B93D8AA4FCE7:753DEFD5F2760734FDB2BC748B43F891" box="[575,629,1887,1909]" name="Sebe" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" stateProvince="Rivers">Sébé</location>
<collectingRegion id="B22677ECF2760734FDF6BC748B8EF891" box="[635,696,1887,1909]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">River</collectingRegion>
, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FD49BC748A3DF891" box="[708,779,1887,1909]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="km" value="45.0">45 km</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FCB6BBEE8CBBFE55" blockId="13.[827,1444,197,434]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
south-east of Doumé, 
<collectingRegion id="B22677ECF2760734FBB8BBEE8DF3FF3F" box="[1077,1221,197,219]" country="Gabon" name="Ogooue-Lolo" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Ogooué-Lolo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2760734FB5CBBEE8C2DFF3F" box="[1233,1307,197,219]" name="Gabon" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FAA7BBEE8CA8FF3E" box="[1322,1438,197,218]" degrees="0.93442" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="-0.93442">0.93442°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2760734FCB6BBCF8A8BFF1E" box="[827,957,228,250]" degrees="13.35777" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" precision="1" value="13.35777">13.35777°E</geoCoordinate>
) J.P. Sullivan, 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FBEBBBCF8CA9FEF3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767319" collectingDate="2014-09-20" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="MNHN 2015-0258" specimenCount="1">
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FBEBBBCF8C72FF1D" box="[1126,1348,228,250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-20">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FBEBBBCF8C72FF1D" box="[1126,1348,228,250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-20">20 September 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
: 
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FAC2BBCF8A9BFEFC" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">MNHN 2015-0258</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1214) male, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FA9DBA298C4CFEFC" box="[1296,1402,258,280]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="112.5">112.5 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FCB6BA0A8AF7FEB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767307" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="AMNH 264377" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FCB6BA0A8AC2FED3" box="[827,1012,289,311]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">AMNH 264377</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1216) male, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FCB6BA6B8AA1FEB1" box="[827,919,320,341]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FC40BA6B8D13FE97" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767320" collectionCode="CUMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="CUMV 98161" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FC40BA6B8D5EFEB2" box="[973,1128,320,342]" collectionCode="CUMV" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i64g-wjcr" name="Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="University or college">CUMV 98161</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1219) female, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FC1DBA758ACBFE90" box="[912,1021,350,372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.183" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="118.3">118.3 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FBA2BA758D46FE76" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767313" collectionCode="MRAC" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="B5-26" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FBA2BA758D4CFE97" box="[1071,1146,350,371]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FB0DBA758DF2FE90" box="[1152,1220,350,372]" collectionCode="MRAC" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="Museum">B5-26</specimenCode>
-P-1 (1, specimen no. JPS-1230) male, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FC7CBA568D7CFE76" box="[1009,1098,381,402]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="133.0">133 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FBF4BA568CBEFE55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767308" collectingDate="2014-09-22" collectionCode="CUMV" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="CUMV 98177" specimenCount="1">
<date id="045C9FCEF2760734FBF4BA568C7AFE76" box="[1145,1356,381,403]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-22">
<collectingDate id="14186626F2760734FBF4BA568C7AFE76" box="[1145,1356,381,403]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" value="2014-09-22">22 September 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FAD8BA568A48FE55" collectionCode="CUMV" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/i64g-wjcr" name="Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="University or college">CUMV 98177</specimenCode>
(1, specimen no. JPS-1238), male, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FB79BAB78C56FE55" box="[1268,1376,412,434]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="mm" value="119.5">119.5 mm</quantity>
SL
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2760734FCB6BAF18C4AF9E6" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FCB6BAF18C36FC3D" blockId="13.[827,1443,473,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCB6BAF18DD1FE0A" box="[827,1255,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
Diagnosis: 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FC35BAF18DD1FE0A" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[952,1255,473,495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">Paramormyrops sphekodes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2760734FB63BAF28DCDFC3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767310" collectionCode="BD, EOD" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" specimenCode="BD 15.4, 17.31" specimenCount="1">
is distinguished from all other 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FC6FBAD38DACFDE9" authorityName="SPHEKODES (SAUVAGE" authorityYear="1879" box="[994,1178,504,525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC6FBAD38DACFDE9" box="[994,1178,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by this combination of characters: 5 teeth in upper-jaw, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FB13B93D8DFEFDC8" box="[1182,1224,534,556]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
lower; 12 circumpeduncular scales; sharp head profile, V-shaped when viewed from above; snout angle 48–56° corresponding to an interorbital width 1–1.36 times the snout length; 
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FCB6B9BA8AA1FD43" box="[827,919,657,679]" collectionCode="BD" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">BD 15.4</specimenCode>
– 
<specimenCode id="20441175F2760734FC28B9BA8AD7FD43" box="[933,993,657,679]" collectionCode="BD" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">17.31</specimenCode>
% SL, 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FBA6B9BA8D66FD42" box="[1067,1104,657,678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">BD</collectionCode>
at pectoral fin 84–94% 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FAD2B9BA8CB2FD42" box="[1375,1412,657,678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">BD</collectionCode>
at urogenital pore; eye diameter 13–16% HL measured from snout tip to posterior edge of bony operculum; snout length 24–27% HL; ratio of HL to depth (HLx/ HDx, measured from radiographs) 1.1–1.24; HL 21–23% SL; 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FCEBB8018AA8FCDB" box="[870,926,810,831]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">EOD</collectionCode>
waveform with two phases, head-positive then negative, 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2760734FC26B8628AD2FCBA" box="[939,996,841,862]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">EOD</collectionCode>
duration 1.635 ± 0.226 ms with a corresponding power spectrum peak at 1573 ± 531 Hz; electric organ composed of 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FBE3B8AC8DA9FC78" box="[1134,1183,903,924]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">type</typeStatus>
NPp electrocytes, that is having 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC3DB88D8AF2FC5F" box="[944,964,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">N</emphasis>
on- 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC67B88D8ACCFC5F" box="[1002,1018,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P</emphasis>
enetrating stalks innervated on the 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCB6B8EF8A7FFC3D" box="[827,841,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">p</emphasis>
osterior face of the cell (
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FBDFB8EF8DC4FC3D" author="Hopkins CD" box="[1106,1266,964,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="461 - 491" refId="ref23259" refString="Hopkins CD. 1999. Signal evolution in electric communication. In: Hauser MD, Konishi M, eds. The design of animal communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 461 - 491." type="book chapter" year="1999">Hopkins, 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760734FCB6BF288C4AF9E6" blockId="13.[827,1446,1026,1907]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCB6BF288D0FFBF3" box="[827,1081,1026,1048]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Comparison with other</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FBB2BF288C02FBFC" authority=": With" authorityName="With" box="[1087,1332,1026,1048]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FBB2BF288DC7FBFC" box="[1087,1265,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
: With
</taxonomicName>
five teeth in the upper jaw and six in the lower, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB5CBF098C61FBD2" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1233,1367,1057,1079]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB5CBF098C61FBD2" box="[1233,1367,1057,1079]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCFBBF6B8D58FBB1" box="[886,1134,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCFBBF6B8AC6FBB1" authorityName="Audenaerde" authorityYear="1985" box="[886,1008,1088,1109]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hopkinsi">P. hopkinsi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FC77BF6B8D58FBB1" baseAuthorityName="Poll" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1018,1134,1088,1109]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacksoni">P. jacksoni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB2BBF6B8C2EFBB1" authorityName="Poll" authorityYear="1972" box="[1190,1304,1088,1109]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tavernei">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB2BBF6B8C2EFBB1" box="[1190,1304,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. tavernei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have seven or more teeth in the upper jaw and eight or more in the lower jaw. With 12 circumpeduncular scales, it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCF4BFB78D0EFB55" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[889,1080,1180,1201]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCF4BFB78D0EFB55" box="[889,1080,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. longicaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the undescribed species coded in 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2760734FCD5BF918D75FB34" author="Sullivan JP &amp; Lavoue S &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[856,1091,1210,1232]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" pagination="597 - 616" refId="ref24861" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. 2002. Discovery and phylogenetic analysis of a riverine species flock of African electric fishes (Mormyridae, Teleostei). Evolution 56: 597 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">
Sullivan 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC33BF908AC0FB2B" box="[958,1014,1210,1232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FBE7BF908C61FB2B" box="[1130,1367,1210,1232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
P. sp. ‘OFF’, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB7EBF908C61FB2B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[1267,1367,1210,1232]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batesii">P. batesii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FA02BF908AA0FB0A" authorityName="Poll" authorityYear="1972" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tavernei">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FA02BF908AA0FB0A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. tavernei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which all have 16 or more. With its relatively sharp V-shaped head profile, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB05BFD38C23FAE8" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1160,1301,1271,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB05BFD38C23FAE8" box="[1160,1301,1271,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCB6BE3C8AA8FACF" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[827,926,1302,1324]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batesii">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCB6BE3C8AA8FACF" box="[827,926,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. batesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC26BE3C8C47FAC8" box="[939,1393,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FC26BE3C8D09FACF" authorityName="Taverne, Thys van den Audenaerde, &amp; Heymer" authorityYear="1977" box="[939,1087,1302,1324]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabonensis">P. gabonensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FBC7BE3C8DC4FACF" authorityName="Nichols &amp; Griscom" authorityYear="1917" box="[1098,1266,1302,1324]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="retrodorsalis">P. retrodorsalis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB70BE3C8C47FAC8" authorityName="Poll" authorityYear="1972" box="[1277,1393,1303,1324]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tavernei">P. tavernei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCB6BE1D8AFAFAAE" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[827,972,1333,1355]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Pollimyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kingsleyae">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCB6BE1D8AFAFAAE" box="[827,972,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. kingsleyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which have distinctly blunt or U-shaped snouts. 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FC18BE7F8D13FA8C" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[917,1061,1363,1385]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FC18BE7F8D13FA8C" box="[917,1061,1363,1385]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FBD3BE7F8DA6FA8D" box="[1118,1168,1364,1385]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">type</typeStatus>
NPp electrocytes in its electric organ, as do seven other 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB3CBE588C95FA6C" authority="from" authorityName="FROM" box="[1201,1443,1394,1416]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="638" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB3CBE588C51FA6C" box="[1201,1383,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
from
</taxonomicName>
Lower 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2760734FC07BEBA8AE9FA43" box="[906,991,1425,1447]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, while 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FBBCBEB98DAEFA42" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[1073,1176,1425,1447]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batesii">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FBBCBEB98DAEFA42" box="[1073,1176,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. batesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB5EBEB98C52FA42" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1235,1380,1425,1447]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Pollimyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kingsleyae">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB5EBEB98C52FA42" box="[1235,1380,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. kingsleyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have electric organs composed of electrocytes with penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face (
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2760734FB7DBEE58C1EFA07" box="[1264,1320,1486,1507]" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Type</typeStatus>
Pa). These characters are summarized in the key and in 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2760734FAA6BEC68C42F9E7" box="[1323,1396,1517,1539]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[163,241,1274,1296]" captionTargetBox="[324,1282,196,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-190@29.[323,1283,195,1234]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Nine species of Paramormyrops from Lower Guinea showing, from left to right, head shape viewed from above, the outline of the body, and representative female and male EOD waveforms. Head shapes are camera lucida tracings of the holotypes for each species from the snout to end of opercular opening. The first six have sharp V-shaped head profiles and the last three have relatively blunt U-shaped heads. All but the last two have electric organs composed of Type NPp electrocytes (exhibiting Non-Penetrating stalks innervated on the posterior face). The last two have electric organs composed of Type Pa electrocytes (with Penetrating stalks innervated on the anterior face). All known mormyrids with Type Pa electrocytes have an initial, head-negative peak, P0, in the EOD waveform as illustrated here for P.kingsleyae. The P0 peak is absent in all species with Type NPp electrocytes. The EOD of P. batesii is unknown, but the electric organ is composed of Type Pa electrocytes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711078/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2760737FCDEBD278B6AFEFC" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="627" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2760737FCDEBD278B6AFEFC" blockId="13.[827,1446,1026,1907]" lastBlockId="14.[145,762,197,464]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="627" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCDEBD278DB4F9C4" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[851,1154,1547,1569]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCDEBD278DB4F9C4" box="[851,1154,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Paramormyrops sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FA98BD278C95F9C5" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[1301,1443,1548,1569]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FA98BD278C95F9C5" box="[1301,1443,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in head and snout shape. Head and shout are shorter, deeper and more rounded when viewed laterally in 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FA02BD628A9BF998" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FA02BD628A9BF998" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FBCABD438C59F999" box="[1095,1391,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FBCABD438DE0F999" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[1095,1238,1640,1661]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">P. curvifrons</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB6DBD438C59F999" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[1248,1391,1640,1661]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">P. curvifrons</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
also has a downward sloping forehead, protruding snout and enlarged chin. The ratio of HL to SL is 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FABEBD8E8A64F93D" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.400799999999999" metricValueMax="6.832599999999999" metricValueMin="5.968999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="in" value="25.2" valueMax="26.9" valueMin="23.5">23.5–26.9 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCD4BDEF8AD1F93C" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[857,999,1731,1753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCD4BDEF8AD1F93C" box="[857,999,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, higher than 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2760734FB0EBDE88C39F93D" box="[1155,1295,1731,1753]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.702299999999999" metricValueMax="5.9436" metricValueMin="5.461" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" unit="in" value="22.45" valueMax="23.4" valueMin="21.5">21.5–23.4 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FA9BBDEF8C94F93C" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1302,1442,1731,1753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FA9BBDEF8C94F93C" box="[1302,1442,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2760734FCCEBDC98AA5F91C" box="[835,915,1762,1784]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2760734FC10BDC98AC6F913" box="[925,1008,1762,1784]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[141,205,403,425]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics and meristics from 53 specimens of Paramormyrops" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Table 2</tableCitation>
), while the ratio of HD to HL (external measurement using callipers) is reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FACFBC2A8A40F8D0" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FACFBC2A8A40F8D0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FB9EBC0B8D94F8D0" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1043,1186,1823,1845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FB9EBC0B8D94F8D0" box="[1043,1186,1823,1845]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2760734FB3FBC348C33F8D1" box="[1202,1285,1823,1845]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). The ratio of pre-pectoral distance to pre-dorsal distance is greater in 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FCDBBC768AD4F896" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[854,994,1885,1906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FCDBBC768AD4F896" box="[854,994,1885,1906]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2760734FBF8BC768DC9F896" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1141,1279,1885,1906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="626" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2760734FBF8BC768DC9F896" box="[1141,1279,1885,1906]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2760734FA81BC768C6CF897" box="[1292,1370,1885,1907]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2760737FAE9BC7689A9FF3E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[141,205,403,425]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics and meristics from 53 specimens of Paramormyrops" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="627" pageId="13" pageNumber="626">Table 2</tableCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FF6EBBED8846FF3E" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[227,368,197,219]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FF6EBBED8846FF3E" box="[227,368,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a significantly narrower snout than 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FF41BBCE8861FF1D" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[204,343,228,250]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FF41BBCE8861FF1D" box="[204,343,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
measured by either snout angle (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FD43BBCF8984FEFC" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
) or ratio IOW/SNL (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FE11BA2988DBFEFC" box="[412,493,258,280]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2750737FE74BA298B7AFEFC" box="[505,588,258,280]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[141,205,403,425]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics and meristics from 53 specimens of Paramormyrops" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2750737FF24BA098B99FE34" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FF24BA098B99FE34" blockId="14.[145,762,197,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FF24BA0988FCFED2" ID-CoL="4D3VQ" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[169,458,289,311]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FF24BA0988FCFED2" box="[169,458,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Paramormyrops sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most easily confused with the species referred to above as SN4, but SN4 may be recognized by its much longer duration EOD, and by subtle morphometric characters discussed above and illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FF20BAB789C6FE55" box="[173,240,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[808,892,747,769]" captionTargetBox="[814,1421,196,708]" captionTargetId="figure-710@6.[813,1421,195,708]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while ‘*’ indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘+’ indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711044/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Figs 3</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FEABBAB78805FE55" box="[294,307,412,433]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,245,711,733]" captionTargetBox="[324,1283,196,671]" captionTargetId="figure-484@7.[323,1283,195,671]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. The short EOD and SN4 Paramormyrops differ in the ratio of head length (HL) to head depth (HD) when measurements are taken from radiographs. (A) HLx/HDx is plotted against standard length for 41 specimens including short EOD specimens (n = 9, blue circles), SN4 specimens (n = 30, red squares) and the two existing types (* = lectotype of P. sphekodes and ‘x’ = the paralectotype). Solid lines show linear regression lines showing that head shape changes little with overall size. The measurements of the lectotype (LT) of P. sphekodes (MNHN-A893) and paralectotype (PLT) (MNHN 1998-1050) identify the short EOD individuals as P. sphekodes. The specimens with SN4-type EODs belong to a new species (red * indicates the new species holotype). Specimen 1185 is shown in x-ray in C. (B) Non-overlapping histograms of HLx/ HDx allow for good diagnosis of the two EOD types even if no EOD is available, as with the two types of P. sphekodes. (C) Radiographs of two specimens (Specimen CUMV 98134 tag number JPS-1185, an SN4 fish and MNHN-A893) illustrate landmarks used for measuring HLx and HDx (see Material and Methods). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711046/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">4</figureCitation>
. Other distinguishing characters are presented below in the description of the new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2750737FF1CBAD38C65FEB2" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="description">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FF1CBAD38BC6FDAF" blockId="14.[145,761,504,771]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FF1CBAD3882FFDE9" box="[145,281,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Description:</emphasis>
Based on the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2750737FE38BAD38B2DFDEA" box="[437,539,504,526]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FDACBAD38B47FDE9" box="[545,625,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[146,232,680,702]" captionTargetBox="[150,757,196,641]" captionTargetId="figure-634@2.[149,757,195,641]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage’s original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711038/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
(above) and 1B and 10 other specimens, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2750737FE52B93D8B00FDC8" box="[479,566,534,556]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[141,205,403,425]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics and meristics from 53 specimens of Paramormyrops" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Table 2</tableCitation>
. 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FDC8B93D8B9FFDC8" box="[581,681,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[145,227,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-687@14.[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711056/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Figure 7</figureCitation>
shows 
<specimenCount id="66E47287F2750737FF1CB91E8800FDAF" box="[145,310,565,587]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
in photographs of live fish in the field.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FF24B97F8C65FEB2" blockId="14.[145,761,504,771]" lastBlockId="14.[809,1426,197,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
A small-bodied 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FED8B97F8B3DFD8D" box="[341,523,596,617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FED8B97F8B3DFD8D" box="[341,523,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the largest is a male, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2750737FF1CB95889D9FD6C" box="[145,239,627,648]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" unit="mm" value="133.0">133 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2750737FEABB95988B2FD6C" box="[294,388,626,648]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" unit="mm" value="153.0">153 mm</quantity>
TL. Body laterally compressed, maximum width at opercular bones. Viewed laterally, dorsal and ventral profile nearly parallel from behind the head to the first anal ray. Median BD 16.1% SL at pectoral fin, 17.6% SL at the urogenital pore. The ratio of these two BDs 84–89%, indicating that the depth changes little from anterior to posterior of the body anterior of the anal fin. Caudal peduncle length 17–20% SL, slightly wider at its origin than middle, depth 25–29% CPL. Lobes of caudal fin rounded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2750737FCCCBA758C3BFDAE" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FCCCBA758C3BFDAE" blockId="14.[809,1426,197,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
Lateral head profile above eye usually gently convex to very slightly concave in some individuals (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FB75BA568C03FE77" box="[1272,1333,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[145,227,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-687@14.[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711056/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
, #1214). Snout short and smoothly rounded (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FB43BAB78C39FE55" box="[1230,1295,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[145,227,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-687@14.[149,757,835,1699]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711056/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Forehead downward-sloping from halfway between opercular opening and snout tip. Tip of the snout one half eye diameter below the ventral margin of the eye. Viewed dorsally, head and snout V-shaped or sharp, median snout angle 53.6°, less sharp than 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FB97B91D8D94FDAE" ID-CoL="4D3VF" authorityName="Audenaerde, Heymer &amp; Gery" authorityYear="1977" box="[1050,1186,565,587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curvifrons">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FB97B91D8D94FDAE" box="[1050,1186,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">P. curvifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2750737FB3DB91E8DC9FDAF" box="[1200,1279,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[146,224,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-69@8.[305,1265,195,1544]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by ‘*’ symbols and paratypes are indicated by ‘x’ symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711050/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2750736FCCCB97F8A33FE56" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="628" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="description">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FCCCB97F8CA4FC99" blockId="14.[809,1426,197,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Mouth small, rictus directly beneath nares. Chin protrudes slightly below gular region, not extending beyond snout. Eye small, ED 11–14% HL, positioned mid-laterally. Eye socket forms pale ring around pigmented eye, with gold iris and dark centre. IOW 26.8–29.3% HL. Anterior naris about 1/3 distance from snout tip to eye, slightly below line drawn through centre of eye, posterior naris halfway between anterior naris and eye, at about level of eye’s lower margin. Opercular opening begins anterior to base of pectoral fin. POL 60–68% HL.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FCCCB8AD8C68FA63" blockId="14.[809,1426,197,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Pectoral-fin origin beneath posterior terminus of opercular opening, slightly below mid-horizontal line, length 12.4–17.0% SL, 11 rays. Pelvic-fin origin at 35.0– 38.8% SL, length 9.2–10.8% SL, positioned ventrally, 6 rays. Dorsal-fin origin at 64–65% SL; anterior margin gently convex, trailing margin concave in first third, remainder levels off at ½ DFH. Maximum height 62.3– 79.2% DFL, 20–23 total rays. Anal-fin origin slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin: dorsal-fin origin above seventh (fifth branched) anal-fin ray. Anal fin mirrors general shape of dorsal fin, maximum height 45.2–65.0% AFL. In males, anterior AFR thickened and stiff with a noticeable notch at the base of the anal fin, spanning anterior half of anal-fin base. End of anal-fin base terminus directly beneath end of dorsal-fin base, rays 24–28. Lobes of caudal fin rounded, equal, slightly wider than caudal peduncle, deeply cleft, scaled at their bases.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FCCCBEA48C61F8F1" blockId="14.[809,1426,197,1813]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
Scales fine, cycloid, absent from head. Pierced lateral line scales, 63–68 based on recent specimens (
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2750737FADDBE858A6DFA06" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
= 72, significantly fewer than Sauvage’s description of 85 which must have been total scales rather than pierced scales). Our counts of lateral line scales on the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2750737FCF7BD028AD5F9DB" box="[890,995,1577,1599]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
are unreliable because of damage to the specimen, other counts and measurements for the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2750737FCA4BD4D8AA5F998" box="[809,915,1638,1660]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
are indicated separately from other specimens in 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2750737FC07BDAE8AEBF97E" box="[906,989,1669,1691]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[141,205,403,425]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics and meristics from 53 specimens of Paramormyrops" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Table 2</tableCitation>
. Scales between lateral line and anterior base of dorsal fin 9–11, 10–15 scale rows between pelvic fin and lateral line. Circumpeduncular scales 12. Vertebrae: 43–45 total, 18–19 precaudal, 24–26 caudal. Teeth bicuspid, 
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upper, 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2750737FB3FBDD48DE8F8F1" box="[1202,1246,1791,1813]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
lower jaw.
</paragraph>
<caption id="249DE986F2750737FF1CBDE18896F897" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711056" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5711056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711056/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" startId="14.[145,227,1738,1760]" targetBox="[149,757,835,1699]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750737FF1CBDE18896F897" blockId="14.[145,761,1738,1907]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FF1CBDE189C9F93B" bold="true" box="[145,255,1738,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Five specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2750737FE57BDE08B55F93B" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[474,611,1738,1760]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="627" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FE57BDE08B55F93B" box="[474,611,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2750736FCA4BC168A33FE56" blockId="14.[809,1425,1853,1905]" lastBlockId="15.[163,779,197,434]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="628" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2750737FCA4BC168A91F8B6" box="[809,935,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="627">Coloration:</emphasis>
All fins with lightly pigmented rays, membranes hyaline. Dark band absent between dorsal and anal fins. Body darker dorsally, lighter ventrally. When alive, tan-brown body with yellow-olive or golden accents on top of head, back, and belly. Mouth, chin, and gular region unpigmented, whitish. Many small unpigmented spots and pores over electroreceptors (mormyromast and ampullary organs) visible on top of head and back, with fewer, large white spots (knollenorgans) on head. Preserved specimens uniform greyish-brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2740736FF2EBAF28BF4FCC5" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FF2EBAF28BF4FCC5" blockId="15.[163,780,473,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FF2EBAF2888AFE0A" box="[163,444,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Electric organ discharge:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C08AB353F2740736FE49BAF28B8DFCC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3408767304" collectionCode="EOD" latitude="0.32" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-0.94" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" specimenCount="1">
Short biphasic pulses – head positive first then head negative – average duration, 0.851 ± 0.352 ms (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FEEBB93D88E7FDC8" box="[358,465,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[145,223,1256,1278]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-102@16.[305,1265,195,1216]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 8A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2740736FE54B93D8B1FFDC8" box="[473,553,534,556]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[141,205,745,767]" captionText="Table 3. Electric organ discharge waveform measurements for three species of Paramormyrops" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Table 3</tableCitation>
). First positive peak, P1, width W1 0.519 ± 0.194 ms (range: 
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2740736FDDBB91E8BA4FDAE" box="[598,658,565,586]" degrees="0.320" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" precision="55" value="0.32">0.320</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="15D6DFC9F2740736FD1FB91E8BEAFDAE" box="[658,732,565,586]" degrees="0.940" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" precision="55" value="-0.94">–0.940</geoCoordinate>
ms) – 1.6 times longer than width W2. First-time derivative of 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2740736FF30B95889C2FD6C" box="[189,244,627,648]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">EOD</collectionCode>
rises smoothly from baseline with a single peak before P1 (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FEADB9BA8845FD42" box="[288,371,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[145,223,1256,1278]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-102@16.[305,1265,195,1216]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
). Power spectrum of 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2740736FDE5B9BA8B96FD42" box="[616,672,657,678]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">EOD</collectionCode>
peaks at 1910 ± 540 Hz 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FEC9B99B887AFD21" box="[324,332,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">(</emphasis>
n = 9, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2740736FE01B99B88ECFD21" box="[396,474,688,710]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[141,205,745,767]" captionText="Table 3. Electric organ discharge waveform measurements for three species of Paramormyrops" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Table 3</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FE6BB99B8B54FD21" box="[486,610,688,710]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,243,1028,1050]" captionTargetBox="[404,1203,197,988]" captionTargetId="figure-501@23.[403,1203,195,989]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution map of West-Central Africa showing collection localities of specimens of P. sphekodes (blue), P. ntotom sp. nov. (red) and P. curvifrons (green). Stars mark collection locations of holotypes (or lectotype) and circles mark locations of other specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711062/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 10 D, E</figureCitation>
). Other quantitative measurements of EODs are summarized in 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2740736FD31B9E58A3DFD00" box="[700,779,718,740]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[141,205,745,767]" captionText="Table 3. Electric organ discharge waveform measurements for three species of Paramormyrops" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Table 3</tableCitation>
using reference landmarks illustrated for the biphasic 
<collectionCode id="16F321CBF2740736FF2EB82789ECFCC5" box="[163,218,780,801]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">EOD</collectionCode>
in 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FF76B827887FFCC5" box="[251,329,780,802]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[145,223,1256,1278]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-102@16.[305,1265,195,1216]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
and its power spectrum in 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FDE3B8278B8DFCC5" box="[622,699,780,802]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[145,223,1256,1278]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-102@16.[305,1265,195,1216]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2740736FF36B8018B69FAAD" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FF36B8018B69FAAD" blockId="15.[163,780,473,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
Several other species of 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2740736FE4DB8008B44FCA4" box="[448,626,811,832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FE4DB8008B44FCA4" box="[448,626,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with biphasic EODs possess electric organs composed of electrocytes with 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FF51B84389C6FC99" box="[220,240,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">N</emphasis>
on- 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FE9FB8438814FC99" box="[274,290,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P</emphasis>
enetrating stalks that are innervated on the 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FF2EB8AC8987FC78" box="[163,177,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">p</emphasis>
osterior faces of each cell (
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2740736FE68B8AD8B29FC7F" box="[485,543,902,923]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Type</typeStatus>
NPp 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FDEFB8AC8A32FC7F" author="Bennett MVL" box="[610,772,902,924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="347 - 491" refId="ref22248" refString="Bennett MVL. 1971. Electric organs. In: Hoar W, Randall DJ, eds. Fish physiology. New York: Academic Press, 347 - 491." type="book chapter" year="1971">Bennett, 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FF2EB88E8828FC5F" author="Bass AH" box="[163,286,933,955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="13 - 70" refId="ref22089" refString="Bass AH. 1986. Electric organs revisited: evolution of a vertebrate communication and orientation organ. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W, eds. Electroreception. New York: Wiley, 13 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1986">Bass, 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FEA6B88E8B27FC5E" author="Sullivan JP &amp; Lavoue S &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[299,529,933,955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="665 - 683" refId="ref24816" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. 2000. Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 665 - 683." type="journal article" year="2000">
Sullivan 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FE19B88D88FBFC5E" box="[404,461,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FD92B88E8BCAFC5E" author="Gallant JR &amp; Arnegard ME &amp; Sullivan JP &amp; Carlson BA &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[543,764,933,955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="799 - 817" refId="ref22917" refString="Gallant JR, Arnegard ME, Sullivan JP, Carlson BA, Hopkins CD. 2011. Signal variation and its morphological correlates in Paramormyrops kingsleyae provide insight into the evolution of electrogenic signal diversity in mormyrid electric fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 197: 799 - 817." type="journal article" year="2011">
Gallant 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FDF2B88D8B8EFC5E" box="[639,696,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Other species in this and other genera produce triphasic EODs (three peaks), beginning with a small head-negative phase P0, in advance of the larger head-positive phase P1, and the final head-negative phase P2. In all species with triphasic EODs, the electric organs are composed of electrocytes with 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FE4DBF7588E6FB97" box="[448,464,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P</emphasis>
enetrating stalks innervated on the 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FF61BF5789CCFB75" box="[236,250,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">a</emphasis>
nterior face of each cell (
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2740736FD8CBF578B0FFB75" box="[513,569,1148,1169]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Type</typeStatus>
Pa in 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FDF7BF57886FFB4B" author="Alves-Gomes J &amp; Hopkins CD" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="324 - 350" refId="ref21921" refString="Alves-Gomes J, Hopkins CD. 1997. Molecular insights into the phylogeny of mormyriform fishes and the evolution of their electric organs. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 49: 324 - 350." type="journal article" year="1997">Alves-Gomes &amp; Hopkins 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Inspection of the EODs of all 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2740736FD3ABFB089D7FB2A" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FD3ABFB089D7FB2A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reveals that the P0 peak is absent, even when the discharge trace is expanded 20 times by amplification (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FF26BFDD89CFFAEF" box="[171,249,1270,1292]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[145,223,1256,1278]" captionTargetBox="[306,1265,196,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-102@16.[305,1265,195,1216]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Electric organ discharges (EODs) from P. sphekodes. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes specimen CUMV 98177 (tag JPS-1238), a male from type locality showing normalized voltage as a function of time, that is 1.0 V peak-to-peak. Head positivity is upwards on all traces. There are two peaks to the waveform: P1, which is head-positive, and P2, which is headnegative. EOD duration is measured between points marked by open circles – the first and last points exceed ±0.02 V. W1 and W2 are the widths of the first and second peaks. The thin line is a 20× vertical expansion of the waveform which rises gradually from the baseline with no indication of a head-negative pre-pulse, P0, that is present in some other species. The final overshoot, due to AC-coupling of the amplifier, is absent when making DC-coupled recordings. The dashed line indicates the zero baseline. (B) Time derivative, dV/dt, of EOD waveform in (A) has a single positive peak (arrow) in advance of peak P1 and there is no inflection point on the rising phase before P1. (C) EODs from nine specimens of P. sphekodes showing the stereotypy of the species waveform. After normalization to unity peak-to-peak height, all EODs are centred on the zero-crossing between P1 and P2 [zc in (A)]. Males are plotted in blue and females are plotted in red. (D) Power spectral density of EODs of P. sphekodes in (A) with its maximum power at 1125 Hz. Flow and Fhi are the frequencies where the spectral power drops 3 dB below the peak power of the FFT. The bandwidth of the power spectrum is Fhi–Flow. (E) Superimposed power spectra for the nine EODs shown in (C) with peak frequencies marked with ‘x’. Axes units are as in D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711058/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
, thin trace), suggesting that the electric organ is composed of 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2740736FEA1BE3E8855FACE" box="[300,355,1301,1322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Type</typeStatus>
NPp electrocytes. This is confirmed by dissection and histology shown in 
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FD96BE1F8B61FAAD" box="[539,599,1332,1354]" captionStart="Figure9" captionStartId="22.[145,223,1012,1034]" captionTargetBox="[213,693,195,972]" captionTargetId="figure-595@22.[213,693,195,972]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure9. Histologyofpara-sagittalsectionofparalectotype of P. sphekodes specimen MNHN 1998-1050 (Female, 98.7 mm, SL) shows electrocytes of type NPp (Non-Penetrating stalks with posterior innervation). The specimen, collected from Doumé Falls by Alfred Marche in 1876–1877 and preserved in alcohol, was embedded in plastic, sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife at 7 µm and stained with toluidine blue. E = main body of the electrocyte; anterior = anterior face of electrocyte; post = posterior face of same electrocyte; c = collagen layer separating two electrocytes; S = stalk of electrocyte which is innervated by the axons from the electromotor nerve (not shown); s = stalklets, or small branches from a dividing stalk that eventually fuse with posterior face of the electrocyte. Stalks are innervated on the posterior side of the electrocyte and all branches of the stalk system remain posterior to the main body of the electrocyte without crossing to the opposite or anterior side." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711060/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2740736FF36BE798BA4F895" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FF36BE798BA4F895" blockId="15.[163,780,473,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
Like many other mormyrids, 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2740736FD99BE788B93FA83" ID-CoL="4D3VQ" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[532,677,1362,1384]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FD99BE788B93FA83" box="[532,677,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P. sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits a sex difference in EOD waveform duration. One male recorded near the end of the rainy season in 
<date id="045C9FCEF2740736FD16BEBB8A3DFA41" box="[667,779,1424,1445]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" value="2011-05">May 2011</date>
had the longest EODs in all our EOD recordings (1.60 ms), but other, smaller males recorded early in the rainy season of 
<date id="045C9FCEF2740736FED8BEC78B38F9E5" box="[341,526,1516,1538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" value="2014-09">September 2014</date>
had EODs more similar to those of females. The averages of male and female EOD durations do not differ significantly (Student’s 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FD63BD018BC1F9DB" box="[750,759,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">t</emphasis>
= 1.439, d.f. = 7, 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FECCBD638867F9B9" box="[321,337,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P</emphasis>
= 0.19, 
<tableCitation id="3D608CB5F2740736FE2BBD6388CEF9B9" box="[422,504,1608,1630]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[141,205,745,767]" captionText="Table 3. Electric organ discharge waveform measurements for three species of Paramormyrops" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Table 3</tableCitation>
). In all adult males with 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FF2EBD4C89F2F998" box="[163,196,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">SL</emphasis>
&gt; 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2740736FF53BD4D880DF998" box="[222,315,1638,1660]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
, we note that the ratio of the width of the second peak, W2, to total duration, DT, is greater than for that for females (Student’s 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FD8BBD8F8B39F95D" box="[518,527,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">t</emphasis>
= 2.99, 
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FDE6BD8F8B4DF95D" box="[619,635,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">P</emphasis>
= 0.03). The ratio of W1 to DT is correspondingly less for males. The variation seen for male EODs might be a reflection of seasonal changes in male pulses which begin to elongate before or shortly after the onset of the rains when most mormyrids breed (
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FE38BC168B6DF8B6" author="Hopkins CD" box="[437,603,1853,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref23206" refString="Hopkins CD. 1980. Evolution of electric communication channels of mormyrids. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 7: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1980">Hopkins, 1980</bibRefCitation>
, 1981; 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FD26BC16880FF895" author="Hopkins CD &amp; Bass AH" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="85 - 87" refId="ref23328" refString="Hopkins CD, Bass AH. 1981. Temporal coding of species recognition signals in an electric fish. Science 212: 85 - 87." type="journal article" year="1981">Hopkins &amp; Bass, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FEC9BC778B09F895" author="Bass AH &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[324,575,1883,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="971 - 974" refId="ref22128" refString="Bass AH, Hopkins CD. 1983. Hormonal control of sexual differentiation: changes in electric organ discharge waveform. Science 220: 971 - 974." type="journal article" year="1983">Bass &amp; Hopkins, 1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FDC1BC708BB5F895" author="Bass AH &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[588,643,1883,1905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="587 - 604" refId="ref22156" refString="Bass AH, Hopkins CD. 1985. Hormonal control of sex differences in the electric organ discharge (EOD) of mormyrid fishes. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 156: 587 - 604." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2740736FCB6BBEE8CB4FE0B" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FCB6BBEE8CB4FE0B" blockId="15.[827,1443,197,495]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
Distribution. In spite of several previous collecting trips to the lower, middle and upper Ogooué River of 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2740736FCB6BA298AB0FEFC" box="[827,902,258,280]" name="Gabon" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Gabon</collectingCountry>
in 1999, 2001 and 2002, our only collections of this species are from Doumé, the 
<typeStatus id="AF5907ACF2740736FB49BA0A8DC0FED2" box="[1220,1270,289,310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">type</typeStatus>
locality (2011, 2014), and the Sébé River, about 
<quantity id="B71A14EBF2740736FB4CBA148C3CFEB1" box="[1217,1290,319,341]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" unit="km" value="45.0">45 km</quantity>
from Doumé (2014). Both sites are within the 
<collectingRegion id="B22677ECF2740736FB21BA758C95FE90" box="[1196,1443,350,372]" country="Gabon" name="Ogooue-Lolo" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Ogooué-Lolo Province</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingCountry id="08F5F99EF2740736FCD4BA568A93FE77" box="[857,933,381,403]" name="Gabon" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FC38BA568D31FE76" box="[949,1031,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,243,1028,1050]" captionTargetBox="[404,1203,197,988]" captionTargetId="figure-501@23.[403,1203,195,989]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution map of West-Central Africa showing collection localities of specimens of P. sphekodes (blue), P. ntotom sp. nov. (red) and P. curvifrons (green). Stars mark collection locations of holotypes (or lectotype) and circles mark locations of other specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711062/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) and both are large river habitats with rocky bottoms, sandy substrate, with rushing water and rapids (
<figureCitation id="E8D9A58BF2740736FB96BA918D58FE2B" box="[1051,1134,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[145,224,888,910]" captionTargetBox="[353,1217,195,848]" captionTargetId="figure-430@24.[353,1217,195,848]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 11. (A, B) Collection localities near the rapids at Doumé (0.84245°S, +12.96249°E) on the Ogooué River of Gabon, where P. sphekodes is sympatric with P. ntotom sp. nov. (B) shows local villagers fishing with hoop nets at Doumé. (C, D) View of the Sébé River (0.93494°S, 13.35767°E) where the two species are also sympatric. Both habitats are moderate-sized rivers with gentle flow or rapids over rocky outcroppings, interspersed with sandy beaches, surrounded by dense rain forest. The Ogooué River is 75–100 m wide at Doumé, 3 m in depth, and the water had low conductivity (13.9 µs/cm) at pH 7.04 and 6.66 mg/L O2 (83.1% saturated) at 26.7 °C. The Sébé River is 55–75 m wide, approximately 3.1 m deep, 16.0 µs conductivity, 7.08 pH and 7.5 mg/L O2 (93.6% saturation) at 26.6°C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5711064/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); this species was absent from nearby streams and other smaller tributaries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F8EA85F2740736FCB6B93D8AA4FCE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FCB6B93D8AA4FD43" blockId="15.[827,1443,534,771]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FCB6B93D8A8FFDCF" box="[827,953,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">Etymology:</emphasis>
The name 
<taxonomicName id="B7E2C28DF2740736FBBFB93D8D92FDCF" authorityName="Sauvage. MNHN" authorityYear="1998" box="[1074,1188,534,555]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphekodes">
<emphasis id="4296651CF2740736FBBFB93D8D92FDCF" box="[1074,1188,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">sphekodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes from the Greek, σφήκα, for wasp, which may refer to the fish’s elongate and slender body (
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FB97B9788D80FD8D" author="Harder W" box="[1050,1206,595,617]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" refId="ref23132" refString="Harder W. 2000. The Mormyridae and other Osteoglossomorpha CD-ROM. 1.0 edn. New York: Springer-Verlag. World Biodiversity Database, CD-ROM Series, UNESCO Publishing." type="book" year="2000">Harder, 2000</bibRefCitation>
); however, 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FAB2B97F8A4FFD63" author="Sauvage HE" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="90 - 103" refId="ref24434" refString="Sauvage HE. 1879. Notice sur la faune ichtyologique de l'Ogooue. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique, Paris Ser, 7 3: 90 - 103." type="journal article" year="1879">Sauvage (1879</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FC0BB9598A8BFD63" author="Sauvage HE" box="[902,957,626,647]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="5 - 55" refId="ref24463" refString="Sauvage HE. 1880. Etude sur la faune ichthyologique de l'Ogooue. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 3: 5 - 55." type="journal article" year="1880">1880</bibRefCitation>
) gives no explanation for his name for this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705DB90EF2740736FCDEB9848AA4FCE7" blockId="15.[827,1443,534,771]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628">
The specimens referred to as ‘SN4’ above and in 
<bibRefCitation id="1473C4FFF2740736FCB6B9E58D28FD07" author="Sullivan JP &amp; Lavoue S &amp; Hopkins CD" box="[827,1054,718,740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="628" pagination="597 - 616" refId="ref24861" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. 2002. Discovery and phylogenetic analysis of a riverine species flock of African electric fishes (Mormyridae, Teleostei). Evolution 56: 597 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Sullivan et al. (2002</bibRefCitation>
, 2004) are here described as a new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>