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684 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ada89752-8f95-4d98-b58b-a4dc4055c437" ID-PMC="PMC7550392" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-973-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" ID-PubMed="33110372" ID-ZooBank="0D8FEF96BC1B437E81ABD70BFCDB314A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-973-35" checkinTime="1601957140039" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cook, Jerry L., Sites, Robert W. & Vitheepradit, Akekawat" docDate="2020" docId="31A8F396448B5857BFDD76558AA1C798" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 973: 35-68" docOrigin="ZooKeys 973" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" docTitle="Paraplea melanodera Cook 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="B9B8C42C-2439-4A6D-9FC3-9F038C3CF863" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" masterDocTitle="The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668169569168" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cook, Jerry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jcook@shsu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sites, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vitheepradit, Akekawat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>973</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-973-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0D8FEF96BC1B437E81ABD70BFCDB314A</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168237448" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B9B8C42C-2439-4A6D-9FC3-9F038C3CF863" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/31A8F396448B5857BFDD76558AA1C798" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName LSID="31A8F396-448B-5857-BFDD-76558AA1C798" authority="Cook" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera" status="sp. nov.">Paraplea melanodera Cook</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 18</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19, 20" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 19, 20. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. 19 prothoracic leg at the top, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below. 20 profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure19-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459255" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 19, 20</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 21. Ovipositor of Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459256" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 21</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22, 23" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 22, 23. Genital plates of Paraplea melanodera sp. nov.: 22 female, 23 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures22-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459257" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 22-23</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 24D</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">All measurements are in millimeters and were taken from 47 adult specimens from Thailand as reported in the distribution portion of this paper. Specimens used for this description are deposited at UMC and SHSU.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Body size</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Total length, 1.28-1.66 (average=1.49) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, B, D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 18" startId="F13">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 18.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
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female in lateral view with typical coloration.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
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dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
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frontal view of specimens in B.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
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female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Color</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Color may vary slightly among individuals (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, D</figureCitation>
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) but all specimens with a dark brown to black band at back of vertex of head. Base color of body usually light tan to golden-tan with some darker brown markings (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A</figureCitation>
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); although, some specimens have a base color almost white (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18C, D</figureCitation>
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). A few specimens with weak banding pattern of hemelytra (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, C</figureCitation>
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); honeycombing present but often sparse and difficult to see in some specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Head generally light brown, without markings except distinctive dark band posteriorly. Antenna three-segmented. Head width at widest point including eyes 0.62-074 (average 0.68), head width at narrowest point between eyes, 0.29-0.39 (average 0.34), OI 46-52 (average 49).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Pronotum</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Base color brown to light tan (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18C</figureCitation>
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), usually with lighter colored honeycombing apparent although often not observable throughout; most specimens without dark spots; without distinct humeral or lateral bulges: punctures present, ~ 0.02, spacing between punctures ~ 0.02; if honeycombing present, punctures located between honeycomb bars (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18C</figureCitation>
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); pronotum width 0.66-0.90 (average 0.78); pronotum length 0.42-0.57 (average 0.50); PI 56-73 (average 64).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wings</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Hemelytra complete to posterior; punctures evenly dispersed with only small distance between punctures, punctures not in rows, ~ 0.02 diameter, evenly spaced (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, C, D</figureCitation>
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); underlying honeycomb structure sometimes present; claval suture present (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18C, D</figureCitation>
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); scutellum with distinct punctures, usually without darkened center, more widely spaced than other punctures, punctures not in apparent order; scutellum base color more yellow than hemelytra; hemelytra without spots near margin but sometimes with broad vertical bands (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, C</figureCitation>
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); shape of hemelytra flat dorsally with posterior face at almost 45° angle (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18A, D</figureCitation>
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); scutellum often slightly wider than long, sometimes as long as wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 18. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. A female in lateral view with typical coloration. B dorsal view of a light colored morph that shows dark banding and typical minimum amount of honeycombing. C frontal view of specimens in B. D female showing a lighter colored lateral view without dark hemelytral bands." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459254" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">18C</figureCitation>
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), length 0.28-0.39 (average 0.34); scutellum width 0.31-0.48 (average 0.39); SI 103-128 (average 115). Hind wings membranous, fully developed, completely concealed by hemelytra.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Legs</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Coxae and trochanters relatively very long compared to most pleid species (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19, 20" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 19, 20. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. 19 prothoracic leg at the top, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below. 20 profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure19-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459255" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">19</figureCitation>
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); hairs numerous on all coxae, relatively long and common on tibiae an tarsi, thickened on prothoracic tibia and tarsus; small spines on prothoracic and mesothoracic femora, small number longer on prothoracic femur; base of prothoracic tibia darker than other parts of leg. Typical leg measurements: prothoracic leg coxa 0.20, trochanter 0.11, femur 0.42, tibia 0.29, first tarsomere 0.03, second tarsomere 0.13, pretarsal claw 0.07; mesothoracic leg coxa 0.25, trochanter 0.08, femur 0.35, tibia 0.29, first tarsomere 0.02, second tarsomere 0.14, pretarsal claw 0.06; metathoracic leg coxa 0.19, trochanter 0.13, femur 0.39, tibia 0.42, first tarsomere 0.03, second tarsomere 0.14, third tarsomere 0.15, pretarsal claw 0.12; several long hairs along ventral side of trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, especially along hind tarsus where some hairs reach 0.18.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Median ventral keel</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Thoracic portions distinctively shaped but often hidden by enlarged coxa; prosternal keel broadly rounded, with irregular edges; mesosternal keel narrow, distinctive finger-like projection posteriorly; metathoracic keel segment somewhat rounded with prominent cleft towards center, sometimes appearing to almost overlap first abdominal section; abdominal keel I somewhat rectangular, with distinct tooth, abdominal keel II somewhat square, posterior tooth, abdominal keel III and IV shaped like posteriorly projecting teeth, IV longer than III (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19, 20" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 19, 20. Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. 19 prothoracic leg at the top, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below. 20 profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure19-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459255" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">20</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure19-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459255" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 19, 20" startId="F14">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 19, 20.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">19</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
prothoracic leg at the top, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">20</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of female</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Ovipositor expanded apically (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 21. Ovipositor of Paraplea melanodera sp. nov. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459256" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">21</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); five distinct teeth along posterior border (apical row), two large teeth in ventral half, three smaller teeth in dorsal half; three teeth on ventral margin, decreasing in size basally. Two rows of three teeth each away from apex, three primary and three secondary; most specimens with one tertiary tooth; several hairs along basal region of gonapophysis 1 that can be seen under high magnification. Subgenital plate triangular, slightly wider than long (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22, 23" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 22, 23. Genital plates of Paraplea melanodera sp. nov.: 22 female, 23 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures22-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459257" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">22</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), width ~ 0.42, length ~ 0.37; central anterior area of plate raised above other parts, with v-shaped sub-apical prominence; rugose in basal one third; central region towards apex mildly rugose; two distinct tufts of longer hairs on each side of center near apex; other single hairs present, especially toward apex.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459256" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 21" startId="F15">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Ovipositor of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of male</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Aedeagus bulbous and somewhat asymmetrical in the typical fashion of family; operculum (subgenital plate), longer than wide (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22, 23" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 22, 23. Genital plates of Paraplea melanodera sp. nov.: 22 female, 23 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures22-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459257" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">23</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); width ~ 0.29, length ~ 0.33, rugulose in basal one third but only lightly rugose anterior to that region; central finger-like projection in center towards apex; central region raised above marginal areas; long hairs clumped near apex, other single hairs throughout.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures22-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459257" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figures 22, 23" startId="F16">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 22, 23.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Genital plates of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov.:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">22</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
female,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">23</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
appears to be a species found only in peninsular Thailand along the west coast (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Most of the known specimens are from ponds near the beach, thus it may be an endemic species to this region of Thailand.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 24" startId="F17">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 24.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Distribution records in Thailand of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lateromaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lateromaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. lateromaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type material">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Holotype</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: female, Thailand:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Trang Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, Amphur Sikao, pond at Chao Mai Beach,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="26.842" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.4473667">7°26.842'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="20.647" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.34412">99°20.647'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 3 m, 9 I 2006, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-907 (UMC).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(10 total): Thailand:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Krabi Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Amphur Mueang, Khlong Muang Beach,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.979" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04965">8°02.979'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="45.540" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.759">98°45.540'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 13 m, 8 I 2006, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-901 (3 paratypes UMC, 2 paratypes SHSU).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phang Nga Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Amphur Takua Pa, Nang Tong Beach, pond,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="38.906" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.648434">8°38.906'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="14.833" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.247215">98°14.833'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 16 m, 4 I 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-883 (2 paratypes UMC).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ranong Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Laem Son National Park, pond in front of officers house,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.118" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.601967">9°36.118'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.074" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.4679">98°28.074'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 2 VIII 2005, Vitheepradit, Prommi and Simpson, L-838 (1 paratype UMC); Laem Son National Park, pond near headquarters,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.247" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.604116">9°36.247'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.005" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.46675">98°28.005'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 3 I 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-875 (1 paratype UMC); Laem Son National Park, pond near headquarters,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.247" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.604116">9°36.247'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.002" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.4667">98°28.002'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 7 VI 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-922 (1 paratype UMC).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
Thailand,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Krabi Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Amphur Ko Lanta, Khlong Dao Beach pond,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="38.662" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.6443667">07°38.662'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="01.395" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.02325">99°01.395'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 10 m, 9 VIII 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit, Simpson and Prommi, L-865 (5 specimens UMC); Amphur Mueang, Khlong Muang Beach,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.979" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04965">8°02.979'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="45.540" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.759">98°45.540'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 13 m, 8 I 2006, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-901 (12 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phang Nga Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Amphur Khura Buri, Aow Kuey Beach, pond,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="18.005" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.300083">9°18.005'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="22.798" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.37997">98°22.798'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 5 m, 7 VI 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-924 (2 specimens UMC); Amphur Takua Pa, Nang Tong Beach pond,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="38.906" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.648434">8°38.906'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="14.833" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.247215">98°14.833'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 16 m, 4 I 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-883 (2 specimens UMC); Amphur Takua Pa, Tumbon Bang Nai Si, Ban Bang Yai,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="25.950" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.4325">8°25.950'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="23.192" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.386536">98°23.192'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 20 m, 8 VI 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-927 (2 specimens UMC); Khao Lampi-Hat Thai Mueang National Park, pond near beach,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="28.312" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.471867">8°28.312'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="13.672" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.22787">98°13.672'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 1 m, 2 VI 2005, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-824 (1 specimen UMC).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phuket Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Amphur Thalang, Jig peat swamp,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="08.772" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.1462">8°08.772'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.892" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.2982">98°17.892'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 23 m, 10 VI 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-942 (1 specimen UMC).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ranong Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Laem Son National Park, pond in front of officers house,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.118" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.601967">9°36.118'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.074" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.4679">98°28.074'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 7 VI 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-923 (1 specimen UMC); Laem Son National Park, pond near headquarters,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.247" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.604116">9°36.247'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.005" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.46675">98°28.005'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 2 VIII 2005, Vitheepradit, Prommi and Simpson, L-837 (2 specimens UMC); Laem Son National Park, pond near headquarters,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="36.247" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.604116">9°36.247'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="28.005" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.46675">98°28.005'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 7 VI 2006, Vitheepradit, Sites and Prommi, L-922 (5 specimens UMC).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Trang Province</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Tumbon Mai Fard, Ban Klong Maeng, pond,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="30.170" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.5028334">7°30.170'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="20.541" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.34235">99°20.541'E</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
, 6 m, 10 I 2006, Vitheepradit and Prommi, L-908 (4 specimens UMC).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
The specific epithet combines two Greek roots,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">melano</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
- meaning black and -
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">dero</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
meaning the neck. Thus, the name refers the distinct dark line at the back of the head, which is distinctive of this species and a character not found in other members of the genus.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
The distinctive character of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. is the dark band at the posterior margin of the head. This character is seen in all specimens of this species and is not observed in any other species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. also has a raised central portion of the subgenital plate in both sexes and is most pronounced in the mele. Other species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in Southeast Asia do not have this character state. The coxae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. are quite long.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea lateromaculata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateromaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea lateromaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. also has long coxae, but are comparably shorter than those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. Spines on the metathoracic femur are not common in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
but are present in both
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
also has spines on the prothoracic femur, including a couple that are longer than the others.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Characters" lsidName="Characters" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="genus">Characters</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
of the ventral keel, ovipositor, and subgenital plates also have distinct differences compared to other species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
In a study to determine the recovery of the lentic insect community following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, Sites & Vitheepradit (2010) sampled ponds along the Thai coastline at four time intervals, including beginning five months after the tsunami, which marked the end of the dry season.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea melanodera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. was collected in 11 of the 12 ponds inundated by the tsunami, including during the first sampling period, and in only two of the ten un-inundated reference ponds. The mean conductivity of all inundated ponds over all dates from which
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. was collected was 1,714
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="μS">μS</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
, including one at 13,040
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="μS">μS</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
. Conductivity of the reference ponds further inland was <100
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="μS">μS</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
and Indian Ocean seawater was over 41,000
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="μS">μS</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
. Thus, the waterbodies in which
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. occurred had distinctly elevated levels of salinity. It is likely that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. also occurs further north and south along the coastlines to Burma and Malaysia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
Distribution of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in mainland Southeast Asia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is one of the most widespread species of the genus and is prominent in Southeast Asia and beyond. In addition to the records reported here,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has also been reported in other studies.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 96" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" refId="B22" refString="Nieser, N, 2004. Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 79 - 96, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" title="Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" volume="52" year="2004">Nieser (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
stated that he had seen specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Thailand, but these remain unpublished. The first published record of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in Thailand did not appear until 2006 when it was reported from material collected in 1999 in Sakon Nakhon Province (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, P-P" journalOrPublisher="Denisia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="775 - 794" refId="B3" refString="Chen, P-P, Nieser, N, Sangpradub, N, 2006. Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species. Denisia 19: 775 - 794" title="Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species." volume="19" year="2006">Chen et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), which do not include those eluded to by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 96" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" refId="B22" refString="Nieser, N, 2004. Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 79 - 96, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" title="Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" volume="52" year="2004">Nieser (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
(Nico Nieser pers. comm.).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quinquemaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="quinquemaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. quinquemaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(now a synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) from specimens from northern Sumatra. This region is directly west of mainland Malaysia and is considered maritime Southeast Asia, although with the short geographic distance across the Andaman Sea, it is not unexpected that these regions share species.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
also reported two specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Lake Toba, northern Sumatra and from East Java. Both of these specimens are in maritime Southeast Asia.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 31" refId="B13" refString="Fernando, CH, 1961. Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal. Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore 30: 19 - 31" title="Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal." volume="30" year="1961">Fernando (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
collected
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(reported as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quinquemaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="quinquemaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. quinquemaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) at lights from Tanjong Karang, Selangor (Malaysia), which is close to the location of the Chapman specimens reported here.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Federation Museums Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="21 - 46" refId="B14" refString="Fernando, CH, Cheng, L, 1974. A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore. Federation Museums Journal 19: 21 - 46" title="A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore." volume="19" year="1974">Fernando and Cheng (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
mentioned that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(reported as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quinquemaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="quinquemaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. quinquemaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) was collected once from a pond in Singapore but also stated that this species had never been collected in Malaya (Malaysia) even though
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 31" refId="B13" refString="Fernando, CH, 1961. Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal. Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore 30: 19 - 31" title="Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal." volume="30" year="1961">Fernando (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
had previously reported it from this region.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="77 - 123" refId="B23" refString="Nieser, N, Chen, PP, 1999. Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142: 77 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" title="Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" volume="142" year="1999">Nieser and Chen (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
reported on numerous collections of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Sulawesi and Sumatra (Indonesia).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Esaki, T" journalOrPublisher="Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="123 - 130" refId="B10" refString="Esaki, T, 1940. Some aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 7: 123 - 130" title="Some aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from China." volume="7" year="1940">Esaki (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
reported four specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Chusan, which is an island off the southeastern coast of China. This region is not considered part of the political designation of Southeast Asia but is geographically close and this record would not be unusual with a mainland Southeast Asia species distribution.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Esaki, T" journalOrPublisher="Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="123 - 130" refId="B10" refString="Esaki, T, 1940. Some aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 7: 123 - 130" title="Some aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from China." volume="7" year="1940">Esaki (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
also stated that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is widely distributed in India, Indochina, China, Java, Sumatra, Nicobar Islands and Formosa. However, no specimen data or source of that information was provided, nor did he mention any other
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Pleidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="family">Pleidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from this region.
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esaki’s">Esaki's</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
distribution could include data from several species, or it might include undocumented distribution records for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" refId="B7" refString="Distant, WL, 1910. (published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" title="(published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" year="1910">Distant (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
used specimens from Calcutta and Madhupur, India to describe
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea pelopea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelopea">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea pelopea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, which is now a synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hafiz, HA" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="347 - 367" refId="B15" refString="Hafiz, HA, Pradhan, KS, 1947. Notes on a collection of aquatic Rhynchota from the Patna State, Orisa, with descriptions of two new species. Records of the Indian Museum 45: 347 - 367" title="Notes on a collection of aquatic Rhynchota from the Patna State, Orisa, with descriptions of two new species." volume="45" year="1947">Hafiz and Pradhan (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
also reported
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from the nearby locality of Patnagarh, India and further north at Gait Sarovar, Bolangir, India. These areas of India share many species with a mainland Southeast Asia distribution; thus, these records might not be considered unusual.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" author="Benzie, JAH" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="157 - 171" refId="B2" refString="Benzie, JAH, 1989. The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult. Hydrobiologia 179: 157 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" title="The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" volume="179" year="1989">Benzie (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
found
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from waterholes in Yala National Park in southeastern Sri Lanka.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
It is uncertain what factors influence the distribution of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. The limited number of collections that represent our knowledge of this species suggest that it is most common in mainland Southeast Asia, but its distribution extends to the north into eastern Asia in China and Taiwan, west to India and Sri Lanka, and south to maritime Southeast Asia on islands of Indonesia. This paper represents the only data where an area was more thoroughly collected, although even this effort provides fewer than 500 specimens. When these collections are plotted on a distribution map (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), there is no perceptible indication of reasons for this distribution. In fact, with more collections,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
may be found throughout nearly all provinces of Thailand.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
Another factor to consider is that what is reported as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
could be a species complex. This would not pertain to the distribution shown in Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24A</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
but could be a factor in reports in other areas of its distribution. There are noted morphological differences among specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from different parts of its range, including size differences, some differences in markings and other minor morphological variation. More study and many more specimens are needed to sort out this situation, probably including modern molecular comparisons of specimens from these various regions. Until this future study,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
will be considered a variable species with a wide distribution.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is widely distributed in Thailand and some predict that it could have the largest distribution of any species in the genus (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 31" refId="B13" refString="Fernando, CH, 1961. Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal. Bulletin of the National Museum, Singapore 30: 19 - 31" title="Notes on aquatic insects caught at light in Malay, with a discussion of their distribution and dispersal." volume="30" year="1961">Fernando 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Its distribution in Thailand (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) does not appear as extensive of that of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
but it is a common inhabitant within a wide geographic distribution.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Federation Museums Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="21 - 46" refId="B14" refString="Fernando, CH, Cheng, L, 1974. A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore. Federation Museums Journal 19: 21 - 46" title="A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore." volume="19" year="1974">Fernando and Cheng (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
collected
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
at several locations in Malaysia and recorded it as being "fairly common" in this region.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="77 - 123" refId="B23" refString="Nieser, N, Chen, PP, 1999. Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142: 77 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" title="Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" volume="142" year="1999">Nieser and Chen (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
likewise found it in several locations in Indonesia as well as documenting the species in the Philippines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
does not appear to be restricted to any general habitat type or biogeographical region.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, P-P" journalOrPublisher="Denisia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="775 - 794" refId="B3" refString="Chen, P-P, Nieser, N, Sangpradub, N, 2006. Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species. Denisia 19: 775 - 794" title="Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species." volume="19" year="2006">Chen et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
stated that it was "common throughout Thailand in vegetation rich stagnant waters." The present study also indicates that the species occurs in ponds and slow-moving streams, both containing aquatic vegetation. Anderson and Weir (2004) reported
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Western Australia and the Australian Northern Territory, areas biogeographically quite different from Thailand and Malaysia, but did not comment on the specifics of the collection sites.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
The distribution of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lateromaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lateromaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. lateromaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) is very similar to that of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24C</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) in Thailand, including collection sites in common between these species. Both of these species were common in the peninsular region of Thailand.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
|||
|
|
The documented distribution of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. includes only the central part of peninsular Thailand (Fig.
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Even more restrictive is that it was collected only from small ponds near beaches along the coastline. The apparent halophilic nature of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. is well-documented because all specimens were collecting during the tsunami study of Sites & Vitheepradit (2010). The other three species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
also were collected during the study; however, these were mostly from un-inundated reference ponds. More specifically,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lateromaculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lateromaculata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. lateromaculata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov. was collected in two reference ponds, including during all four sampling periods.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was collected in all reference ponds over all sampling periods as well as a single individual from an inundated pond on the first sampling date, which we consider an adventitious occurrence.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was collected in two inundated ponds with elevated levels of salinity on the last sampling date, which was 17 months after the tsunami. Because eight and 28 specimens were collected in those two ponds, its occurrence was not adventitious; thus,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
appears to have a tolerance for salinity, but is not as adept at dispersing as is
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanodera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="melanodera">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. melanodera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. nov.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|