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<document id="FD08E691D4196C1BA7B9370FF950A968" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713991AFFA103DCF8A5F8DDFB63" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Alcelaphus swaynei" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="652" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="652" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="67E048915420D9B1185BFF095DFA7663">
<mods:title id="CE6179757255958035F05CD3AE766443">Bovidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E0EB9246E1DF97740AE93578552C5984" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B308ABCB9B302ED3A25CE18360CD7463">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="07185BE88E509A6AD81DB3408DE150FD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="750322E03DCF2D487D7C5607A63717CA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="84EC435F8255BDEC95E2A720AFA04623">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="861D9A07248C24670C55062E745B6F91">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="8DC486A3498FC8BB348547F33AAB6F80">2011</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="6D4B6DED7C401FD746EDEE702F4A398D" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="532D87F7C967A154ACE3D1FA5ACD1875">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="58093AFD984252F02E5906CA6BB80A77">
<mods:placeTerm id="A611E35187DD83B91941FBCB19BEB22A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="096391A73EF75FBE0EF4E658ABEF7158">
<mods:title id="7D8891E4BBF9B91B2CE07D1D913B64E0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9CE56D048C954B7DBF58045D19FE6F62">
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<mods:classification id="DE7179DCB72314F4A5EFC5971F497293">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="30932A7B45D70FA315F2294C0FDA2387" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F50713991AFFA103DCF8A5F8DDFB63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636865" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659397" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636865" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713991AFFA103DCF8A5F8DDFB63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713991AFFA103DCF8A5F8DDFB63" lastPageNumber="652" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA103DCF8A5FEF4F8D4" box="[202,281,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103DCF8A5FEF4F8D4" blockId="81.[197,1133,1831,1957]" box="[202,281,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="D0AB0169991AFFA103DCF8A5FEF4F8D4" box="[202,281,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<figureCitation id="1367AA80991AFFA103DCF8A5FEF4F8D4" box="[202,281,1831,1877]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="80.[103,133,3387,3408]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,15,3637]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="On following pages: 147. Swayne's Hartebeest (Alcelaphus swaynel); 148. Kongoni (Alcelaphus coki); 149. Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii); 150. Red Hartebeest (Alcelaphus caama); 151. Herola (Beatragus hunter)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512946/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">147.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA1023DF8A5FD3DF8D4" box="[299,720,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA1023DF8A5FD3DF8D4" blockId="81.[197,1133,1831,1957]" box="[299,720,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="D0AB0169991AFFA1023DF8A5FD3DF8D4" box="[299,720,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<vernacularName id="055FC62B991AFFA1023DF8A5FD3DF8D4" box="[299,720,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Swayne’s Hartebeest</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA10002F8A5FB80F8D4" box="[788,1133,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA10002F8A5FB80F8D4" blockId="81.[197,1133,1831,1957]" box="[788,1133,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="D0AB0169991AFFA10002F8A5FB80F8D4" box="[788,1133,1831,1877]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA10002F8A5FB80F8D4" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[788,1133,1831,1877]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Alcelaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swaynei">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA10002F8A5FB80F8D4" box="[788,1133,1831,1877]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Alcelaphus swaynei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA103D1F8E5FDE5F822" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103D1F8E5FBB5F8FD" blockId="81.[197,1133,1831,1957]" box="[199,1112,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="D0AB0169991AFFA103D1F8E5FBB5F8FD" box="[199,1112,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA103D1F8E5FEFEF8FD" bold="true" box="[199,275,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B991AFFA1020BF8E5FE3BF8FD" box="[285,470,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Bubale de Swayne</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA102FDF8E5FDABF8FD" bold="true" box="[491,582,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B991AFFA10146F8E5FCF7F8FD" box="[592,794,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Somalia-Kuhantilope</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA10039F8E5FC67F8FD" bold="true" box="[815,906,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B991AFFA10085F8E5FBB5F8FD" box="[915,1112,1895,1916]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Alcelafo de Swayne</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103D0F80CFDE5F822" blockId="81.[197,1133,1831,1957]" box="[198,520,1934,1955]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<heading id="D0AB0169991AFFA103D0F80CFDE5F822" box="[198,520,1934,1955]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA103D0F80CFE51F822" bold="true" box="[198,444,1934,1955]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055FC62B991AFFA102D0F80CFDE5F822" box="[454,520,1934,1955]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Korkay</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA1003BF853FA98F873" box="[813,1397,2001,2034]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA1003BF853FA98F873" blockId="81.[813,1399,2001,2427]" box="[813,1397,2001,2034]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA1003BF853FC25F873" bold="true" box="[813,968,2001,2034]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA100CDF853FA9DF873" authority="Sclater, 1892" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1892" box="[987,1392,2001,2034]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swayne">Bubalis swayne: Sclater, 1892</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA10039F871FA8DF79B" box="[815,1376,2035,2074]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA10039F871FA8DF79B" blockId="81.[813,1399,2001,2427]" box="[815,1376,2035,2074]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58991AFFA10039F871FA8DF79B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198448" box="[815,1376,2035,2074]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
Haud,
<quantity id="4CA41BE0991AFFA10084F876FBFFF797" box="[914,1042,2036,2070]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" unit="mi" value="100.0">100 miles</quantity>
from Berbera,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991AFFA107FDF87BFAB1F79B" box="[1259,1372,2041,2074]" name="Somalia" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Somalia</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA10038F7A3FDA0F5E6" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA10038F7A3FDA0F5E6" blockId="81.[813,1399,2001,2427]" lastBlockId="81.[195,1400,2438,3448]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
Formerly considered a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA1064FF7A3FC54F7EB" authority="Blyth, 1869" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1869" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Alcelaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buselaphus">A. buselaphus</taxonomicName>
, which is now extinct. In the late 20&quot; century, it was customary for all or most hartebeest to be included as subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA100E0F73CFB40F75E" authority="Blyth, 1869" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1869" box="[1014,1197,2238,2271]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Alcelaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buselaphus">A. buselaphus</taxonomicName>
. There seems no particular reason for them to have been placed in a single species, and the more we learn about them the more distinct they are found to be. A recent study found that the surviving populations of this species still retain significant amounts of genetic diversity (mtDNA and microsatellites), and that two of the now-isolated surviving populations have diverged considerably. A phylogeny of hartebeest based on the control region of mtDNA found that two haplotypes of this species were nested within the Kongoni (A. cokii), whereas five others formed a separate subclade. This species is considered monotypic here.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA103D2F5F3FC60F50F" box="[196,909,2673,2702]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF23E68D991AFFA103D2F5F3FC60F50F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512645" box="[196,909,2673,2702]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512645/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" targetBox="[195,789,2009,2425]" targetPageId="81">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103D2F5F3FC60F50F" blockId="81.[195,1400,2438,3448]" box="[196,909,2673,2702]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA103D2F5F3FE9EF50F" bold="true" box="[196,371,2673,2702]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Distribution.</emphasis>
C
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991AFFA10288F5F3FDF8F50F" box="[414,533,2673,2702]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
(W side of the Rift Valley).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA103D2F517FEB2F3E4" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103D2F517FEB2F3E4" blockId="81.[195,1400,2438,3448]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA103D2F517FE50F537" bold="true" box="[196,445,2709,2742]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Few measurements available. Head—body
<quantity id="4CA41BE0991AFFA10701F517FB97F537" box="[1047,1146,2709,2742]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" unit="cm" value="250.0">250 cm</quantity>
(adult male), tail
<quantity id="4CA41BE0991AFFA103D2F547FEF6F55F" box="[196,283,2757,2782]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
, shoulder height
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. As in the Kongoni, the horns seen from in front are between a V and a U shape, and horn circumference in males is low relative to skull length. Horn length is also relatively low; pedicle length is low in females (as low as in Lichtenstein’s Hartebeest, A.
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA10175F4B5FCEBF4D5" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[611,774,2871,2900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Alcelaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lichtensteinii">lichtensteinii</taxonomicName>
), but not especially so compared to males of other species. Greatest skull length is 40-9—-47-2 cm in males; horn span is 114-148% of basal length in males; and least frontal width is 64-69% of biorbital width. The skull in the female is lightly built compared to most other hartebeest, so sexual dimorphism in skull weight is greater than in any other hartebeest. This is one of the “lightly armed” species. It is much deeper in color than other East African species, chocolate brown with striking black markings on the mid-face and legs. The preorbital secretion is colorless.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA103D5F3F2FD65F2F9" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA103D5F3F2FD65F2F9" blockId="81.[195,1400,2438,3448]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA103D5F3F2FEDCF30C" bold="true" box="[195,305,3184,3213]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Habitat.</emphasis>
The Senkele Plains are montane savanna at elevations of
<quantity id="4CA41BE0991AFFA10796F3F2FB05F30C" box="[1152,1256,3184,3213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
or more. Preferred habitat of Swayne’s Hartebeest here is fallow land that had been cultivated for about two years, where they find short grasses, especially Eleusine
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA10761F33DFA99F35D" authority="Cynodon" authorityName="Cynodon" box="[1143,1396,3263,3292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">multiflora, Cynodon</taxonomicName>
dactylon, Chloris pycnothrix, Harpachne schimperi, and Rhynchelytrum
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA10741F368FB49F282" box="[1111,1188,3306,3331]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">repens</taxonomicName>
. Although this type of land covers only 10% ofthe area inhabited by hartebeest,it accounted for 80% of their land usage. This preference for short-grass plains differs strongly from other hartebeest, such as the Kongoni.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D5FE91F975FED8" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D5FE91F975FED8" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D5FE91F925FEB5" bold="true" box="[1475,1736,275,308]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
On the Senkele Plains this species feeds on the short, lush grass of the fallow land.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D4FEE3F9B0FE77" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D4FEE3F9B0FE77" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D4FEE3F9A4FE03" bold="true" box="[1474,1609,353,386]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Breeding.</emphasis>
Calving lasts from mid-December until mid-February; this implies a relatively short breeding season, though longer than in the Lelwel Hartebeest (A. lelwel), and probably correlated with the fact that it is “lightly armed” but strongly sexually dimorphic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D6FE7DF6FFFD14" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D6FE7DF6FFFD14" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D6FE7DF946FDA1" bold="true" box="[1472,1707,511,544]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
There are two activity peaks: 06:00-10:00 h and 16:00-18:00 h. From 14:00 h to 15:00 h, about 40% of the animals are in the shade—another idiosyncratic characteristic ofthis species, and probably related to their need for water conservation. More than half their diurnal activity is spent in feeding.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D4FD1EF8D2FCB0" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D4FD1EF8D2FCB0" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D4FD1EF760FD3C" bold="true" box="[1474,2189,668,701]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
In November, they combine into large groups of about 180 individuals; by mid-December, the beginning ofthe calving season, these groups split into small herds of fewer than ten individuals, and there are a few small all-male groups.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D4FCBBF6CEFB15" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D4FCBBF6CEFB15" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D4FCBBF8CBFCDB" bold="true" box="[1474,1830,825,858]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as A.
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86991AFFA1095BFCBBF9C0FC03" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Alcelaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buselaphus">buselaphus</taxonomicName>
swayner). This species formerly existed from northern
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991AFFA10A5FFCE3F655FC03" box="[2377,2488,865,898]" name="Somalia" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Somalia</collectingCountry>
through the Ethiopian Rift Valley at least as far south as Lake Zway. The region north of Lake Stephanie,
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991AFFA10572FC2DF930FC51" box="[1636,1757,943,976]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, is probably a hybrid zone between the Lelwel Hartebeest and Swayne’s Hartebeest. The total population is estimated at only 600 individuals, the majority of which are confined to the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary and Mazie National Park in
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695991AFFA106F1FBA7F98DFBC7" box="[1511,1632,1061,1094]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, with no subpopulation numbering more than 250 mature individuals. As with other hartebeest species, habitat loss, overhunting, and competition with livestock are thought to be the important causes of population decline.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C346E58E991AFFA106D7FB21F8DDFB63" pageId="81" pageNumber="652" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE3B605991AFFA106D7FB21F8DDFB63" blockId="81.[1466,2680,275,1251]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">
<emphasis id="B9286A17991AFFA106D7FB21F9B6FB3D" bold="true" box="[1473,1627,1187,1212]" pageId="81" pageNumber="652">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Capellini &amp; Gosling (2006), Flagstad et al. (2000), Lewis &amp; Wilson (1979), Roosevelt &amp; Heller (1914), Ruxton &amp; Schwarz (1929).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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