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<document id="74177CCE0755C6C56C8E5EC46C70E42E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d2db5db0-c5ca-4150-8d74-d39f2d96a78f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="249140" ID-ZooBank="C1F59CA8-0F0E-471B-9B2D-26980A002511" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460692944579" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trager, James C." docDate="2013" docId="03DBDC46FFA1FF804BBEFDB6FC926CB5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03722p548.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3722 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polyergus montivagus Trager, 2013, new status" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="527" masterDocId="FFE2A43EFFB8FF9A4B29FFC1FFE46976" masterDocTitle="Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)" masterLastPageNumber="548" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="526" updateTime="1698351922635" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="46DA157368F46FD8E812144845F86A0A">Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="78694C3053242A7B2CDB228E2E5DC912">Trager, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="CA66A1789604DBC1212DED6B4B99D9FC">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DBDC46FFA1FF804BBEFDB6FC926CB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6150071" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119580918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6150071" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DBDC46FFA1FF804BBEFDB6FC926CB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DBDC46FFA1FF804BBEFDB6FC926CB5" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="527" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA1FF834BBEFDB6FAAD6A90" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BBEFDB6FDC96BE7" blockId="25.[151,557,631,690]" box="[151,557,631,657]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<heading id="D085DA3CFFA1FF834BBEFDB6FDC96BE7" bold="true" box="[151,557,631,657]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BBEFDB6FDC96BE7" bold="true" box="[151,557,631,657]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834BBEFDB6FE466BE7" box="[151,418,631,657]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BBEFDB6FE466BE7" bold="true" box="[151,418,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Polyergus montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2350C39FFA1FF834A83FDB6FDC96BE7" box="[426,557,631,657]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">new status</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BBEFD58FE866BC4" blockId="25.[151,557,631,690]" box="[151,354,665,690]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<figureCitation id="134971D5FFA1FF834BBEFD58FE866BC4" box="[151,354,665,690]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 35" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1668,1691]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1646]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,193,1647]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 35. Lateral, full face, and dorsal views of Polyergus montivagus worker CASENT 0281047. Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249153/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Figures 33, 34, 35</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BBEFD23FD026A43" blockId="25.[151,1435,738,821]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834BBEFD23FD776B8E" authority="Wheeler 1915: 419" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityPageNumber="419" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,659,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lucidus" subSpecies="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BBEFD23FE2C6B8E" box="[151,456,738,760]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Polyergus lucidus montivagus</emphasis>
Wheeler 1915: 419
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFA1FF8349B4FD23FD146B8E" box="[669,752,738,760]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
workers, gyne, male:
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA1FF8348F8FD23FBE26B8E" box="[977,1030,738,760]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">USA</collectingCountry>
, COLORADO Springs [CAS, MCZ red
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFA1FF834BEEFCC0FEF26A60" box="[199,278,769,790]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
label 22969, CASENT0172894 (worker), CASENT0172893 (male)] (examined).
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834BBEFCDEFE1A6A43" authority="Creighton, 1950" authorityName="Creighton" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,510,799,821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BBEFCDEFEA86A42" box="[151,332,799,820]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Polyergus lucidus</emphasis>
: Creighton, 1950
</taxonomicName>
(incorrect synonymy).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BBEFCA3FE9A6A0C" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" box="[151,382,865,890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFA1FF834BBEFCA3FF3E6A0C" box="[151,218,866,890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Types</typeStatus>
not measured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFC46FAAD6A90" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Measurements (N=32) HL 1.40–1.70 (1.55), HW 1.40–1.68 (1.51), SL 1.34–1.58 (1.44), ½ VeM 0–4 (0.53), ½ PnM 0–3 (0.29), WL 2.28–2.76 (2.46), GL 1.96–2.80 (2.29), HFL 1.92–2.24 (2.09), CI 93–104 (97), SI (83, one specimen) 88–104 (96), HFI 130–149 (135), FSI 138–156 (145), LI 3.68–4.44 (4.00), TL 5.68–7.16 (6.28).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA1FF834BEEFC30FBCE6CA8" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFC30FCEF6C5F" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BEEFC30FE5D6D7C" bold="true" box="[199,441,1009,1034]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Worker description.</emphasis>
Head truncate-ovoid to subhexagonal, wider behind eyes, sides anterior to eyes straight or even weakly concave and convergent toward mandibular bases, head length usually slightly greater than breadth; vertex pilosity 0–2 erect setae present near each corner (4 on one side of a single specimen); scapes at least reaching, normally surpassing vertex corners, gradually thickening apically; pronotum with 0–2 (very rarely up to 5) dorsal erect setae; mesonotal profile weakly convex; propodeum profile a rounded right angle; petiole with weakly convex sides converging dorsad, petiolar dorsum flat or at most weakly concave emarginate; petiolar profile low, its apex when gaster is in horizontal position only a little higher than propodeal spiracle, petiolar front and rear surfaces convergent dorsad, front weakly convex, rear straight; first tergite lacking pubescence; first tergite pilosity 0–6 relatively short suberect macrosetae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFAF4FB116C38" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" box="[199,1269,1333,1359]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Head very faintly shining; mesonotum feebly shining, shinier on lateral pronotum; gaster shiny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFA98FDDB6CE0" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Color red, often with notably darker, even nearly blackish legs; scapes and mesometapleura infuscated; what little pilosity is present is dark brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFA60FBCE6CA8" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Specimens from the southeastern portion of the range have a more gracile appearance, with proportionally longer appendages, and have somewhat smaller colony size than those elsewhere.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA1FF834BEEFA28FE436E54" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEFA28FE436E54" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BEEFA28FEA86F74" bold="true" box="[199,332,1513,1538]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834A7EFA28FDB16F74" box="[343,597,1513,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834A7EFA28FDB16F74" box="[343,597,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Polyergus montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most easily distinguished from other Nearctic species by its shining gaster, lack or near lack of pilosity, and association with
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF83483FF9CEFC246F50" box="[790,960,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF83483FF9CEFC596F50" box="[790,957,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">F. pallidefulva</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In the Northeast, its proportions approach those of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834BD3F9F0FEBB6F3C" box="[250,351,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanwaldi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BD3F9F0FEBB6F3C" box="[250,351,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">sanwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in absolute metrics
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834953F9F2FD1F6F3C" box="[634,763,1587,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834953F9F2FD1F6F3C" box="[634,763,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller, and is nearly non-pilose. Where sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834BBEF994FF0C6F18" box="[151,232,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BBEF994FF0C6F18" box="[151,232,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the latter is distinguished by the presence of 5 or more erect setae on the vertex corners, as opposed to never more than 4 (usually 0–2) in
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834937F9BAFD7B6FE4" box="[542,671,1659,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834937F9BAFD7B6FE4" box="[542,671,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Where sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834885F9B8FBF16FE4" box="[940,1045,1657,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligergus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834885F9B8FBF16FE4" box="[940,1045,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">oligergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834F0BF9BAFB476FE4" box="[1058,1187,1659,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834F0BF9BAFB476FE4" box="[1058,1187,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is again distinguished by host preference, dark legs of mature specimens, and by its slightly larger size, average slightly shorter scapes and hind femora, and slightly less pilosity. Gynes of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834835F902FC796FAC" box="[796,925,1731,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834835F902FC796FAC" box="[796,925,1731,1754]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are notably larger than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834E1AF900FEE36F88" authority="Indicative" authorityName="Indicative" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligergus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834E1AF900FA786FAC" box="[1331,1436,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">oligergus</emphasis>
Indicative
</taxonomicName>
of this, WL almost 3.0 mm compared to about
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA1FF83483DF924FC8F6F88" box="[788,875,1765,1790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
, respectively, in three specimens of each that were available for measuring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA1FF804BEEF8ECFD656A41" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="527" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEF8ECFBF76E1C" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BEEF8ECFEAA6E30" bold="true" box="[199,334,1837,1862]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Etymology.</emphasis>
Wheeler coined this adjectival name from Latin “mons, monti-” (hill) and “vagus” (wandering), apparently in reference to its discovery in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA1FF834BEEF8B4FDAA6EA0" blockId="25.[151,1436,865,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834BEEF8B4FE626EF8" bold="true" box="[199,390,1909,1934]" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">Natural history.</emphasis>
Although originally described from Colorado, and almost nowhere abundant, this species is now known to blanket nearly the entire distribution of its host,
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA1FF834840F85AFBEF6EC4" box="[873,1035,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA1FF834840F85AFBEF6EC4" box="[873,1035,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="526">F. pallidefulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though typically restricted to sites with sandy or at least well drained soil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA2FF804BEEFF56FD656A41" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">
Talbot (1967, 1968) and Marlin (1968, 1969, 1971) studied this ant’s behavior, reported as
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804E33FF56FA8F69C6" box="[1306,1387,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804E33FF56FA8F69C6" box="[1306,1387,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but determined by vouchers I have seen from their studies.
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF80482FFF7DFC1A69A2" box="[774,1022,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF80482FFF7DFC1A69A2" box="[774,1022,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">Polyergus montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an ant of meadows surrounded by woods, grassy areas that are shaded part of the day, sandy or loessic open woodlands, park-like habitats and lawns, where an abundance of the host species occurs. Its host is always
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF8048A6FEC4FBD6686B" box="[911,1074,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF8048A6FEC4FBD6686B" box="[911,1074,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F. pallidefulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Talbot (1967) saw a colony in Michigan of
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804A1AFEE8FE506836" box="[307,436,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804A1AFEE8FE506836" box="[307,436,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804929FEE8FD4C6836" box="[512,680,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804929FEE8FD4C6836" box="[512,680,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F. pallidefulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reported as
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804865FEE8FBF26836" box="[844,1046,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F. p. nitidiventris</emphasis>
) that raided
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804F9EFEE8FF1E6813" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804F9EFEE8FAB36836" box="[1207,1367,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neogagates">F. neogagates</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804EAEFEE8FF1E6813" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lasioides">F. lasioides</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, but brood of these species never survived to adulthood as workers in the
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804F45FE8DFB386813" box="[1132,1244,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804F45FE8DFB386813" box="[1132,1244,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nest. There is a notable trend toward smaller colonies to the South and West. One colony dug by Talbot (1967) in Michigan contained 291
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804A68FE54FE2668DA" box="[321,450,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804A68FE54FE2668DA" box="[321,450,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers, 299
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804940FE54FD0E68DA" box="[617,746,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804940FE54FD0E68DA" box="[617,746,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupae, and over 4500
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF8048DFFE54FB7E68DB" box="[1014,1178,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF8048DFFE54FB7E68DB" box="[1014,1178,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F. pallidefulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers. I observed a raid by about 130
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804A41FE78FE0D68A6" box="[360,489,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804A41FE78FE0D68A6" box="[360,489,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers in southern IA, Marlin (1969) reported an average of 87 raiders in central
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA2FF804BBEFE1CFF506882" box="[151,180,477,500]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">IL</collectingCountry>
, and I estimated a colony near Boulder CO to have 90–
<specimenCount id="9D74A6D9FFA2FF80481AFE1DFCB86882" box="[819,860,476,500]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" type="worker">100</specimenCount>
workers. A colony dug by King (King and Trager 2007) contained 70
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804A56FE3EFE146B6E" box="[383,496,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804A56FE3EFE146B6E" box="[383,496,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and over
<specimenCount id="9D74A6D9FFA2FF804940FE3EFD566B6E" box="[617,690,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" type="generic">
500
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF8049B4FDC0FD566B6E" box="[669,690,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF8049B4FDC0FD566B6E" box="[669,690,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
pallidefulva workers. Raids that Talbot (1967) saw in Michigan occurred from mid June to early September. Marlin (1969) observed raids in Illinois from early June through mid September. These dates correspond to the periods when host worker pupae are most available. Raids take place late afternoon till dusk. Marlin and Talbot agreed in most details of the flight behavior of
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804F45FDACFB106BF2" box="[1132,1268,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804F45FDACFB156BF2" box="[1132,1265,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">montivagus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Marlin (1971) described flight activity as follows: “Males left the nests only during the late morning and early afternoon (10 AM to 3 PM). They appeared in groups of five to 30 and milled about the nest area. On 9 days in 1966 males were active at one nest that produced no females that year. Alate gynes were active from noon until after 7 PM. On 10 days gynes left the nest without males.” He also noted that females usually flew off, but saw two instances of females mating on the ground near the nest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA2FF804BEEFC85FC926CB5" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA2FF804BEEFC85FC926CB5" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF804BEEFC85FD8D6A2B" bold="true" box="[199,617,836,861]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">Distribution of studied specimens.</emphasis>
COLORADO Boulder Co. Bluebell Canyon
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA2FF804F54FC85FB2B6A2A" box="[1149,1231,836,860]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7369999999999997" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" unit="m" value="1737.0">1737m</quantity>
.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804FC1FC85FF2B6AF6" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1979-06-20" valueMax="1979-07-16" valueMin="1979-06-20">20-VI—16-VII- 1979</date>
Coll. U. Lanham (FMNH); COLORADO Boulder Co. Gregory Canyon
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA2FF804F0FFCA6FB936AF6" box="[1062,1143,871,896]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.035" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" unit="m" value="2035.0">2035m</quantity>
. Meadow; under rock.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804EADFCA9FEEC6AD3" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1955-08-01">1- VIII-1955</date>
#137 Col. J. Brown; COLORADO Boulder Co., Boulder Chautauqua Park Open Meadow
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804E38FC4DFA786AD2" box="[1297,1436,908,932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2001-08-01">1 Aug. 2001</date>
JCT (JCTC); COLORADO Montrose Co. South Rim, Black Canyon,
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA2FF8048F9FC71FBC86AB1" box="[976,1068,944,968]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.438" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" unit="m" value="2438.0">2438 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804F15FC6EFB216ABE" box="[1084,1221,943,968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1955-08-01">1-VIII-1955</date>
Pinyon cedar oak woodland; under rock. G. Wheeler Det. R. E. Gregg (FMNH); FLORIDA Leon Co. Apalachicola Nat’l For. Rd. 367, Stand 232
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804A6DFC36FE506D66" box="[324,436,1015,1040]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2006-02">Feb. 2006</date>
J. R. King Colony series, Pine flatwoods (JCTC); ILLINOIS Tazewell Co. Washington in Lawn
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804BF4FBDDFE8B6D42" box="[221,367,1052,1076]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1988-09-11">11 Sep. 1988</date>
JC Trager &amp; M.B. Dubois (JCTC); IOWA Decatur Co.
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA2FF8048C8FBDDFBF36D43" box="[993,1047,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 mi</quantity>
. SE Leon, Timberhill Farm. White Oak Savanna
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804A1AFB81FE526D2E" box="[307,438,1087,1112]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2006-07-01">1 July 2006</date>
Trager and Rericha. (JCTC); MICHIGAN Livingston Co. E.S. George Res.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804E3AFB81FA8C6D2E" box="[1299,1384,1088,1112]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1970-12-07">7/12/70</date>
70- 40 M Talbot (JCTC); MICHIGAN Livingston Co. E.S. George Res.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF8048C7FBA5FBA76D0B" box="[1006,1091,1124,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1975-09-20">9/20/75</date>
75-119 M Talbot (JCTC); MICHIGAN Livingston Co. / ESGR R. Savolainen 248/98 (JCTC); MISSISSIPPI Lowndes Co. Hwy.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804E34FB49FAB16DE9" box="[1309,1365,1160,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1982-10">82 X</date>
45 alt
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF804BBEFB6EFEF86DB1" box="[151,284,1195,1223]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="33.488056">33o29’17”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF804A0DFB6EFE546DB1" box="[292,432,1195,1223]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="-88.66056">88o39’38”W</geoCoordinate>
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804A9EFB6FFD976DB1" box="[439,627,1198,1223]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2003-06-19" valueMax="2003-06-26" valueMin="2003-06-19">19-26 June 2003</date>
J. G. Hill (MEM); NEBRASKA Greeley Co. North Loup River. Mesic hilly grassland/wooded valley. J. Jurzenski Coll’n. #Gree01_06_30_01; NEW YORK Suffolk Co. Medford vicinity Nest in Mowed field.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804ABAFB36FDC16C79" box="[403,549,1270,1295]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1985-08">August 1985</date>
R. Sanwald (males only, with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF8048A6FB39FBD76C79" box="[911,1075,1270,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidefulva">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA2FF8048A6FB39FBD76C79" box="[911,1075,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">F. pallidefulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers, JCTC); WISCONSIN Adams Co. Quincy Bluff and Wetlands SNA
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF804991FADBFCA46C45" box="[696,832,1306,1331]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="43.867496">43°52’03”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF80487DFADBFC076C45" box="[852,995,1306,1331]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="-89.8875">89°53’15”W</geoCoordinate>
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF8048C4FADBFB876C45" box="[1005,1123,1306,1331]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2009-07-04">4/Jul/2009</date>
Jeffrey P. Gruber (WIRC); WISCONSIN Monroe Co. FT. McCoy SNA
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF8049BFFAFFFCFA6C21" box="[662,798,1342,1367]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="43.98639">43°59’11”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF804806FAFEFC5B6C21" box="[815,959,1343,1367]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="-90.69444">90°41’40”W</geoCoordinate>
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF8048E6FAFEFB836C21" box="[975,1127,1343,1367]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="2007-06-17">17 June 2007</date>
Jeffrey P. Gruber (WIRC); WISCONSIN Richland Co. LWRSWA Lone Rock
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF8049C5FAA2FC906C0D" box="[748,884,1379,1403]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="43.19389">43°11’38”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA2FF8048A9FAA2FBEB6C0D" box="[896,1039,1379,1403]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" precision="15" value="-90.238884">90°14’20”W</geoCoordinate>
Nesting with
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA2FF804FEAFAA3FAC46C0D" box="[1219,1312,1378,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
sp. Under weathered post on ground. Sandy prairie /oak savanna.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804807FA47FC6E6CD6" box="[814,906,1414,1440]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1915-05">15 May</date>
, 2004 Jeffrey P. Gruber (WIRC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA2FF804E0DFA46FA786CE9" box="[1316,1436,1415,1439]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">CANADA</collectingCountry>
ONTARIO Pinery Prov. Park
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA2FF804ACCFA6BFD9A6CB5" box="[485,638,1450,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="527" value="1983-08-25">25 Aug. 1983</date>
SA
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA2FF804999FA6BFCF06CB5" box="[688,788,1450,1475]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="527">Marshall</collectingCountry>
(JCTC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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