294 lines
36 KiB
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294 lines
36 KiB
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<document id="4E67AF56D59F3B23762C470081692C02" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd85aa0-d2a5-4d72-8125-6d45ab6935fc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="224051" ID-ZooBank="4D73C473-2533-4E1B-A039-113DF838F42A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460572518824" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nunes, Rafael V. & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z." docDate="2013" docId="03C187996A43073DFF00FB71E0CA842D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03609p420.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3609 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) mysticus Luederwaldt" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="415" masterDocId="FFF8FFE16A410739FF97FFF6E12B827D" masterDocTitle="New brachypterous species of Dichotomius Hope, with taxonomic notes in the subgenus Luederwaldtinia Martínez (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)" masterLastPageNumber="420" masterPageNumber="411" pageNumber="413" updateTime="1698322432242" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="91834B6B3BD7115E9C2D6C50406306BB">
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<mods:title id="AE4D4AF476EAC9F9AA7231886B8FBF04">New brachypterous species of Dichotomius Hope, with taxonomic notes in the subgenus Luederwaldtinia Martínez (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3F0BDC3796126796B3F94ACA2389ADBC" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4D4785A590E09FB230D34FE022155974">Nunes, Rafael V.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="512B77C6B85423C6217D5D88D8FC5160" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9D23DDA7F875019D26B73DFBB4229A48">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DF6BFD4B30390DFB52B0F6C7506A319A">Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="12417B3874106C010AF637654634ABD1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C29C5F5D827115855458BF8A94E5D456">
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<mods:title id="3E42DAA90EC434BEBB92A4D638DE8EF6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2720A24D9EE0E0F25695042311470ED2">
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<mods:date id="8E15A7B6CACC3B4BC625178231014086">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B97B3EE07796FF4B14648264DB0E6046" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="545E6C129E94AC81E9D7EA1557B5DCC2">2013-01-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="10D0181DEDB4DDBE7CF1CB088FFE9F49" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5B523CDE834E50D89D6EA7F22E9E0C70">3609</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="9DEE42F6CD2D5B49DEE98CB3EEF2AAF2">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FE5E827BA3AE6279747AEEB43F24583C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="03E80D0D1B6A93C0CE31C4BA9D1C006E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3609.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6AECDF0943F8A5B9D6BC34A5ED29E513" type="Zenodo-Dep">224051</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C187996A43073DFF00FB71E0CA842D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6148976" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159868441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6148976" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187996A43073DFF00FB71E0CA842D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187996A43073DFF00FB71E0CA842D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<subSubSection id="C37265046A43073BFF00FB71E2C786DD" box="[151,1004,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF00FB71E2C786DD" blockId="2.[151,1004,1159,1184]" box="[151,1004,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF00FB71E2C786DD" bold="true" box="[151,1004,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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Redescription of
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFEF4FB71E2C786DD" ID-CoL="35NCH" authority="(Luederwaldt)" authorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[355,1004,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus" subGenus="Luederwaldtinia">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFEF4FB71E21C86DD" bold="true" box="[355,823,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) mysticus</emphasis>
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(Luederwaldt)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37265046A43073BFF00FB27E2E0875E" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF00FB27E255869B" blockId="2.[151,971,1232,1315]" box="[151,894,1232,1254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC9109E6A43073BFF00FB27E38A869B" author="Luederwaldt, H." authority=", Luederwaldt 1935" authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,673,1232,1254]" genus="Pinotus" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="334 - 342" part="5" rank="species" refId="ref7916" refString="Luederwaldt, H. (1935) Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus. Revista de Entomologia, 5, 334 - 342." species="mysticus" subGenus="Selenocopris" title="Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus" treatmentTaxon="Pinotus (Selenocopris) mysticus" type="journal article" year="1935">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFF00FB27E38A869B" ID-CoL="4HZV7" authority=", Luederwaldt 1935" authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,673,1232,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus" subGenus="Selenocopris">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF00FB27E0C9869B" box="[151,482,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Pinotus (Selenocopris) mysticus,</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B7E6A43073BFE7FFB26E38A869B" author="Luederwaldt, H." box="[488,673,1232,1254]" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="334 - 342" part="5" refId="ref7916" refString="Luederwaldt, H. (1935) Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus. Revista de Entomologia, 5, 334 - 342." title="Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus" type="journal article" year="1935">Luederwaldt 1935</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(original description)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF00FB06E32C8779" blockId="2.[151,971,1232,1315]" box="[151,519,1262,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC9109E6A43073BFF00FB06E32C8779" author="Blackwelder, R. E." authority=", Blackwelder 1944" authorityName="Blackwelder" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,519,1262,1285]" genus="Pinotus" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="189 - 341" part="185" rank="species" refId="ref7549" refString="Blackwelder, R. E. (1944). Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185, 189 - 341." species="mysticus" title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2" treatmentTaxon="Pinotus mysticus" type="journal article" year="1944">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFF00FB06E32C8779" ID-CoL="4HZV7" authority=", Blackwelder 1944" authorityName="Blackwelder" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,519,1262,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF00FB06E0638778" box="[151,328,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Pinotus mysticus,</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B7E6A43073BFED9FB18E32C8779" author="Blackwelder, R. E." box="[334,519,1262,1284]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="189 - 341" part="185" refId="ref7549" refString="Blackwelder, R. E. (1944). Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 185, 189 - 341." title="Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2" type="journal article" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF00FAFBE2E0875E" blockId="2.[151,971,1232,1315]" box="[151,971,1293,1315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF00FAFBE310875E" box="[151,571,1293,1315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFF00FAFBE31C875E" ID-CoL="35NCH" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[151,567,1293,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus" subGenus="Luederwaldtinia">Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) mysticus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B7E6A43073BFDD6FAFBE22E875E" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z." box="[577,773,1293,1315]" editor="F. Martin-Piera & J. J. Morrone & A. Melic" journalOrPublisher="Monografias Tercer Milenio, volume 1, Zaragoza" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref8285" refString="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. (2000) Estado atual de conhecimento dos Scarabaeidae s. str. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) do Brasil, pp. 183 - 195. In: F. Martin-Piera, J. J. Morrone, & A. Melic, (eds.), Hacia un Proyecto CYTED para el Inventario y Estimacion de la Diversidad Entomologica en Iberoamerica: PrIBES- 2000. Monografias Tercer Milenio, volume 1, Zaragoza." title="Estado atual de conhecimento dos Scarabaeidae s. str. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) do Brasil" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Hacia un Proyecto CYTED para el Inventario y Estimacion de la Diversidad Entomologica en Iberoamerica: PrIBES- 2000" year="2000">Vaz-de-Mello 2000</bibRefCitation>
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(new combination)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37265046A43073BFF00FAB9E2D6878A" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF00FAB9E2D6878A" blockId="2.[151,1436,1359,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF00FAB9E0CF8715" bold="true" box="[151,484,1359,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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Material studied:
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<typeStatus id="54D3882D6A43073BFEF9FAA6E0F48715" box="[366,479,1360,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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Ƥ
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<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A43073BFD9FFAB9E36E871A" box="[520,581,1359,1383]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Natal</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A43073BFDC3FAB9E3EB871A" box="[596,704,1359,1383]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Brasilien</collectingCountry>
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). W.M.
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<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A43073BFC8FFAA6E272871A" box="[792,857,1360,1383]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Mann</collectingCountry>
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[NHML]; 2Ƥ, 3
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<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A43073BFBB5FAB9E5A1871A" box="[1058,1162,1359,1383]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">BRASIL</collectingCountry>
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:
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFB02FAB9E4B78715" bold="true" box="[1173,1436,1359,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Rio Grande do Norte:</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A43073BFF00FA82E1FC87F1" box="[151,215,1396,1420]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Natal</collectingCountry>
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. Parque das Dunas.
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5C50486A43073BFE22FA82E31A87F1" box="[437,561,1396,1420]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" precision="15" value="-5.8097224">5º48’35’’S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5C50486A43073BFDABFA82E3E787F1" box="[572,716,1396,1420]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" precision="15" value="-35.191113">35º11’28’’W</geoCoordinate>
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. hum faec.
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFCDCFA82E29487F1" box="[843,959,1396,1420]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="2011-05-18">18.V.2011</date>
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. MEMaldaner [CEMT]; 1 3 same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFF00FA61E03387D2" box="[151,280,1431,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1998-03-15">15.III.1998</date>
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. O.Câmara. [CEMT]; 4 3, 2 Ƥ same but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFC90FA61E2A287D2" box="[775,905,1431,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-03-15">15.III.1991</date>
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. [CEMT, UFRN]; 2 3 3, 5 Ƥ same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFF00FA4AE03387A9" box="[151,280,1468,1492]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-03-16">16.III.1991</date>
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. [CEMT]; 1 3, 1 Ƥ same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFD08FA4AE23587A9" box="[671,798,1468,1492]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-03-16">16.III.1991</date>
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[CEMT]; 1 3, 1 Ƥ same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFB35FA4AE43687A9" box="[1186,1309,1468,1492]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-04-13">13.IV.1991</date>
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[CEMT]; 2 3 same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFEC3FA29E0E4878A" box="[340,463,1503,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-05-17">17. V.1991</date>
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[CEMT]; 2 Ƥ same data but
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<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFC99FA29E2A5878A" box="[782,910,1503,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1991-06-15">15.VI.1991</date>
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[CEMT].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37265046A43073BFF5EF9F5E02D8489" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073BFF5EF9F5E02D8489" blockId="2.[151,1436,1359,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF5EF9F5E0688461" bold="true" box="[201,323,1539,1564]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Among
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFE3EF9F2E3498461" box="[425,610,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Luederwaldtinia">
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFE3EF9F2E3498461" box="[425,610,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Luederwaldtinia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFD5BF9F3E27A8461" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[716,849,1541,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFD5BF9F3E27A8461" box="[716,849,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">D. mysticus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
belongs to the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFB93F9F3E5B08461" baseAuthorityName="Arrow" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1028,1179,1541,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFB93F9F3E5338461" box="[1028,1048,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFBBFF9F3E5B08461" box="[1064,1179,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">geminatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species group due the combination of the following characters: head with single central tubercle, pronotum with an anterior single central lobe and hypomeron with a lateral band of ocellate punctures bearing abundant, red pilosity, that can be seen dorsally (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13532A0A6A43073BFE97F999E01184FA" box="[256,314,1647,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[238,1366,207,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[209,1377,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dichotomius mysticus (A) dorsal habitus; (B) dorsal view of genitalia; (C) hind wing; and (D) tarsi and tarsal claw (indicated by black arrow). Dichotomius vidaurrei (E) dorsal habitus; (F) dorsal view of genitalia; and (G) hind wing. Scale bar = 1.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224052/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
A). Within this species group,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A43073BFD02F987E23284F5" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[661,793,1649,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFD02F987E23284F5" box="[661,793,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">D. mysticus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is the only brachypterous species; as such, the pronotum is wider than the elytra, the humeral callus is absent, the elytra are strongly convex, and hind wing never reaches the length of the elytra. In addition, the mesotarsi, metatarsi, and tarsal claws are covered with a dense, red pilosity (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13532A0A6A43073BFF08F92AE1F48489" box="[159,223,1756,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[238,1366,207,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[209,1377,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dichotomius mysticus (A) dorsal habitus; (B) dorsal view of genitalia; (C) hind wing; and (D) tarsi and tarsal claw (indicated by black arrow). Dichotomius vidaurrei (E) dorsal habitus; (F) dorsal view of genitalia; and (G) hind wing. Scale bar = 1.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224052/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
D).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37265046A43073DFF5EF8F6E0AF8600" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A43073DFF5EF8F6E07C81D9" blockId="2.[151,1436,1359,2032]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFF5EF8F6E0AA8565" bold="true" box="[201,385,1792,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Males: Length:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="4C909B6A6A43073BFE1DF909E32D8565" box="[394,518,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.0">11–13 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
. Maximum width (pronotum): 6.0–7.5 mm. Black, shiny, with feeble blue sheen on base of elytra of some specimens.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFDABF8D2E3AE8541" bold="true" box="[572,645,1828,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Head:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
semicircular, surface almost smooth, with few ocellate punctures near each eye. Clypeogenal junction evenly rounded, lacking angulation, with weak emargination. Ventral clypeal process bifurcated. Clypeofrontal region with a single, central tubercle. Antennal club with dark red or light brown tumescence. Clypeal and genal lateral margins with a ventral row of small, red setae that increase in length from the middle of head laterally.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A43073BFE63F842E35C85B1" bold="true" box="[500,631,1972,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
length equal to width; wider than elytra. Disc smooth, shiny, with indistinct punctures (only seen with
|
|||
|
|
<date id="FFD6104F6A43073BFDBAF82EE373858D" box="[557,600,2008,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="413" value="1920-10">20x</date>
|
|||
|
|
magnification); ocellate punctures present along posterior border and on lateral and anterior angles. Anterior margin widened in the middle forming a triangular projection. Pronotal disc with central knob anteriorly. Anterior angles rounded.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFC8CFF4AE29882A9" bold="true" box="[795,947,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Hypomeron:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
with a lateral band of ocellate punctures bearing abundant, red pilosity; narrowest medially and reduced to single medial row (setae in the single row about one half the length of setae on anterior and posterior portion). The lateral red pilosity may vary in abundance. Hypomeron glabrous, shiny medially.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFDF3FEDEE3D7833D" bold="true" box="[612,764,296,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Prosternum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
with ocellate, setose punctures.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFB18FEDEE417833D" bold="true" box="[1167,1340,296,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Mesosternum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
weakly narrowed, shiny, glabrous between mesocoxae, with ocellate punctures and pilosity above coxae.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFB4DFEBDE4B78319" bold="true" box="[1242,1436,331,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Mesepisternum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
with ocellate, setose punctures evenly distributed on surface,
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFCDDFE86E2DE83F5" bold="true" box="[842,1013,368,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Metasternum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
portion between mesocoxae widened apically, width twice that between apices of coxae, with ocellate punctures anteriorly and laterally and posterior depression.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFE88FE4EE05E83AD" bold="true" box="[287,373,440,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
shiny with blue sheen anteriorly on some males; discal striae distinctly punctate, punctures wider than striae and separated by double its width. Lateral (ninth) stria not reaching the base. Elytral interstriae shiny, feebly convex.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFE03FDF6E0FE8065" bold="true" box="[404,469,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Legs:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
bearing abundant red pilosity on tibia and tarsi, including around tarsal claws (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13532A0A6A45073DFAF9FE09E1898041" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[238,1366,207,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[209,1377,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dichotomius mysticus (A) dorsal habitus; (B) dorsal view of genitalia; (C) hind wing; and (D) tarsi and tarsal claw (indicated by black arrow). Dichotomius vidaurrei (E) dorsal habitus; (F) dorsal view of genitalia; and (G) hind wing. Scale bar = 1.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224052/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
D). Protibiae with three well-defined teeth, and feebly developed fourth (basal) indicated by a sinuosity. Ventral surface of profemur with three rows of setose, ocellate punctures. Apical fifth of protibial spur strongly curved inward. Ventral surface of mesofemur with ocellate punctures near tibial articulation. Metatibial spur flattened, subapically dentate.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFE10FD79E33F80D5" bold="true" box="[391,532,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFE10FD79E0EF80D5" box="[391,452,655,680]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
wing:
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
articulated and foldable, reduced (length 6.5 mm). Basal sclerites glabrous. Subcostal vein intersecting costal axis at its basal quarter. Medial vein extending to the folding articulation. Distinct pilosity present on the basal third of costal axis and on folding region. Cubital vein present, anal vein absent. Small developed membranous portion apical to folding articulation with incomplete or weakly-marked venations (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="13532A0A6A45073DFE8DFCE9E049814A" box="[282,354,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[238,1366,207,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[209,1377,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dichotomius mysticus (A) dorsal habitus; (B) dorsal view of genitalia; (C) hind wing; and (D) tarsi and tarsal claw (indicated by black arrow). Dichotomius vidaurrei (E) dorsal habitus; (F) dorsal view of genitalia; and (G) hind wing. Scale bar = 1.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224052/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
C).
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFE0FFCE9E33D8145" bold="true" box="[408,534,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
with sixth sternite strongly narrowed medially and bearing small medial protuberance.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFED5FCB5E0958121" bold="true" box="[322,446,835,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Pygidium:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
wider than long, shiny and glabrous. Ocellate punctures present only basally.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFF00FC9EE00981FD" bold="true" box="[151,290,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Phallobase:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
dorsally, with apical border curved.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFD55FC9EE26781FD" bold="true" box="[706,844,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Parameres:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
almost symmetrical, truncate, and apically flattened (on lateral view).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="DF1766076A42073AFF00F87AE02B859D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224052/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" targetBox="[238,1366,207,1900]" targetPageId="3">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A42073AFF00F87AE02B859D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1932,2016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A42073AFF00F87AE03885DF" bold="true" box="[151,275,1932,1955]" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A42073AFE8FF87BE0DC85DE" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[280,503,1933,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A42073AFE8FF87BE0DC85DE" box="[280,503,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">Dichotomius mysticus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(A) dorsal habitus; (B) dorsal view of genitalia; (C) hind wing; and (D) tarsi and tarsal claw (indicated by black arrow).
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A42073AFE39F85DE3B985BC" authorityName="Nunes & Vaz-De-Mello" authorityYear="2013" box="[430,658,1963,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidaurrei">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A42073AFE39F85DE3B985BC" box="[430,658,1963,1985]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="414">Dichotomius vidaurrei</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(E) dorsal habitus; (F) dorsal view of genitalia; and (G) hind wing. Scale bar = 1.5 mm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A45073DFF5EFC46E0AF8600" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFF5EFC46E01F81B5" bold="true" box="[201,308,944,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Females:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
length varies from 11.0–12.5 mm. Pronotum width varies from 6.0–7.5 mm. Females differ from males as follows:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFEF5FC22E0818191" bold="true" box="[354,426,980,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Head:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
clypeus completely transversally ridged. Ocellate punctures more conspicuous near eyes. Frontoclypeal junction with a pair of closely-positioned medial tubercles. Frons with median curved depression delimited anteriorly by a C-shaped transverse elevation.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFCB0FBEAE2828649" bold="true" box="[807,937,1052,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
lacking knobs or declivities.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFA93FBEAE4B78649" bold="true" box="[1284,1436,1052,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Hypomeron:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
setae longer and denser than in males.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFDC8FBC9E3F68625" bold="true" box="[607,733,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
sixth abdominal sternite medially double the width of other abdominal segments.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37265046A45073DFF5EFB71E38A8752" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A45073DFF5EFB71E38A8752" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFF5EFB71E31C86DD" bold="true" box="[201,567,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Distribution and conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFDA9FB71E35686E2" box="[574,637,1159,1183]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFB80FB71E57486E2" box="[1047,1119,1159,1183]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. In addition to the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54D3882D6A45073DFAA4FB71E4B386E2" box="[1331,1432,1159,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
, a female was collected at an unspecified locality in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFD71FB5AE20886B9" box="[742,803,1196,1220]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and other specimens were collected at Parque Estadual das Dunas Costeiras, a conservation unit in the city of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFCB6FB39E24A869A" box="[801,865,1231,1255]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Parque das Dunas is severely affected by urban growth and fire (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B7E6A45073DFECDFB02E0CF8771" author="Freire ,, M. S. B." box="[346,484,1268,1292]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasileira" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" pagination="41 - 59" part="4" refId="ref7708" refString="Freire ,, M. S. B. (1990). Levantamento Floristico do Parque Estadual das Dunas do Natal. Acta Botanica Brasileira, 4, 41 - 59." title="Levantamento Floristico do Parque Estadual das Dunas do Natal" type="journal article" year="1990">Freire 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Since,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFDDEFB03E3E68771" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[585,717,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFDDEFB03E3E68771" box="[585,717,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">D. mysticus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is flightless and may have a restricted, vulnerable habitat, the conservation status bears further investigation.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37265046A45073DFF5EFACDE3A38799" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A45073DFF5EFACDE3A38799" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFF5EFACDE0778729" bold="true" box="[201,348,1339,1364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Systematics.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
At the time of its description, this species was placed in the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFBFDFACBE5C08729" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1130,1259,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inachus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFBFDFACBE5558729" box="[1130,1150,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFB03FACAE5C08729" box="[1172,1259,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">inachus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species group (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B7E6A45073DFF09FAA9E05E870A" author="Luederwaldt, H." box="[158,373,1375,1399]" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" pagination="334 - 342" part="5" refId="ref7916" refString="Luederwaldt, H. (1935) Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus. Revista de Entomologia, 5, 334 - 342." title="Zur kenntnis der gattung Pinotus" type="journal article" year="1935">Luederwaldt 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). However, with a new definition of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFCB8FA96E2C38705" box="[815,1000,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Luederwaldtinia">
|
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<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFCB8FA96E2C38705" box="[815,1000,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Luederwaldtinia</emphasis>
|
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|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
species groups within this work, we suggest that this species belongs to the
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFDECFA73E23C87E1" baseAuthorityName="Arrow" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[635,791,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
|
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|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFDECFA73E3A487E1" box="[635,655,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFD33FA73E23C87E1" box="[676,791,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">geminatus</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species group based on pronotum, head, and pilosity characters (see diagnosis and key for the species groups). The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFCEFFA5FE53A87BD" baseAuthorityName="Arrow" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[888,1041,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFCEFFA5FE2A787BD" box="[888,908,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">D</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFC09FA5FE53A87BD" box="[926,1041,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">geminatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species group is composed of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFA16FA5FE0B18799" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFA16FA5FE1D18799" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1935" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mysticus">D. mysticus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFE92FA3BE0B18799" baseAuthorityName="Arrow" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[261,410,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminatus">D. geminatus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C684D0C6A45073DFE4FFA3BE3AA8799" baseAuthorityName="Luederwaldt" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[472,641,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dichotomius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacipennis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFE4FFA3BE3AA8799" box="[472,641,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">D. opacipennis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C37265046A45073DFF5EFA19E0CA842D" pageId="4" pageNumber="415" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD7368F6A45073DFF5EFA19E0CA842D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B91CEA9D6A45073DFF5EFA19E0C88475" bold="true" box="[201,483,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Ecological information.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Three specimens were associated with tree sand dune habitats in the city of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F37F761F6A45073DFACFFA06E4B38475" box="[1368,1432,1520,1544]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="415">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. They were caught using pitfall traps baited with human feces. Other specimens were collected between March and June but lack ecological data.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|