treatments-xml/data/7A/8A/6A/7A8A6ACFE26D5F8B442BF4C8FE98E524.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="7A8A6ACFE26D5F8B442BF4C8FE98E524" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum arundo Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7A8A6ACFE26D5F8B442BF4C8FE98E524" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A8A6ACFE26D5F8B442BF4C8FE98E524" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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3. 
<taxonomicName authority="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." authorityName="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">Solanum arundo Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum diplacanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diplacanthum">Solanum diplacanthum</taxonomicName>
Dammer, Bot. Jahbr. Syst. 48: 245. 1912. Type. Tanzania. Sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dr. Fischer s.n.</emphasis>
(type: B?, destroyed, no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum helleri" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helleri">Solanum helleri</taxonomicName>
Standl., Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 68, no. 5: 15. 1917. Type. Kenya. Rift Valley: Northern Frontier: Ewaso Ngiro River, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Neumann’s">Neumann's</normalizedToken>
Camp, 26 Sep 1911, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Heller s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: US [00027596, acc. # 634351]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="FT003945, FT003946" collectingDate="1913-05-30" collectorName="G. Paoli" country="Somalia" location="Mogadischo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Banaadir" typeStatus="neotype">
<collectingCountry name="Somalia">Somalia</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Somalia" name="Banaadir">Banaadir</collectingRegion>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7A8A6ACFE26D5F8B442BF4C8FE98E524:5E17C6E564E18B7474BB39654D5D957B" country="Somalia" name="Mogadischo" stateProvince="Banaadir">Mogadischo</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1913-05-30">30 May 1913</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>G. Paoli</collectorName>
137
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>neotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 74: FT [
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/FT003945">FT003945</accessionNumber>
]; isoneotype: FT [
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/FT003946">FT003946</accessionNumber>
])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect shrub to small tree, 2-6 m, densely prickly. Young stems erect, robust, densely stellate-pubescent and densely prickly, with porrect to multangulate, variously stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.15 mm long, the rays 7-8(-15), 0.05-0.2 mm long, the midpoints reduced or absent, the prickles 5-10 mm long, 2.5-8 mm wide at the base, strongly curved, flattened, pale yellow to orange, densely stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3; bark of older stems glabrescent to moderately stellate-pubescent, reddish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, lobed, the blades 2-4(-7) cm long, 1.5-2.5(-3.5) cm wide, 1.5-2 times longer than wide, elliptic, concolorous, armed with 2-5 acicular, straight prickles to 12 mm long on both surfaces; adaxial surface glabrescent, with trichomes only at the base or along the midvein; abaxial surface glabrescent to sparsely stellate-pubescent with porrect, sessile or stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 7-9, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoints to 0.3 mm long; principal veins 3-5 pairs, further venation not visible or faint; base cuneate to rounded; margins lobed, the lobes 2-4 on each side, 0.2-0.7(-1.5) cm long, deltate to ovate, sometimes with secondary lobing, apically rounded, sometimes obtuse, the sinuses extending 1/4-2/3 of the distance to the midvein; apex broadly acute to rounded; petiole 0.05-0.5 cm long, less than 1/5 of the leaf blade length, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Inflorescences apparently lateral, 2-3(-4) cm long, unbranched or forked, with 2-8 flowers; 1-3 flowers open at any one time, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0-2 prickles; peduncle 0-4 mm long; pedicels 0.45-1 cm long, erect, articulated at the base, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed; pedicel scars spaced 1-4 mm apart. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost 1-2 flowers long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx 5.5-9 mm long, the lobes 3-4 mm long, deltate, apically acute to acuminate, sparsely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Corolla 2-3.2 cm in diameter, mauve to purple, stellate, lobed for ca. 4/5 of its length, the lobes 7-14 mm long, 3.5-4.5 mm wide, narrowly deltate, spreading, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.2 mm, the rays 6-9, 0.2-0.3 mm long, the midpoints reduced or to 0.5 mm long. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 1.5 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1.5 mm long; anthers ca. 5.5 mm long, yellow, connivent, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores not lengthening to slits with age. Ovary densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/3; style 13-17 mm long in long-styled flowers, stout, curved, weakly stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3, ca. 2 mm long in short-styled flowers; stigma clavate, minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1-2 per infructescence, 1.8-3 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 mm in diameter at the base, woody, pendulous, usually unarmed but occasionally with a few prickles; fruiting calyx not markedly accrescent, but elongating to 7-12 mm long, somewhat fleshy and covering ca. 1/4 of the mature fruit (reflexed in herbarium sheets and on old fruits), unarmed or with up to 10 prickles. Seeds ca. 20-40 per berry, 2.2-3.2 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, dull yellow to orangish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mattei 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Safni CNH-2488</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
detail view of flower (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
, Kenya) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail view of fruit (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
, Kenya). Photograph credits: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
© The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
M.S. Vorontsova.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of S. arundo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an African species, found primarily in eastern Africa from Somalia to Tanzania, in tropical Asia it occurs only in far western India on the Kathiawar peninsula in the state of Gujarat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of grasslands and savannahs in Africa (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
); in India it is found in seaside vegetation (
<bibRefCitation author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta 1963</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There have been no common names or uses recorded for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in Africa it is often used as a hedge plant, due to its ability to form thick impenetrable thickets (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC); EOO (1,277,240 km2), AOO (216 km2). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a broad distribution in Africa, and although it is relatively poorly represented in India, it is not of particular conservation concern based on its worldwide distribution. The distribution and occurrence of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the Kathiawar peninsula need to be confirmed with modern collections.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctive small extremely prickly tree, in Africa it is often associated with human habitation (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
). It is easy to distinguish from other spiny solanums in western India by the combination of thick, curved, and flattened prickles on the densely stellate- or multangulate-pubescent stems, and long, straight prickles on the leaves. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has similar white-pubescent stems, but it is a smaller, scandent plant, with truncate to cordate rather than cuneate leaf bases, smaller corollas (1.3-2.4 versus 2-3.2 cm in diameter) and much smaller fruits (0.6-0.9 versus 1.8-3 cm in diameter). In 2018, one of us (SK) erroneously identified the specimens of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in CAL as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="176 - 193" refId="B260" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Stern, S, Bohs, L, Knapp, S, 2013. African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2): 176 - 193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" title="African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" volume="173" year="2013">Vorontsova et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
resolved 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to the more narrowly distributed African endemic 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dennekense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dennekense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dennekense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dammer, a similar treelet with curved stem spines, white stems, and large, leathery berries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta (1963)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had arrived in India with Arab traders in the nineteenth century, as part of the extensive Gujarati trade routes established across the Arabian Sea. Its restricted distribution on the Kathiawar peninsula certainly supports this idea. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been collected, to our knowledge, since the 1960s, re-evaluation of its presence and distribution in western India is necessary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>