780 lines
84 KiB
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780 lines
84 KiB
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<mods:title id="357F0B522BE0960213456919E6E416D9">Notes on distribution and ecology of Philonthus spinipes Sharp (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in the Polish Carpathians</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DA56A4914A79BC10A30C698DE2705C2E">Mazur, Andrzej</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA7BE05FB0760F5F2FEEAA2DF4FE4362">Guo, Wanyue</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78029B7084CFA8211A99B787322AB19A">Górz, Andrzej</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="23DA13600B3BE4BAA6B883DF23A6D948">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3AA7034BE11717C03893F6DDAD6DA7AA">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="987ABD14F7EF2BFB963A01B05E8FAD7E">2017-11-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="97E03063A14A163AAB2222E03ECDD595">4358</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A97C87C52D4CFFE8FBEAFCD67CEFFA9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6040697" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137581386" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6040697" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A97C87C52D4CFFE8FBEAFCD67CEFFA9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A97C87C52D4CFFE8FBEAFCD67CEFFA9A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="580" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4CFFEBFBEAFCD678B1FC9E" box="[151,451,830,855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBEAFCD678B1FC9E" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" box="[151,451,830,855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFBEAFCD678B1FC9E" ID-CoL="6V9WC" authority="Sharp" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,451,830,855]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFBEAFCD67805FC9F" box="[151,375,830,854]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
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Sharp
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4CFFEBFAB3FCD67C01F984" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFAB3FCD67AA8FC56" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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for the first time was described from
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF8F4FCD77A8AFC9E" box="[905,1016,830,855]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">East Asia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFF77FCD67DE6FC9E" author="Sharp" box="[1034,1172,830,855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Sharp, D. (1874) The Staphylinidae of Japan. The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1874. tb 00159. x" type="book chapter" year="1874">Sharp 1874</bibRefCitation>
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). Presently the species occurs in the whole Palaearctic region. Original distribution of this species is difficult to define because it has obviously extended its distribution range westwards (
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF991FC6E7ABCFC56" author="Schillhammer" box="[748,974,902,927]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schillhammer, H. (1999) Revision of the East Palaearctic and Oriental species of Philonthus Stephens part 2. The spinipes and cinctulus groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 69, 55 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">Schillhammer 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAFC427A67FB54" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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The first information about occurring this species in Europe from
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<date id="556B10132D4CFFEBF8ADFC427D3CFC0A" box="[976,1102,938,963]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" value="1980" valueMax="1985">1980–1985</date>
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includes localities from line Balkans—north-east
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFAF8FC27789FFC2E" box="[389,493,975,999]" name="Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFA81FC267A7EFC2E" author="Schulke" box="[508,780,974,999]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schulke, M. & Uhlig, M. (1989 a) Zur Zoogeographie und systematischen Stellung von Philonthus spinipes Sharp, Kirschenblatia kabardensis Bolov & Kryzhan. und Kirschenblatia buchari Bohac (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Verhandlungen IX. SIEEC Gotha 1986, Dresden, 243 - 250." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">Schülke & Uhlig 1989a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF85DFC267A19FC2E" author="Schulke" box="[800,875,974,999]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schulke, M. & Uhlig, M. (1989 b) Erganzungen zur Verbreitung von Philonthus spinipes SHARP, 1874 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte. 33, 4, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">1989b</bibRefCitation>
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). It is a flying epigeic beetle, occurring in Europe in compost and manure, and also on carrion. At the end of the 20th century it was known from almost all regions of
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFBEAFBF1799AFBFB" box="[151,232,1049,1074]" name="Poland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Poland</collectingCountry>
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, from both lowland and mountain areas (also from buffer zones of protected areas). It is of no economic importance, effectively competing with the native
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBF9B0FBD57AE8FB9C" box="[717,922,1085,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF9B0FBD57AE8FB9C" box="[717,922,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus nitidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(F.) (
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF8AAFBD57DCBFB9C" author="Schillhammer" box="[983,1209,1085,1110]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schillhammer, H. (1999) Revision of the East Palaearctic and Oriental species of Philonthus Stephens part 2. The spinipes and cinctulus groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 69, 55 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">Schillhammer 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). If the expansion is continued at the present rate, one may expect that during the next decade the range of invasive
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFF91FB8A7C15FBB0" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1260,1383,1122,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFF91FB8A7C15FBB0" box="[1260,1383,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">P. spinipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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will extend to the east and west of Europe (
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF934FB6D7A7BFB54" author="Pawlowski" box="[585,777,1157,1182]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Pawlowski, J. (2008) Philonthus spinipes Sharp, 1874. In: Glowacinski, Z., Okarma, H., Pawlowski, J. & Solarz, W. (Eds.), Alien species in the fauna of Poland. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Krakow, Poland, pp. 261 - 262. [in Polish and English]" type="book chapter" year="2008">Pawłowski 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAFB417A0AFA98" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFBBAFB417B66FB08" bold="true" box="[199,532,1192,1218]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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Distribution of
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFAFCFB407B66FB08" bold="true" box="[385,532,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFAFCFB407B62FB08" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[385,528,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">Ph. spinipes</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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The species has been recorded in Europe,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF881FB417D13FB0B" box="[1020,1121,1193,1218]" name="Armenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Armenia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFF10FB417D81FB0B" box="[1133,1267,1193,1218]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFF83FB417C36FB0B" box="[1278,1348,1193,1218]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE2CFB427CEAFB08" box="[1361,1432,1194,1217]" name="South Korea" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Korea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFBEAFB2679A5FB2C" box="[151,215,1230,1253]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA66FB25781FFB2F" box="[283,365,1229,1254]" name="Taiwan" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFAFFFB257B55FB2C" author="Herman" box="[386,551,1229,1253]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Herman, L. H. (2001) Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of second millennium. Vol. V. Staphylininae Group (Part 2), Diochini, Maorothiini, Othiini, Platyprosopini, Staphylinini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 184, 2441 - 3020." type="journal article" year="2001">Herman 2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF944FB257B88FB2C" author="Hromadka" box="[569,762,1229,1254]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Hromadka, L. (2012) Revision of Afrotropical species of the Philonthus spinipes species group (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Studies and Reports Taxonomical Series, 8 (1 - 2), 175 - 192." type="journal article" year="2012">Hromádka 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBF86EFB257A84FB2C" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[787,1014,1229,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF86EFB257A84FB2C" box="[787,1014,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was reported in
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFFB1FB257C43FB2F" box="[1228,1329,1229,1254]" name="Armenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Armenia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE3EFB257CEAFB2F" box="[1347,1432,1229,1254]" name="Austria" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Austria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFBEAFB197988FAC3" box="[151,250,1265,1290]" name="Belgium" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Belgium</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA75FB197819FAC3" box="[264,363,1265,1290]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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, Central
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFAABFB197B51FAC3" box="[470,547,1265,1290]" name="Russia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, the
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF920FB197A67FAC3" box="[605,789,1265,1290]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF85EFB197AFEFAC0" box="[803,908,1265,1289]" name="Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Germany</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF8E7FB197A80FAC3" box="[922,1010,1265,1290]" name="Finland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Finland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFF7DFB1A7D3DFAC0" box="[1024,1103,1266,1289]" name="France" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">France</collectingCountry>
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,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFF20FB197D84FAC3" box="[1117,1270,1265,1290]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE7EFB197C27FAC0" box="[1283,1365,1265,1289]" name="Greece" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE19FB197CEAFAC3" box="[1380,1432,1265,1290]" name="Italy" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFBEAFAFD7877FAE7" box="[151,261,1301,1326]" name="Moldova" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Moldavia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA68FAFD7817FAE7" box="[277,357,1301,1326]" name="Poland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA08FAFD78AFFAE7" box="[373,477,1301,1326]" name="Romania" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA90FAFD7B20FAE7" box="[493,594,1301,1326]" name="Slovakia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF9B0FAFD7A69FAE7" box="[717,795,1301,1326]" name="Russia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF856FAFD7AF5FAE7" box="[811,903,1301,1326]" name="Sweden" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF8EBFAFD7D6CFAE7" box="[918,1054,1301,1326]" name="Switzerland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFF53FAFD7DFAFAE7" box="[1070,1160,1301,1326]" name="Ukraine" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and former
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE5DFAFD7CEFFAE7" box="[1312,1437,1301,1326]" name="Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFBE3FAD178DAFA98" author="Burakowski" box="[158,424,1337,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M. & Stefanska J. (2000) Beetles Coleoptera. Supplements to vols. 2 - 21. Catalogue of fauna of Poland, part XXIII, vol. 22. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, Poland, 252 pp. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
|||
|
|
Burakowski
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFA53FAD27812FA98" box="[302,352,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2000
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFAC9FAD17BC2FA98" author="Lobl" box="[436,688,1337,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (2004) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea-Histeroidea-Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Dannmark, 942 pp." type="book" year="2004">Löbl & Smetana 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF9C6FAD27A1EFA98" author="Roy" box="[699,876,1337,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Roy, H. E., Roy, D. B. & Roques, A. (2011) Inventory of terrestrial alien arthropod predators and parasites established in Europe. BioControl, 56, 477 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10526 - 011 - 9355 - 9" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|||
|
|
Roy
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF98CFAD27A5BFA98" box="[753,809,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2011
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAFAB67DB9FABF" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" box="[199,1227,1373,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
It was recently found also in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF971FAB57B24FABF" box="[524,598,1373,1398]" name="Latvia" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF91CFAB67BFCFABC" box="[609,654,1374,1397]" name="Iran" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(Cibuļskis
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF872FAB67A3BFABC" box="[783,841,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">at al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2005,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF8EBFAB57D18FABC" author="Samin" box="[918,1130,1373,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Samin, N., Zhou, H. & Ezzatpanah, S. (2011 a) A contribution to the Staphylininae group of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea: Staphylinidae) from Iran. Calodema, 141, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">
|
|||
|
|
Samin
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF899FAB67D6FFABC" box="[996,1053,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2011a
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFF08FAB57DCDFABF" author="Samin" box="[1141,1215,1373,1398]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Samin, N., Zhou, H., Imani, S. & Rastegar, J. (2011 b) A contribution to the knowledge of Iranian Staphylinidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea). Archives of Biological Sciences 63 (4), 1235 - 1243. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / ABS 1104235 S" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAFA6A7D29FA74" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
In Asia it was found in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA98FA6A7B5AFA50" box="[485,552,1410,1433]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, North and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF9CBFA697A3BFA50" box="[694,841,1409,1434]" name="South Korea" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF8D0FA697A81FA53" box="[941,1011,1409,1434]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">China</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, in the provinces of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFF94FA697C4DFA53" box="[1257,1343,1409,1434]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Beijing</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFE33FA697CEAFA50" box="[1358,1432,1409,1433]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Gansu</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFBEAFA4D785EFA77" box="[151,300,1445,1470]" country="China" name="Heilongjiang" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Heilongjiang</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFA4AFA4D7818FA77" box="[311,362,1445,1470]" country="China" name="Jilin" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Jilin</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFA08FA4D78AFFA77" box="[373,477,1445,1470]" country="China" name="Liaoning" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFA95FA4D7B21FA77" box="[488,595,1445,1470]" country="China" name="Shanghai" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Shanghai</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, as well as in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBF992FA4D7A33FA77" box="[751,833,1445,1470]" name="Taiwan" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF82DFA4D7D3DFA74" author="Lobl" box="[848,1103,1445,1470]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (2004) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea-Histeroidea-Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Dannmark, 942 pp." type="book" year="2004">Löbl & Smetana 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBEAFA227B33F9E0" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFBCBFA217876FA2B" box="[182,260,1481,1506]" name="Poland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
this species was briefly mentioned in the catalogue of beetles of Central Europe (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFFD9FA217C59FA28" author="Lohse" box="[1188,1323,1481,1506]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Lohse, G. A. (1989) Familie: Staphylinidae. In: Lohse, G. A. & Lucht, W. H. (Eds.), Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. 1. Supplementband mit Katalogteil. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 121 - 240. [in German]" type="book chapter" year="1989">Lohse 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and next reported successively from the area of Koszalin, the Białowieża Primeval Forest and from Pińczów in the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="E311F8312D4CFFEBFBEAF9F97869F9E3" box="[151,283,1553,1578]" country="Poland" name="Malopolskie" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Małopolska</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Upland (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFAFEF9F97B47F9E0" author="Borowiec" box="[387,565,1553,1578]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Borowiec, L. (1991) Species of beetles (Coleoptera) new and rare for Poland. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 10, 197 - 205. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1991">Borowiec 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBEAF9DD7C01F984" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" box="[151,1395,1589,1614]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
Distribution in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFA3FF9DD78E2F987" box="[322,400,1589,1614]" name="Poland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is presented on the site of the Polish Biodiversity Information Network (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFFBDF9DD7C15F984" author="Tykarski" box="[1216,1383,1589,1614]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Tykarski, P. (2014) Biodiveristy Map Database. Available from: www. baza. biomap. pl / en / taxon / speciesphilonthus _ spinipes _ spinipes / mapb (accessed 0 9 December 2015)" type="journal article" year="2014">Tykarski 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4CFFEBFBBAF9B178EBF810" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAF9B17D90F917" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFBBAF9B17856F9BB" bold="true" box="[199,292,1625,1650]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Ecology</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFA49F9B17B63F9B8" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[308,529,1625,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFA49F9B17B63F9B8" box="[308,529,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is a typical coprophile, colonising various
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="FE6E88712D4CFFEBF880F9B27D4AF9BB" box="[1021,1080,1626,1650]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of dead organic matter such as excrements, compost piles, carrion, accumulated plant residue. It is found most frequently in droppings on pasture (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFBE3F94978C9F970" author="Burakowski" box="[158,443,1697,1722]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M. & Stefanska J. (2000) Beetles Coleoptera. Supplements to vols. 2 - 21. Catalogue of fauna of Poland, part XXIII, vol. 22. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, Poland, 252 pp. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
|||
|
|
Burakowski
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFA49F94A7818F970" box="[308,362,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. 2000
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFAB1F9497B2DF970" author="Laszlo" box="[460,607,1697,1722]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Laszlo, A. (2004) The rove beetle fauna of the Balkony and the Vertes Mountains (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). A Balkony termeszettudomanyi kutatasanak eredmenyei XXVIII. Published by Natural History Museum of Balkony Mountains, Zirc, 1 - 268." type="book chapter" year="2004">László 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF90DF9497A47F970" author="Pawlowski" box="[624,821,1697,1722]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Pawlowski, J. (2008) Philonthus spinipes Sharp, 1874. In: Glowacinski, Z., Okarma, H., Pawlowski, J. & Solarz, W. (Eds.), Alien species in the fauna of Poland. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Krakow, Poland, pp. 261 - 262. [in Polish and English]" type="book chapter" year="2008">Pawłowski 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). It is a predatory species, the larvae and imagines successfully hunting other small insects colonising excrements, e.g. coprophagous beetles or flies.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAF9027D1FF880" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
It is defined as an expansive species, extremely fast colonizing new, probably open habitats throughout
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4CFFEBFE33F9017CEEF8CB" box="[1358,1436,1769,1794]" name="Poland" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFBE3F8E57837F8EC" author="Szujecki" box="[158,325,1805,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Szujecki, A. (2008) Xerothermophilic species from the group of rove beetles in afforested fallows in Central Pomerania. In: Mazur, S. & Tracz, H. (Eds.), Anthropogenic threats to forest ecosystems. 8 th Symposium on the Protection of Forest Ecosystems. Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa, Poland, pp. 392 - 397. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2008">Szujecki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In the mountains it may reach the upper tree limit (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF8E8F8E57DD4F8EF" author="Schulke" box="[917,1190,1805,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schulke, M. & Uhlig, M. (1989 b) Erganzungen zur Verbreitung von Philonthus spinipes SHARP, 1874 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte. 33, 4, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Schülke & Uhlig 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFFCFF8E579A1F880" author="Brandstetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Brandstetter, C. & Kapp, A. (1994) Interessante Kaferfunde aus Vorarlberg (Osterreich) und dem Furstenturm Liechtenstein (Coleoptera). Koleopterologische Rundchau, 64, 279 - 290. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1994">Brandstetter & Kapp 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBFBA0F8D9781EF880" author="Laszlo" box="[221,364,1841,1866]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Laszlo, A. (2004) The rove beetle fauna of the Balkony and the Vertes Mountains (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). A Balkony termeszettudomanyi kutatasanak eredmenyei XXVIII. Published by Natural History Museum of Balkony Mountains, Zirc, 1 - 268." type="book chapter" year="2004">László 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The beetles can easily reach the islands (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF838F8D97D13F880" author="Rose" box="[837,1121,1841,1866]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Rose, A. & Mohlmann, G. (1993) Zur Besiedlung der jungen Duneninsel Mellum durch Staphyliniden (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Drosera, 1 / 2, 101 - 123. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1993">Rose & Möhlmann 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4CFFEBFBBAF8BE78EBF810" blockId="0.[151,1437,830,2010]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
|||
|
|
In such a microhabitat it probably competes with native species, particularly
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFF56F8BD7D8AF8A4" box="[1067,1272,1877,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFF56F8BD7D8AF8A4" box="[1067,1272,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(FABR. 1787). This opinion was expressed in a study by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4CFFEBF902F8927AE8F858" author="Schillhammer" box="[639,922,1913,1938]" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refString="Schillhammer, H. (1999) Revision of the East Palaearctic and Oriental species of Philonthus Stephens part 2. The spinipes and cinctulus groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 69, 55 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">H. Schillhammer (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: “
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBF8CEF8917DE3F858" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[947,1169,1913,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBF8CEF8917DE3F858" box="[947,1169,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is a habitat competitor with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFBACF8767849F87C" box="[209,315,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFBACF8767849F87C" box="[209,315,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">P. nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and has gradually displaced it, with the consequence that, especially in Central Europe,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4CFFEBFE4FF8767CEEF87C" box="[1330,1436,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4CFFEBFE4FF8767CEEF87C" box="[1330,1436,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">P. nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has become very rare”.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4DFFE9FBEAFF707AFFFEAD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="579" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<subSection id="485A2F382D4DFFEAFBEAFF707D8FFDF2" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="materials_methods">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBEAFF7078C5FF7B" blockId="1.[151,439,152,178]" box="[151,439,152,178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="7A2281BF2D4DFFEAFBEAFF7078C5FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,439,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" reason="1">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBEAFF7078C5FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,439,152,178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Materials and methods</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBEAFF367803FED2" blockId="1.[151,1437,222,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBEAFF36786CFF3E" bold="true" box="[151,286,222,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Study area.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The research on biodiversity of dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea) was conducted from
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFFBEFF377C01FF3E" box="[1219,1395,222,247]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.110480000000001" metricValueMax="5.113020000000001" metricValueMin="5.107940000000001" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="in" value="2012.0" valueMax="2013.0" valueMin="2011.0">
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFFBEFF377C24FF3E" box="[1219,1366,223,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2011" valueMax="2013">2011 to 2013</date>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
the Polish Carpathians.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBBAFECE7B0EFDDE" blockId="1.[151,1437,222,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBBAFECE7B82FEF6" bold="true" box="[199,752,294,319]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Sampling method (collection of dung beetles).</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Insects were caught at 51 experimental sites (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="B9EE2A562D4DFFEAFE7EFECE7C32FEF6" box="[1283,1344,294,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,626,1364]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,626,1370]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Polish Carpathians with 51 locations presented in the study. White marks—locations in which coprophilous beetles were collected, black marks—locations in which Philonthus spinipes was collected" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068876/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Three traps were distributed at each of the localities. The traps were composed of a
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFF76FEA37D23FEAB" box="[1035,1105,331,355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
high plastic container with a diameter of approx.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFA06FE8778B2FE4F" box="[379,448,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
filled with a preservative liquid—ethylene glycol (approx. 200 ml). This element of the trap was deposited in the soil with its rim at the ground level. It was covered by a
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFF47FE7A7DF8FE63" box="[1082,1162,402,427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
wire mesh with approx.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFBEAFE5F79ABFE06" box="[151,217,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="g" value="800.0">800 g</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
of fresh animal excrements placed on top. The trap was protected from rain by a lid with a diameter of approx.
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFB8EFE32784AFE3B" box="[243,312,474,499]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
placed on nails driven in the ground. Three traps at
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAF8FFFE337AC9FE3B" box="[898,955,475,499]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
intervals were distributed at each site. The traps were emptied once every 10–12 days.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBBAFDCA7D8FFDF2" blockId="1.[151,1437,222,571]" box="[199,1277,546,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
The distribution of experimental sites in the Polish part of the Carpathians is presented in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="B9EE2A562D4DFFEAFFC9FDCA7D85FDF2" box="[1204,1271,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,626,1364]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,626,1370]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Polish Carpathians with 51 locations presented in the study. White marks—locations in which coprophilous beetles were collected, black marks—locations in which Philonthus spinipes was collected" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068876/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSection>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="75AA665B2D4DFFEAFBEAFA877852FA0A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068876/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" targetBox="[151,1412,626,1364]" targetPageId="1">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBEAFA877852FA0A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1391,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBEAFA877861FA4D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1391,1413]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Map of Polish Carpathians with 51 locations presented in the study. White marks—locations in which coprophilous beetles were collected, black marks—locations in which
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4DFFEAFFAEFA667CEEFA6D" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1235,1436,1422,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFFAEFA667CEEFA6D" box="[1235,1436,1422,1444]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was collected
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<subSection id="485A2F382D4DFFE9FBEAF9E67AFFFEAD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="579" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="multiple">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFEAFBEAF9E67980F9E1" blockId="1.[151,242,1550,1576]" box="[151,242,1550,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="7A2281BF2D4DFFEAFBEAF9E67980F9E1" bold="true" box="[151,242,1550,1576]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" reason="1">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBEAF9E67980F9E1" bold="true" box="[151,242,1550,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Results</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4DFFE9FBEAF9BD7AFFFEAD" blockId="1.[151,1436,1620,2006]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="579" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">
|
|||
|
|
At 51 experimental sites in southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4DFFEAF93BF9BC7BE6F9A4" box="[582,660,1620,1645]" name="Poland" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
in 310 samples a total of 12
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF893F9BD7DE5F9A4" box="[1006,1175,1620,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="generic">470 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4DFFEAFFBFF9BC7C29F9A4" box="[1218,1371,1620,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were identified. In this experimental material at 11 localities
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF87EF9917AE9F95B" box="[771,923,1657,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="generic">31 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4DFFEAF8BDF9917D3BF958" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[960,1097,1657,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAF8BDF9917D3BF958" box="[960,1097,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were recorded in 16 samples:
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFBEAF97479ABF97C" bold="true" box="[151,217,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Tatry</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Tatrzański National Park—Kocioł Mułowy,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAF99AF9757A41F97C" box="[743,819,1693,1717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="980.0">980 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture (sheep grazing), 18.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFA58F92978CBF910" box="[293,441,1729,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2012-08-02">
|
|||
|
|
VIII.2012,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAFAD6F92978CBF910" box="[427,441,1729,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">2</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂♂; Tatrzański National Park—Kasprowy Wierch (Twarda Galeria),
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFF91F9297C35F910" box="[1260,1351,1729,1754]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7759999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="1776.0">1776 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, alpine zone, meadow and tall herb pasture (no grazing), 5.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAF990F90D7A1FF934" box="[749,877,1765,1790]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2013-09-01">
|
|||
|
|
IX.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF822F90D7A1FF934" box="[863,877,1765,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAF8E3F90D7A8AF937" bold="true" box="[926,1016,1765,1790]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Pieniny</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Sromowce Niżne,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFF9DF90D7C5FF934" box="[1248,1325,1765,1790]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.84" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="584.0">584 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture of southern exposure (sheep grazing), 15.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFF50F8E17DD7F8E8" box="[1069,1189,1801,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2012-10-01">
|
|||
|
|
X.2012,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAFFEAF8E17DD7F8E8" box="[1175,1189,1801,1825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFFA7F8E17CE6F8EB" bold="true" box="[1242,1428,1801,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Beskid Sądecki</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Gołkowce Dolne,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFA17F8C578C5F88C" box="[362,439,1837,1861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.17" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="317.0">317 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, foothills, fresh meadow from the association
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAF8A8F8C57D8FF88C" box="[981,1277,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Arrhenatheretum alatioris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(no grazing), 5.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFBD5F8B9785DF8A0" box="[168,303,1873,1898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2013-07-02">
|
|||
|
|
VII.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAFA5CF8B9785DF8A0" box="[289,303,1873,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="female">2</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♀♀, 21.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFAEDF8B97B7EF8A0" box="[400,524,1873,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2011-09-02">
|
|||
|
|
IX.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAFA83F8B97B7EF8A0" box="[510,524,1873,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">2</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂♂, 14.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAF910F8B97B92F8A0" box="[621,736,1873,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2013-10-01">
|
|||
|
|
X.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF9AFF8B97B92F8A0" box="[722,736,1873,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAF870F8B97AAAF8A3" bold="true" box="[781,984,1873,1898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Beskid Zachodni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Ciężkowice—Pleśna,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAFF9DF8B97C59F8A0" box="[1248,1323,1873,1898]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="263.0">263 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, foothills, fresh meadow from the association
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAF92CF89D7A0DF844" box="[593,895,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Arrhenatheretum alatioris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(cattle grazing), 24.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFF07F89D7C7DF844" box="[1146,1295,1909,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2011-08-01">
|
|||
|
|
VIII.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAFE7CF89D7C7DF844" box="[1281,1295,1909,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFE36F89D787DF87B" bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Beskid Wschodni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Strzyżowskie—Stasiówka,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAF921F8717BD9F878" box="[604,683,1945,1970]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="395.0">395 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, foothills, fresh meadow from the association
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4DFFEAFFA1F8717984F81C" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="578">Arrhenatheretum alatioris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(cattle grazing), 5.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4DFFEAFABAF8557B48F81C" box="[455,570,1981,2006]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" value="2011-10-01">
|
|||
|
|
X.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF951F8557B48F81C" box="[556,570,1981,2005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂ and
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4DFFEAF9F3F8557BBCF81C" box="[654,718,1981,2005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
; Góry Słonne—Stefkowa,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4DFFEAF882F8557D3AF81C" box="[1023,1096,1981,2006]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="1" pageNumber="578" unit="m" value="406.0">406 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, foothills, fresh meadow from the association
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FA3EFF707B1AFF79" box="[323,616,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Arrhenatheretum alatioris</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(cattle grazing), 9.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F844FF707AC6FF79" box="[825,948,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2011-09-01">
|
|||
|
|
IX.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F8DBFF707AC6FF79" box="[934,948,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂, 19.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F880FF707D0AFF79" box="[1021,1144,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2011-09-01">
|
|||
|
|
IX.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FF17FF707D0AFF79" box="[1130,1144,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂ and
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FFB7FF707C78FF66" box="[1226,1290,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
, 29.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9FE45FF7079D7FF1D" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2011-09-04">
|
|||
|
|
IX.2011,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FBEAFF5479D7FF1D" box="[151,165,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="male">4</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂♂ and
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FA6CFF547820FF1D" box="[273,338,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">4 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FA1CFF54788BFF1C" bold="true" box="[353,505,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Beskid Niski</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Magurski National Park—Ciechań,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9F8DCFF547A99FF1D" box="[929,1003,188,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.29" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="629.0">629 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture (no grazing),
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9FAEAFF3778BCFF31" box="[407,462,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">15.V.</date>
|
|||
|
|
20113,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F957FF087B28FF3E" box="[554,602,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
, 6.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F902FF377A61FF31" box="[639,787,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2013-08-01">
|
|||
|
|
VIII.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F878FF087A61FF31" box="[773,787,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♀;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F834FF377ABEFF31" bold="true" box="[841,972,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Bieszczady</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
: Łopienka/Buk,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FFEEFF377D90FF3E" box="[1171,1250,223,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.92" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="592.0">592 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture of southern exposure (no grazing), 20.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F8F1FEEC7A8BFED5" box="[908,1017,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2013-05-01">
|
|||
|
|
V.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F896FEEC7A8BFED5" box="[1003,1017,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♀; Buk/Cisna,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FFDBFEEC7D9CFED5" box="[1190,1262,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.33" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="533.0">533 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture (no grazing), 10.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F9D7FEC07A69FE89" box="[682,795,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2013-05-02">
|
|||
|
|
V.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F870FEC07A69FE89" box="[781,795,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="female">2</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♀♀; Brzegi Górne,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FF7AFEC07D23FEF6" box="[1031,1105,296,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7299999999999995" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="773.0">773 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
, montane zone, meadow and tall herb pasture of southern exposure (no grazing), 15.
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4EFFE9F987FEA47A18FEAD" box="[762,874,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" value="2013-05-01">
|
|||
|
|
V.2013,
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F821FEA47A18FEAD" box="[860,874,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="male">1</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
</date>
|
|||
|
|
♂.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSection>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4EFFE9FBBAFE987A12FB0C" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFE98784AFE64" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
In the above mentioned localities
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F92DFE987A5DFE4E" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[592,815,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F92DFE987A5DFE4E" box="[592,815,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was found together with 697 other representatives of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FBEAFE7C7846FE64" box="[151,308,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFE5F7A61FE3C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
The dominance index (D) for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F951FE507BCBFE06" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[556,697,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F951FE507BCBFE06" box="[556,697,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in samples ranges from 1.08 to 33.3 at mean 8.02. The index calculated for the entire collected material was D = 0.25.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFE177BB6FDD1" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[199,708,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">The incidence frequency index was C = 5.16.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFDCC78CDFD61" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FBBAFDCC7884FDF4" bold="true" box="[199,502,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Analysis of sex structure.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The ratio of males to females is 1.067. The frequency of incidence of sexes in the months of the vegetation season is given in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="B9EE2A562D4EFFE9F9F0FDAF7BA0FDA9" box="[653,722,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[203,1390,1284,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[188,1398,1265,1970]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Analysis of incidence frequency of males and females of Philonthus spinipes in the months of the vegetation period" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. Males are more numerous in the period from July to October. Females were recorded more often only in May. In June no specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F8B1FD847D27FD4D" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[972,1109,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F8B1FD847D27FD4D" box="[972,1109,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were observed, while in July only males were recorded.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFD5C78A4FCF1" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FBBAFD5C7BB8FD04" bold="true" box="[199,714,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Analysis of the vertical range of the species.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F9ADFD5C7ADEFD05" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[720,940,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F9ADFD5C7ADEFD05" box="[720,940,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is found most frequently in biotopes located up to
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FBA6FD3F7851FD26" box="[219,291,727,752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
a.s.l. Its incidence frequency decreases up to
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9F849FD307AF9FD26" box="[820,907,728,752]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
a.s.l. No beetles of this species were found at altitudes of
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FA63FD1478C9FCDD" box="[286,443,764,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1500 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
a.s.l. In the massif of Kasprowy Wierch and in the Kocioł Mułowy, i.e. above
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4EFFE9FE3BFD147CEEFCDD" box="[1350,1436,764,788]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
a.s.l.
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FBAFFCC8785AFCF1" box="[210,296,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
were recorded.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFCAC7C4FFC6C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FBBAFCAC7B36FC94" bold="true" box="[199,580,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Analysis of habitat preferences.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Beetles were caught at two
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="FE6E88712D4EFFE9F8F7FCAD7AB7FC94" box="[906,965,837,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">types</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of habitats: one with animal grazing and the other with no grazing activity. At three localities: Sromowce Niżne, Stefkowa and Ciechań, in 5 samples together with specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FAB1FC647B27FC6D" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[460,597,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FAB1FC647B27FC6D" box="[460,597,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
the similar large rove beetle
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F8E6FC647DC8FC6C" authority="(Fabr.)" authorityName="Fabr." box="[923,1210,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F8E6FC647D1AFC6D" box="[923,1128,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Philonthus nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Fabr.)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was found.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFC587A86FC24" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
In the biotopes with grazing activity a total of
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9F99EFC477AF9FC01" box="[739,907,943,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="generic">276 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F8C8FC477D3CFC01" box="[949,1102,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were collected, including
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FEFDFC58787EFC24" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FA4CFC3C78C8FC25" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[305,442,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FA4CFC3C78C8FC25" box="[305,442,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Among them males predominated at a 1.5:1 ratio.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFC107D4FFBFC" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
In the biotopes with no grazing activity the total number of specimens of Staphyinidae was 421, including
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4EFFE9FEFCFC10787EFBFC" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FA4CFBF478C8FBFD" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[305,442,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FA4CFBF478C8FBFD" box="[305,442,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. In such biotopes females predominated at a 1.75:1 ratio.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBBAFBA87A12FB0C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
In samples, in with both large rove beetle species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F983FBA87AFAFB9E" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[766,904,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F983FBA87AFAFB9E" box="[766,904,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was more numerous. However, the ratio of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FE0BFBA87981FBB5" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FE0BFBA87981FBB5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
specimens to specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F951FB8C7BD4FBB5" box="[556,678,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F951FB8C7BD4FBB5" box="[556,678,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
varied in samples, amounting to 1, 8, 0.75, 0.33 and 1. Thus in two samples the frequency of incidence for both species was equal, in one sample
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FF66FB607DD5FB56" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1051,1191,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FF66FB607DD5FB56" box="[1051,1191,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was more numerous, while in two samples
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9FAF6FB447B76FB0D" box="[395,516,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FAF6FB447B76FB0D" box="[395,516,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Ph. nitidus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was found in greater numbers.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="75AA665B2D4EFFE9FBEAF85479AAF838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068878/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" targetBox="[203,1390,1284,1964]" targetPageId="2">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4EFFE9FBEAF85479AAF838" blockId="2.[151,1436,1980,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9FBEAF8547864F818" bold="true" box="[151,278,1980,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Analysis of incidence frequency of males and females of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4EFFE9F802F8547D3BF81B" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[895,1097,1980,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="579" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4EFFE9F802F8547D3BF81B" box="[895,1097,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="579">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the months of the vegetation period
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<subSection id="485A2F382D4FFFE8FBEAFF707CEFFA9A" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" type="multiple">
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="69CF65582D4FFFE8FBEAFF707CEFFA9A" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBEAFF707869FF7B" blockId="3.[151,283,152,178]" box="[151,283,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
|||
|
|
<heading id="7A2281BF2D4FFFE8FBEAFF707869FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,283,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" reason="1">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FBEAFF707869FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,283,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Discussion</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</heading>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBEAFF367A1BFEF6" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
|||
|
|
The route of expansion of this species in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4FFFE8F912FF367BCFFF3E" box="[623,701,222,247]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
is provided by many studies. In a study by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FFC9FF377CEEFF3E" author="Pawlowski" box="[1204,1436,222,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Pawlowski, J. (2008) Philonthus spinipes Sharp, 1874. In: Glowacinski, Z., Okarma, H., Pawlowski, J. & Solarz, W. (Eds.), Alien species in the fauna of Poland. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Krakow, Poland, pp. 261 - 262. [in Polish and English]" type="book chapter" year="2008">J. Pawłowski (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
potential migration routes are presented for this species from the south to the north of Europe.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8FFC2FEEB7CEEFED3" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1215,1436,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FFC2FEEB7CEEFED3" box="[1215,1436,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was caught in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4FFFE8FA45FECE78F4FEF6" box="[312,390,294,319]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
as early as
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="E62D9B362D4FFFE8F975FECF7B2FFEF6" box="[520,605,294,319]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.03428" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" unit="in" value="1982.0">1982 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
Koło in central
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4FFFE8F86EFECE7A16FEF6" box="[787,868,294,319]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFEA37CF3FE3A" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
|||
|
|
In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4FFFE8FB99FEA27840FEAA" box="[228,306,330,355]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
in the last 35 years (
|
|||
|
|
<date id="556B10132D4FFFE8F96AFEA27BEAFEAA" box="[535,664,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" value="1982" valueMax="2016">1982–2016</date>
|
|||
|
|
) a total of at least
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4FFFE8F819FEA37D78FEAA" box="[868,1034,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" type="generic">141 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of this species were found (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FE3DFEA27839FE4E" author="Schulke" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Schulke, M. & Uhlig, M. (1989 b) Erganzungen zur Verbreitung von Philonthus spinipes SHARP, 1874 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte. 33, 4, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Schülke & Uhlig 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FA24FE867B78FE4E" author="Borowiec" box="[345,522,366,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Borowiec, L. (1991) Species of beetles (Coleoptera) new and rare for Poland. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 10, 197 - 205. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1991">Borowiec 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F967FE867B27FE4E" author="Borowiec" box="[538,597,366,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Borowiec, L. (1996) New beetles for the Lubelska Upland. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 15, 57. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F919FE867A19FE4E" author="Kubisz" box="[612,875,366,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Kubisz, D. & Melke, A. (1994) Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) rare and new for the fauna of Poland. Part 2. Staphylininae. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 13, 33 - 40. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1994">Kubisz & Melke 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F807FE867D63FE4E" author="Staniec" box="[890,1041,366,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Staniec, B. (1996) Materials for identification of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of the Lubelska Upland. Part 2. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 15, 23 - 29. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1996">Staniec 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FF5DFE877D29FE4E" author="Staniec" box="[1056,1115,367,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Staniec, B. (2010) Materials for identification of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of the Poleski National Park. Part 1 - Staphylininae. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 29 (1), 15 - 23. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FF17FE867CE5FE4E" author="Melke" box="[1130,1431,366,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Melke, A. & Szafraniec, S. (1998) Materials for identification of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of Babia Gora. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 17, 75 - 83. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1998">Melke & Szafraniec 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FBEAFE7A78AAFE62" author="Melke" box="[151,472,402,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Melke, A. & Maciejewski, K. H. (1999) Studies on beetles (Coleoptera) in the Puszcza Borecka forest. Part 5. Rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 18 (3), 143 - 151. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1999">Melke & Maciejewski 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FA99FE7A7A77FE62" author="Derunkov" box="[484,773,402,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Derunkov, A. & Melke. A. (2001) Staphylinidae excluding Micropeplinae and Pselaphinae. In: Gutowski, J. M. & Jaroszewicz, B. (Eds.), Katalog fauny Puszczy Bialowieskiej [Catalogue of fauna of the Bialowieza Primeval Forest], Instytut Badawczy Lesnictwa, Warszawa, Poland, pp. 133 - 147. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Derunkov & Melke 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F86FFE7A7AAFFE62" author="Komosinski" box="[786,989,402,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Komosinski, K. (2001) Necrophilous Staphylinidae collected in the area of Olsztyn. Second Symposium on Staphylinidae, Poznan-Jeziory, 41 - 42. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2001">Komosiński 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F897FE7A7C6BFE62" author="Kubisz" box="[1002,1305,402,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Kubisz, D. & Szafraniec, S. (2003) Beetles (Coleoptera) in the Babia Gora massif. In: Woloszyn, B. W., Woloszyn, D. & Celary, W. (Eds.), A monograph on fauna of Babia Gora. Publikacje Komitetu Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Krakow, Poland, pp. 163 - 221. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2003">Kubisz & Szafraniec 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FE5BFE7A79A1FE06" author="Smolenski" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Smolenski, M. (2006) Zooindication-based monitoring of anthropogenic transformations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Rove beetles. In: Szujecki, A. (Eds.), Zooindication-based monitoring of anthropogenic transformations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 171 - 236." type="book chapter" year="2006">Smoleński 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FBA3FE5E78F3FE06" author="Szujecki" box="[222,385,438,463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Szujecki, A. (2008) Xerothermophilic species from the group of rove beetles in afforested fallows in Central Pomerania. In: Mazur, S. & Tracz, H. (Eds.), Anthropogenic threats to forest ecosystems. 8 th Symposium on the Protection of Forest Ecosystems. Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa, Poland, pp. 392 - 397. [in Polish]" type="book chapter" year="2008">Szujecki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FAF0FE5E7B2BFE06" author="Madra" box="[397,601,438,463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Madra, A., Konwerski, S. & Matuszewski, S. (2014) Necrophilous Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as indicators of season of death and corpse relocation. Forensic Science International, 242, 32 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2014.06.011" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
Mądra
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FAA0FE5F7B67FE07" box="[477,533,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2014
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The reports on
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCount id="37D3FD5A2D4FFFE8F86AFE5F7ADDFE06" box="[791,943,438,463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" type="generic">31 specimens</specimenCount>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F8A8FE5E7D2CFE07" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[981,1118,438,462]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F8A8FE5E7D2CFE07" box="[981,1118,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
at 11 localities in the Polish part of the Carpathians provide important data to the biogeography and ecology of this large rove beetle species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFE16799BFD02" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
|||
|
|
The majority of data on the site and habitat of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F9A9FE167A2CFDDF" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[724,862,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F9A9FE167A2CFDDF" box="[724,862,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
indicate that this species prefers open spaces, only occasionally it is found in forests (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F94CFDCA7B9DFDF2" author="Smolenski" box="[561,751,546,571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Smolenski, M. (2006) Zooindication-based monitoring of anthropogenic transformations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Rove beetles. In: Szujecki, A. (Eds.), Zooindication-based monitoring of anthropogenic transformations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 171 - 236." type="book chapter" year="2006">Smoleński 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F982FDCA7AAAFDF2" author="Madra" box="[767,984,546,571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Madra, A., Konwerski, S. & Matuszewski, S. (2014) Necrophilous Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as indicators of season of death and corpse relocation. Forensic Science International, 242, 32 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2014.06.011" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
Mądra
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F82EFDCB7AE2FDF2" box="[851,912,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2014
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Preferences towards open areas were shown in the study by the team of the authors conducting investigations on large rove species colonising pig carrion (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FB8AFD8278B9FD4A" author="Madra" box="[247,459,618,643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Madra, A., Konwerski, S. & Matuszewski, S. (2014) Necrophilous Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as indicators of season of death and corpse relocation. Forensic Science International, 242, 32 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2014.06.011" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
Mądra
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FA36FD8378F7FD4A" box="[331,389,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2014
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8FAA2FD837BCCFD4B" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[479,702,619,643]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FAA2FD837BCCFD4B" box="[479,702,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Philonthus spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is a species which is found in very large numbers in non-forest biotopes. In analogous studies conducted in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="59C276432D4FFFE8F9FAFD667B95FD6E" box="[647,743,654,679]" name="Belgium" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F98BFD667D54FD6E" author="Dekeirsschieter" box="[758,1062,654,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Dekeirsschieter, J., Frederick, C., Verheggen, F. J., Drugmand, D. & Haubruge, E. (2013) Diversity of Forensic Rove Beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) Associated with Decaying Pig Carcass in a Forest Biotope. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58 (4), 1032 - 1040. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.12095" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
|||
|
|
Dekeirsschieter
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F8D0FD677A97FD6F" box="[941,997,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
2013
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) this species was not observed in forests.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFD3E7DD7FC93" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
|||
|
|
This species may reach the highest parts of mountains, above the upper limit (e.g. Czerwone Wierchy in the Tatras), as indicated by literature data (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F93AFD127A33FCDA" author="Kubisz" box="[583,833,762,787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Kubisz, D. & Melke, A. (1994) Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) rare and new for the fauna of Poland. Part 2. Staphylininae. Wiadomosci Entomologiczne, 13, 33 - 40. [in Polish]" type="journal article" year="1994">Kubisz & Melke 1994</bibRefCitation>
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) and observations reported in this study. Although the frequency of specimens decreases with the increasing altitude in the Carpathians, low diurnal heat sums, characteristic of high mountain and alpine habitats, do not limit the presence of
|
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8FF68FCAB7DECFC93" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1045,1182,835,859]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FF68FCAB7DECFC93" box="[1045,1182,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFC8F78C1FC0E" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
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It may be stated with a considerable degree of certainty that
|
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F8EAFC8E7D56FCB7" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[919,1060,870,894]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F8EAFC8E7D56FCB7" box="[919,1060,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a species tolerating well low temperatures, as indicated by the tendency to colonise regions of Europe located increasingly farther to the north (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FBE3FC46782DFC0E" author="Silfverberg" box="[158,351,942,967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Silfverberg, H. (1995) Immigration and range expansion in Finnish insects. Entomologica Fennica, 6, 163 - 167." type="journal article" year="1995">Silfverberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FA16FC4678DAFC0E" author="Silfverberg" box="[363,424,942,967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Silfverberg, H. (2005) Newcomers in the coleopteran fauna of northern Europe. In: Sklodowski, J., Huruk, S., Barsevskis, A. & Tarasiuk, S. (Eds.), Protection of Coleoptera in the Baltic Sea Region. Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 93 - 101." type="book chapter" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFC3B7850FBB2" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
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An interesting phenomenon is connected with the competition of an alien species, such as
|
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8FFBCFC3B7C38FC23" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1217,1354,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FFBCFC3B7C38FC23" box="[1217,1354,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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for the European fauna, in relation to other species of large predatory rove beetles colonising excrements. This problem is stressed by H.
|
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8FA40FBF27B54FBFA" author="Schillhammer" box="[317,550,1050,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Schillhammer, H. (1999) Revision of the East Palaearctic and Oriental species of Philonthus Stephens part 2. The spinipes and cinctulus groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 69, 55 - 65." type="journal article" year="1999">Schillhammer (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="45444B222D4FFFE8F94FFBF37B1FFBFA" author="Schillhammer" box="[562,621,1051,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" refString="Schillhammer, H. (2011) Staphylininae: Staphylinini: Philothina. In: Assing, V. & Schulke, M. (Eds.), Freude-Harde-Lohse- Klausnitzer-Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Band 4. Staphylinidae I. Zweite neubearbeitete Auflage. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 397 - 450." type="book chapter" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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), who stated that competition results in a decrease in the population size of the native rove beetle species
|
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<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F97BFBD67BA1FB9F" box="[518,723,1086,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
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<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F97BFBD67BA1FB9F" box="[518,723,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Philonthus nitidus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, which in many regions of Europe is becoming an increasingly rare species.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="216A36D32D4FFFE8FBBAFB6E7CEFFA9A" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1363]" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">
|
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|
If we assume the population size of
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F92AFB6E7B92FB57" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[599,736,1158,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F92AFB6E7B92FB57" box="[599,736,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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|
as a measure of competition, based on the data collected in the Polish Carpathians it may be stated that farm animal grazing (resulting in larger resources of animal droppings in the environment) results in reduced numbers of coprophilous
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F83AFB267A96FB2E" box="[839,996,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
, and thus competition between species, leading to an increased number of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8F962FB1B7BDBFAC3" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[543,681,1267,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8F962FB1B7BDBFAC3" box="[543,681,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. In turn, a lack of grazing causes a much higher frequency of rove beetles in traps with animal excrements and an increased competition between species, which leads to the reduction of the
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="E6D54D502D4FFFE8FBA3FAD37815FA9B" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1874" box="[222,359,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="580" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipes">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="13A1EAC12D4FFFE8FBA3FAD37815FA9B" box="[222,359,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="580">Ph. spinipes</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
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population size. This problem will be analysed in detail and presented in a separate publication.
|
|||
|
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</paragraph>
|
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|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</subSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document>
|