840 lines
125 KiB
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840 lines
125 KiB
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<document id="DE0A306212CED235236E5971980B5EA3" ID-CLB-Dataset="3166" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00491.x" ID-GBIF-Dataset="599d1f50-ec72-472b-bf86-545ab9964231" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1618409517564" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Wang, Xiaoming, Xie, Guangpu & Dong, Wei" docDate="2009" docId="5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolJLinnSoc.156.680-695.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00491.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Stephanocemas PALMATUS 2009, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="688" masterDocId="A1304643FFA4FFC1885AFFFAFFBDFFBF" masterDocTitle="A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny" masterLastPageNumber="695" masterPageNumber="680" pageNumber="681" updateTime="1698936492476" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="35698DD2815E39858596258A3B3ED096">A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A7D04822326378BE9811948E7BCDC5AC" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D65F58D7546BA5AF47230945238D7D6C">Wang, Xiaoming</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0AF5FC008C3973EED7082FDA66A9D8E5">Xie, Guangpu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6DDB6D8A0DF29762CCA604A1CE50B2A7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5047F979A9DFF2B7BA934836CB794216">Dong, Wei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="800E33D789E3E675A62A3466D1D136D6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BA5E432DE6C83FE7E9F3A318887E2779">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AB45C66F3F71EC750A971415BEE398C7">
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<mods:date id="8886BCC702C1461425BF5A94568CDC1C">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="707DA2491310D116872450B06DCF825E">2009-07-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EF927751A590021B140DB5B09E1F7463">156</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="48DE7E46078148FF8FAD395BC5113FF9" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="166707BEA8DB8CE751D6B7469411F35D">3</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="38D48EBF91D356C7308EF54949CB083E">https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00491.x</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="22561D7FA1CCEEFF5B12C82AF974010A" type="CLB-Dataset">3166</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="21FDB24E32DAE326658BCDC32DA0F023" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00491.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5365EDCD0C1393B1659A0C13B5BD00D7" type="GBIF-Dataset">599d1f50-ec72-472b-bf86-545ab9964231</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="045A2CCDE44E3CD6D8D6319C24D4B56E" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="764F8D943E6DB5A48A99F23B37FDF0DA" type="Zenodo-Dep">4687771</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748119" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190875349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748119" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<subSubSection id="9DBADCA6FFA5FFC08B63FC1EFAC7FC45" box="[825,1402,996,1018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC08B63FC1EFAC7FC45" blockId="1.[825,1402,996,1018]" box="[825,1402,996,1018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<heading id="8E573841FFA5FFC08B63FC1EFAC7FC45" box="[825,1402,996,1018]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA5FFC08B63FC1EFB37FC46" authority="PALMATUS" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[825,1162,996,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">STEPHANOCEMAS PALMATUS</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08CCEFC12FB44FC46" bold="true" box="[1172,1273,996,1017]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCE7EE44FFA5FFC08CCEFC12FB44FC46" box="[1172,1273,996,1017]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08D51FC1EFACFFC45" box="[1291,1394,996,1018]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStart-3="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="4.[164,243,733,752]" captionStartId-1="4.[164,243,1579,1598]" captionStartId-2="5.[144,223,850,869]" captionStartId-3="5.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox-0="[389,1217,198,701]" captionTargetBox-1="[166,780,839,1547]" captionTargetBox-2="[367,1199,196,820]" captionTargetBox-3="[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetId-0="figure-317@4.[387,1219,196,703]" captionTargetId-1="figure-350@4.[164,782,837,1549]" captionTargetId-2="figure-206@5.[367,1199,196,820]" captionTargetId-3="figure-229@5.[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionText-0="Figure 3. Stereophoto of dorsal view of IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Top is posterior and bottom is anterior." captionText-1="Figure 4. IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. A, medial, and B, ventral views. Left is posterior and right is anterior." captionText-2="Figure 5. IVPP V15723, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, and B, ventral views of palm portion of antler." captionText-3="Figure 6. IVPP V15724, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, B, ventral, and C, medial views of posterior palm portion of a juvenile antler." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687777" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687779" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687781" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687783" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4687777/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4687779/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4687781/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4687783/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">FIGS 3–6</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9DBADCA6FFA5FFC98B7CFBF1FC1DFCC2" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC08B7CFBF1FA86FBE1" blockId="1.[806,1422,1035,1118]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08B7CFBF1FA86FBE1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072303" accessionNumber="V15722" collectingDate="2006-08-13" collectionCode="IVPP" collectorName="Gary T. Takeuchi & Jack Tseng" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B7CFBF1FC2DFB9F" box="[806,912,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA5FFC08B7CFBF1FC37FB9F" box="[806,906,1035,1056]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08BC4FBF1FC66FB9F" box="[926,987,1035,1056]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
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<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08BB2FBF1FBFCFB9E" box="[1000,1089,1035,1057]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
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, nearly complete, shed left antler without pedicel (
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<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08C6AFBD3FBCAFB81" box="[1072,1143,1065,1087]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[164,243,733,752]" captionTargetBox="[389,1217,198,701]" captionTargetId="figure-317@4.[387,1219,196,703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Stereophoto of dorsal view of IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Top is posterior and bottom is anterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687777/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08CD9FBD3FB2EFB80" box="[1155,1171,1065,1087]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[164,243,1579,1598]" captionTargetBox="[166,780,839,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[164,782,837,1549]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. A, medial, and B, ventral views. Left is posterior and right is anterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687779/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">4</figureCitation>
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). Collected by
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<collectorName id="7855EAFBFFA5FFC08D62FBD3FC33FBE1" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Gary T. Takeuchi</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName id="7855EAFBFFA5FFC08B97FBB2FBF2FBE2" box="[973,1103,1096,1118]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Jack Tseng</collectorName>
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on
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<date id="A11EA9EDFFA5FFC08C24FBB2FA8AFBE1" box="[1150,1335,1096,1118]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" value="2006-08-13">
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<collectingDate id="B15A5005FFA5FFC08C24FBB2FA8AFBE1" box="[1150,1335,1096,1118]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" value="2006-08-13">13 August 2006</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC08B7CFB70FAB8FB00" blockId="1.[806,1421,1162,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B7CFB70FC19FB20" box="[806,932,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Etymology:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA5FFC08BECFB70FBC6FB1F" authority=", Latin" authorityName="Latin" box="[950,1147,1162,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
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<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08BECFB70FB9CFB20" box="[950,1057,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">palmatus</emphasis>
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, Latin
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</taxonomicName>
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, webbed, palmate; in allusion to palmate antler of the species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC08B7CFB16FB06FAC4" blockId="1.[806,1421,1258,1403]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
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<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B7CFB16FC02FABF" box="[806,959,1259,1281]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Type locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08B93FB11FB0AFAC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072310" collectionCode="IVPP" country="China" county="northern Tibetan Plateau" latitude="37.1035" location="Barun Yawula" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="97.27595" municipality="Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Qinghai">
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<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08B93FB11FBBBFABF" box="[969,1030,1259,1280]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
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locality CD0626 (
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<geoCoordinate id="B094E9EAFFA5FFC08C86FB11FA3BFABE" box="[1244,1414,1258,1281]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" precision="1" seconds="12.6" value="37.1035">N37° 06′ 12.6″</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B094E9EAFFA5FFC08B7CFAF0FC7AFAA0" box="[806,967,1288,1311]" degrees="97" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" precision="1" seconds="33.4" value="97.27595">E97° 16′ 33.4″</geoCoordinate>
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), north limb of
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<location id="D07FD9F6FFA5FFC08C23FAF0FAA6FAA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2:D07FD9F6FFA5FFC08C23FAF0FAA6FAA0" box="[1145,1307,1289,1311]" country="China" county="northern Tibetan Plateau" latitude="37.1035" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="97.27595" municipality="Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture" name="Barun Yawula" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" stateProvince="Qinghai">Barun Yawula</location>
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anticline,
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<quantity id="125822C8FFA5FFC08B7CFAD2FCD1FA81" box="[806,876,1320,1342]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
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south-west of
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<location id="D07FD9F6FFA5FFC08C67FAD2FB15FA81" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D093E3BFFA5FFC98B63FC1EFC1DFCC2:D07FD9F6FFA5FFC08C67FAD2FB15FA81" box="[1085,1192,1320,1342]" country="China" county="northern Tibetan Plateau" latitude="37.1035" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="97.27595" municipality="Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture" name="Delingha" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" stateProvince="Qinghai">Delingha</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="357B1557FFA5FFC08C9BFAD2FB86FAE2" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFA5FFC08C11FABDFAA5FAE2" box="[1099,1304,1351,1373]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Qinghai Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="3C7EF7A1FFA5FFC08D72FABDFC5EFAC4" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">northern Tibetan Plateau</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="ADB7CFBDFFA5FFC08BABFA9FFB8BFAC4" box="[1009,1078,1381,1403]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">China</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08C12FA9FFB33FAC5" box="[1096,1166,1381,1403]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1527,1548]" captionTargetBox="[144,1852,550,1498]" captionTargetId="graphics-0@2.[149,1848,551,1496]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of Qaidam Basin showing surrounding mountains and major vertebrate fossil localities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687773/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08CC4FA9FFB13FAC4" box="[1182,1198,1381,1403]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[148,227,1482,1503]" captionTargetBox="[107,1853,478,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[164,1852,479,1432]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687775/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC08B7CFA5DFB5EF987" blockId="1.[806,1421,1447,1592]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B7CFA5DFBBBFA02" box="[806,1030,1447,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Referred specimens:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08C57FA52FA30FA63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072309" accessionNumber="V15723" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08C57FA52FBF7FA02" box="[1037,1098,1448,1469]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08C0AFA5DFB17FA02" box="[1104,1194,1447,1469]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15723" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15723</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, palm part of antler with only one medial tine preserved (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08CA3FA3CFA81FA63" box="[1273,1340,1478,1500]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[144,223,850,869]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,196,820]" captionTargetId="figure-206@5.[367,1199,196,820]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. IVPP V15723, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, and B, ventral views of palm portion of antler." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687781/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), from
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08B7CFA1FFA35FA45" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072301" box="[806,1416,1507,1531]" collectionCode="IVPP" latitude="37.106747" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="97.26659" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08B7CFA1FFCDEFA45" box="[806,867,1509,1530]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
locality CD0630 (
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B094E9EAFFA5FFC08C77FA1FFB6DFA45" box="[1069,1232,1507,1531]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" precision="1" seconds="24.3" value="37.106747">N37° 06′ 24.3″</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B094E9EAFFA5FFC08C84FA1FFAC3FA45" box="[1246,1406,1507,1530]" degrees="97" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" precision="1" seconds="59.7" value="97.26659">E97° 15′ 59.7″</geoCoordinate>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08B7CF9FEFB8DF987" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072305" accessionNumber="V15724" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCount="1">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08B7CF9FEFCDEF9A6" box="[806,867,1540,1561]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08B30F9F9FC7EF9A6" box="[874,963,1539,1561]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, posterior half of a small juvenile antler fragment (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08BFBF9D8FC5EF987" box="[929,995,1570,1592]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="5.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 6. IVPP V15724, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, B, ventral, and C, medial views of posterior palm portion of a juvenile antler." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687783/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), from
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="65C88570FFA5FFC08C60F9D8FB62F987" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413072302" box="[1082,1247,1570,1592]" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" specimenCode="CD0630" specimenCount="1">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08C60F9D8FBCAF988" box="[1082,1143,1570,1591]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode id="85062756FFA5FFC08CDAF9D8FB62F987" box="[1152,1247,1570,1592]" collectionCode="IVPP" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">CD0630</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA5FFC58B7CF99EFB00FA97" blockId="1.[806,1422,1636,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[826,1442,838,1901]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="684" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B7CF99EFC51F9C5" box="[806,1004,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Geology and age:</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08BACF99EFB8EF9C6" box="[1014,1075,1636,1657]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08C66F99EFB2FF9C5" box="[1084,1170,1636,1658]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
(from
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08CB9F99EFA9DF9C6" box="[1251,1312,1636,1657]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08D73F99EFAF3F9C5" box="[1321,1358,1636,1658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0626) was produced from a sequence of rusty yellow to greenish cross-bedded sandstones and fine gravels along a north–south orientated wash on the western end of the north limb of the Barun Yawula anticline (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA5FFC08B74F907FCCCF8AC" box="[814,881,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[148,227,1482,1503]" captionTargetBox="[107,1853,478,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[164,1852,479,1432]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687775/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08BDFF907FC7FF8AD" box="[901,962,1789,1810]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08B92F907FBA3F8AC" box="[968,1054,1789,1811]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15723" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15723</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA5FFC08C0CF907FB11F8AC" box="[1110,1196,1789,1811]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08CE0F907FB4AF8AD" box="[1210,1271,1789,1810]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08CA4F907FA9EF8AC" box="[1278,1315,1789,1811]" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0630) are also from the same rusty yellow sandstone layers but are stratigraphically ~
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="125822C8FFA5FFC08C62F8C0FBC0F8EF" box="[1080,1149,1850,1872]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" unit="m" value="115.0">115 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
above
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA5FFC08C84F8C1FAA6F8EF" box="[1246,1307,1851,1872]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
CD0626. The
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA5FFC08B32F8A3FBAAF8D1" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[872,1047,1881,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="681" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA5FFC08B32F8A3FBAAF8D1" box="[872,1047,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="681">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
-producing sandstone, dipping toward the north, is more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="125822C8FFA0FFC58A4CF924FDE1F94B" box="[534,604,1758,1780]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
above the axis of the Barun Yawula anticline, where reddish mudstones are exposed as the stratigraphically lowest exposure. Fifty kilometres north-west of the Barun Yawula anticline is the north limb of the Keluke (Kurliq) anticline, where a sequence of ~
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="125822C8FFA0FFC58D76FCBDFAC2FCE2" box="[1324,1407,839,861]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" unit="m" value="5000.0">5000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
of Neogene sediments is exposed. Known as the Huaitoutala section, this long sequence contains vertebrate faunas ranging from the middle Miocene to early Pliocene age (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA0FFC58C4DFC38FB63FC67" author="Wang X & Qiu Z-D & Li Q & Wang B-Y & Qiu Z-X & Downs WR & Xie G-P & Xie J-Y & Deng T & Takeuchi GT & Tseng ZJ & Chang M-M & Liu J & Wang Y & Biasatti D & Sun Z & Fang X & Meng Q" box="[1047,1246,961,984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" pagination="363 - 385" refId="ref10645" refString="Wang X, Qiu Z-D, Li Q, Wang B-Y, Qiu Z-X, Downs WR, Xie G-P, Xie J-Y, Deng T, Takeuchi GT, Tseng ZJ, Chang M-M, Liu J, Wang Y, Biasatti D, Sun Z, Fang X, Meng Q. 2007. Vertebrate paleontology, biostratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoenvironment of Qaidam Basin in northern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 363 - 385." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|||
|
|
Wang
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58C3AFC38FB25FC69" box="[1120,1176,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 2007
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and palaeomagnetically dated to 15.7–1.8 Mya (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA0FFC58C9DFC1AFA2BFC49" author="Fang X & Zhang W & Meng Q & Gao J & Wang X & King J & Song C & Dai S & Miao Y" box="[1223,1430,992,1014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" pagination="293 - 306" refId="ref9416" refString="Fang X, Zhang W, Meng Q, Gao J, Wang X, King J, Song C, Dai S, Miao Y. 2007. High-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Province, China and its implication on tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 258: 293 - 306." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|||
|
|
Fang
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58D55FC1BFAFAFC4A" box="[1295,1351,992,1014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 2007
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Lithologically the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC58C51FC05FB07FBAB" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[1035,1210,1023,1044]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58C51FC05FB07FBAB" box="[1035,1210,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
-producing strata in Barun Yawula are approximately comparable to the greenish sandstones in the Huaitoutala section, where the middle Miocene Olongbuluk Fauna is found. The main difference seems to be that the Huaitoutala section is a much thicker sequence (the Olongbuluk Fauna alone spans more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="125822C8FFA0FFC58D64FB4CFA29FB73" box="[1342,1428,1206,1228]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
), whereas the same section in Barun Yawula is represented by substantially thinner beds, possibly indicating a lower rate of deposition.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA6FFC388C9FA0DFB52F9B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687773" box="[147,1263,1527,1548]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687773/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="682" startId="2.[147,226,1527,1548]" targetBox="[144,1852,550,1498]" targetPageId="2">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA6FFC388C9FA0DFB52F9B3" blockId="2.[147,1263,1527,1548]" box="[147,1263,1527,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="682">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA6FFC388C9FA0DFF46F9B3" bold="true" box="[147,251,1527,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="682">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Map of Qaidam Basin showing surrounding mountains and major vertebrate fossil localities.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA7FFC288CEFA30FF59F9EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687775" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687775/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="683" startId="3.[148,227,1482,1503]" targetBox="[107,1853,478,1453]" targetPageId="3">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA7FFC288CEFA30FF59F9EB" blockId="3.[148,1848,1482,1620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="683">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA7FFC288CEFA30FF41FA60" bold="true" box="[148,252,1482,1503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="683">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA0FFC588FEFD27FB13FCB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687777/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" startId="4.[164,243,733,752]" targetBox="[389,1217,198,701]" targetPageId="4">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA0FFC588FEFD27FB13FCB2" blockId="4.[164,1442,733,782]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC588FEFD27FEB1FD4F" bold="true" box="[164,268,733,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Stereophoto of dorsal view of IVPP
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA0FFC58AD2FD27FD67FD4F" box="[648,730,733,752]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, left antler without pedicel, holotype of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58C2DFD27FF40FCB1" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC58C2DFD27FA1FFD4F" authority="Wang & Xie & Dong, 2009" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1143,1442,733,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58C2DFD27FA1FFD4F" bold="true" box="[1143,1442,733,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCE7EE44FFA0FFC588FEFD01FF40FCB1" box="[164,253,763,782]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Top is posterior and bottom is anterior.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA0FFC48B09FACBFC31FAA5" blockId="4.[826,1442,838,1901]" lastBlockId="5.[806,1421,947,1306]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="685" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">
|
|||
|
|
Faunally, the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC58BA8FACBFB1CFAF9" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[1010,1185,1329,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58BA8FACBFB1CFAF9" box="[1010,1185,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
-producing sandstones in Barun Yawula (localities
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA0FFC58CFAFAB5FB7BFADA" box="[1184,1222,1359,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0626, 0630, 0633, 0634; see
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA0FFC58BEEFA94FC48FA3B" box="[948,1013,1390,1412]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[148,227,1482,1503]" captionTargetBox="[107,1853,478,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[164,1852,479,1432]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687775/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) have so far not yielded other agediagnostic taxa beside a few non-
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC58CA8FA76FA1CFA1E" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[1266,1441,1420,1441]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58CA8FA76FA1CFA1E" box="[1266,1441,1420,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
cervid antler fragments, as well as fragments of turtles and teleost fishes. However, in the eastern end of the Barun Yawula anticline, ~
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="125822C8FFA0FFC58C98FA12FB46FA41" box="[1218,1275,1512,1534]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
to the southeast of CD0626, a small assemblage of fossil mammals was collected. Of these, the most agediagnostic include an astragalus of hipparionine horse (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA0FFC58BD3F999FC7BF9C7" box="[905,966,1635,1656]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA0FFC58B95F999FC4BF9C6" box="[975,1014,1635,1657]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0618), indicating a late Miocene age. Based on correlations by satellite image (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA0FFC58D0BF97BFA2EF928" box="[1361,1427,1665,1687]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[148,227,1482,1503]" captionTargetBox="[107,1853,478,1453]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[164,1852,479,1432]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687775/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), the CD0618 locality is stratigraphically close to or slightly above the highest
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC58C22F944FA9AF96C" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[1144,1319,1726,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC58C22F944FA9AF96C" box="[1144,1319,1726,1747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
-producing horizon (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA0FFC58BFAF927FC7AF94C" box="[928,967,1757,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0634), although such correlations are not without difficulties, particularly in the eastern end of the Barun Yawula anticline where multiple faults have horizontal offsets of up to several hundred metres. To the best of our knowledge (see further discussion in ‘Problems with Bohlin’s
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFA1FFC48CBEFC49FAFDFC76" box="[1252,1344,947,969]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Materials’ below),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48B8EFC28FB3EFC58" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[980,1155,978,999]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48B8EFC28FB3EFC58" box="[980,1155,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is restricted to the middle Miocene strata (the Olongbuluk Fauna) in the eastern Qaidam Basin, i.e. no lagomerycine deer has been collected in known late Miocene faunas (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA1FFC48D6AFBD4FC09FBDD" author="Wang X & Wang B-Y" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" pagination="219 - 226" refId="ref10729" refString="Wang X, Wang B-Y. 2001. New material of a Chalicotherium from Tsaidam Basin in northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 75: 219 - 226." type="journal article" year="2001">Wang & Wang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA1FFC48B9CFBB7FB71FBDD" author="Deng T & Wang X" box="[966,1228,1101,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" pagination="316 - 333" refId="ref9350" refString="Deng T, Wang X. 2004 a. Late Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) of eastern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 42: 316 - 333." type="journal article" year="2004">Deng & Wang, 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, b;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA1FFC48D5BFBB7FCDCFB3E" author="Wang X & Qiu Z-D & Li Q & Wang B-Y & Qiu Z-X & Downs WR & Xie G-P & Xie J-Y & Deng T & Takeuchi GT & Tseng ZJ & Chang M-M & Liu J & Wang Y & Biasatti D & Sun Z & Fang X & Meng Q" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" pagination="363 - 385" refId="ref10645" refString="Wang X, Qiu Z-D, Li Q, Wang B-Y, Qiu Z-X, Downs WR, Xie G-P, Xie J-Y, Deng T, Takeuchi GT, Tseng ZJ, Chang M-M, Liu J, Wang Y, Biasatti D, Sun Z, Fang X, Meng Q. 2007. Vertebrate paleontology, biostratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoenvironment of Qaidam Basin in northern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 363 - 385." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|||
|
|
Wang
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48D15FBB7FA3BFBDE" box="[1359,1414,1100,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 2007
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). We thus conclude that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48CDEFB91FCF4FB20" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48CDEFB91FCF4FB20" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
probably represents the latest appearance of the lineage in the Tibetan Plateau in the latest middle Miocene, although the possibility exists that its upper-most occurrence (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA1FFC48C0EFB1FFBC7FB44" box="[1108,1146,1253,1275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">CD</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
0634) is earliest late Miocene.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA0FFC588FEF9D1FD38F929" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687779/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" startId="4.[164,243,1579,1598]" targetBox="[166,780,839,1547]" targetPageId="4">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA0FFC588FEF9D1FD38F929" blockId="4.[164,779,1579,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC588FEF9D1FEB1F981" bold="true" box="[164,268,1579,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
IVPP
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA0FFC58902F9D1FE14F981" box="[344,425,1579,1598]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, left antler without pedicel, holotype of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC588ABF9B2FDC4F9E3" bold="true" box="[241,633,1608,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA0FFC588ABF9B2FDA1F9E4" authority="Wang & Xie & Dong, 2009" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[241,540,1608,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA0FFC588ABF9B2FDA1F9E4" bold="true" box="[241,540,1608,1627]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="684">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCE7EE44FFA0FFC58A79F9B3FDC4F9E3" box="[547,633,1609,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="684" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. A, medial, and B, ventral views. Left is posterior and right is anterior.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA1FFC488CAFCA8FE3EFC3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687781/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" startId="5.[144,223,850,869]" targetBox="[367,1199,196,820]" targetPageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA1FFC488CAFCA8FE3EFC3D" blockId="5.[144,1421,850,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC488CAFCA8FF45FCDA" bold="true" box="[144,248,850,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
IVPP
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA1FFC4891FFCA8FE2AFCDA" box="[325,407,850,869]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15723" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" type="EnaNcbi">V15723</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, referred specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48AD3FCA8FBA5FCDA" bold="true" box="[649,1048,850,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48AD3FCA8FC0BFCDA" authority="Wang & Xie & Dong, 2009" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[649,950,850,869]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48AD3FCA8FC0BFCDA" bold="true" box="[649,950,850,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCE7EE44FFA1FFC48BE5FCA8FBA5FCDA" box="[959,1048,850,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
A, dorsal, and B, ventral views of palm portion of antler.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA1FFC48B7CFAC0FBD2F943" blockId="5.[806,1421,1338,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48B7CFAC0FB70FAF0" box="[806,1229,1338,1359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
Diagnosis:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48BF2FAC0FB70FAF0" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[936,1229,1338,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">Stephanocemas palmatus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
is easily distinguished from species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48CDAFAA2FA91FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1152,1324,1368,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48CDAFAA2FA91FAD2" box="[1152,1324,1368,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Paradicrocerus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48D17FAA3FC4FFA33" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flerovi">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48D17FAA3FC4FFA33" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Paradicrocerus flerovi</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48C50FA8DFAF7FA33" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[1034,1354,1399,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegantulus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48C50FA8DFAF7FA33" box="[1034,1354,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Paradicrocerus elegantulus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48B7CFA6FFB39FA15" authorityName="Baschanov & Nurumov" authorityYear="1955" box="[806,1156,1429,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevistephanos">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48B7CFA6FFB39FA15" box="[806,1156,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Paradicrocerus brevistephanos</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) in its derived characters such as large size, loss of dorsal ridges between anterior and posterior tines, enlarged central (palm) portion of antler, and horizontally orientated side branches (tines).
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48C5EF9EAFA8FF99A" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1028,1330,1552,1573]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48C5EF9EAFA8FF99A" box="[1028,1330,1552,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
differs from all previously known species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48C84F9D4FA30F9FC" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[1246,1421,1582,1603]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48C84F9D4FA30F9FC" box="[1246,1421,1582,1603]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48B74F9B7FBE3F9DD" box="[814,1118,1613,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aralensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48B74F9B7FBE3F9DD" box="[814,1118,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas aralensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48C24F9B7FC3EF93E" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1964" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinghaiensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48C24F9B7FC3EF93E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas chinghaiensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48BF3F996FB05F93E" authorityName="Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan" authorityYear="1983" box="[937,1208,1644,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rucha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48BF3F996FB05F93E" box="[937,1208,1644,1665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas rucha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48C84F996FC33F920" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48C84F996FC33F920" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) in the following derived characters: large size, expanded central (palm) part of antler, more horizontally orientated tines, and multiple (three or more) tines being plate-like.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="81DFDFA5FFA1FFC488CAF8E7FD4AF8D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687783/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" startId="5.[144,223,1821,1840]" targetBox="[144,762,945,1791]" targetPageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA1FFC488CAF8E7FD4AF8D5" blockId="5.[144,759,1820,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC488CAF8E7FF45F88F" bold="true" box="[144,248,1821,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
IVPP
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA1FFC4891EF8E7FE28F88F" box="[324,405,1821,1840]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, referred specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48ADBF8E6FE08F8F2" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48ADBF8E6FEEDF8F2" authority="Wang & Xie & Dong, 2009" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48ADBF8E6FEEDF8F2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCE7EE44FFA1FFC48900F8C0FE08F8F2" box="[346,437,1850,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
A, dorsal, B, ventral, and C, medial views of posterior palm portion of a juvenile antler.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA1FFC48B7CF8E6FC1AF88E" blockId="5.[806,1421,1820,1903]" box="[806,935,1820,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48B7CF8E6FC1AF88E" box="[806,935,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Description</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA1FFC78B7CF8C0FD48FDD5" blockId="5.[806,1421,1820,1903]" lastBlockId="6.[164,779,198,1903]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="686" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">
|
|||
|
|
The unusual arrangement of antlers in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA1FFC48D5EF8C0FCE8F8D1" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA1FFC48D5EF8C0FCE8F8D1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="685">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
confounded
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA1FFC48BB5F8A3FB24F8D0" author="Colbert EH" box="[1007,1177,1881,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="685" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref9291" refString="Colbert EH. 1936. Tertiary deer discovered by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions. American Museum Novitates 854: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1936">Colbert (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, who was unable to find a suitable method to describe its peculiar patterns. Although he agreed in principle with a nomenclatural scheme by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA2FFC789D7FEF9FD92FEA6" author="Pocock RI" box="[397,559,259,281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" pagination="377 - 406" refId="ref10179" refString="Pocock RI. 1933. The homologies between the branches of the antlers of the Cervidae based on the theory of dichotomous growth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1933: 377 - 406." type="journal article" year="1933">Pocock (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, who envisioned a series of dichotomous branching patterns in the posterior beams as seen in living cervids (see also
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA2FFC788FEFEA5FEF6FECA" author="Colbert EH" box="[164,331,351,373]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9315" refString="Colbert EH. 1940. Some cervid teeth from the Tung Gur Formation of Mongolia, and additional notes on the genera Stephanocemas and Lagomeryx. American Museum Novitates 1062: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1940">Colbert, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), in practice Colbert found such a system difficult to apply to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC789B6FE87FD26FE2D" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[492,667,381,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC789B6FE87FD26FE2D" box="[492,667,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Instead, Colbert devised a rather arbitrary system of antler nomenclature of anterior (brow tine), posterior (beam), median, and external tines. Because the branching patterns in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC789F3FE02FDE5FDB2" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[425,600,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC789F3FE02FDE5FDB2" box="[425,600,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are apparently derived independently from those in living cervids, Colbert’s system is adopted in this description to avoid implications of homology with living cervids.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC788E6FD88FEA3FC48" blockId="6.[164,779,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">
|
|||
|
|
The orientation of antlers is not always easily ascertained without associated cranial elements or large ontogenetic series. Our determination for the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA2FFC788FEFD34FEB8FD5B" box="[164,261,718,740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC78968FD34FE7CFD5C" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[306,449,718,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC78968FD34FE7CFD5C" box="[306,449,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
was based on comparisons with the best-preserved series for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC78A6CFD17FD6BFCBD" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[566,726,749,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegantulus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC78A6CFD17FD6BFCBD" box="[566,726,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">P. elegantulus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC788FEFCF6FE91FC9F" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[164,300,779,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC788FEFCF6FE91FC9F" box="[164,300,779,801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. In general, the widest tine is the posterior one, and its opposite tine is, by definition, the anterior tine. The lateral and medial tines are generally shorter than the anterior and posterior tines. The lateral tines tend to be longer and more upwardly curved relative to their medial counterparts. Given the above observation, we regard
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC78A69FC39FDCDFC67" box="[563,624,963,984]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC78A23FC39FD72FC66" box="[633,719,963,985]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
as a left antler.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC788E6FBFAFDE5FA96" blockId="6.[164,779,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC788E6FBFAFF44FBAA" box="[188,249,1024,1045]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC7895CFBFAFEE1FBA9" box="[262,348,1024,1046]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
is a large, full adult individual. A juvenile partial antler from a higher stratigraphical horizon (see ‘Geology and age’),
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC78A44FBC4FDE6FBEC" box="[542,603,1086,1107]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC78A3FFBC7FD03FBEC" box="[613,702,1085,1107]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, offers some sense of ontogenetic variations. Even in a very young individual, such as
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC7898FFB81FDAFFB2F" box="[469,530,1147,1168]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC78A40FB80FDCEFB2F" box="[538,627,1146,1168]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
, the palmate nature of the antler is readily apparent (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA2FFC78ADCFB63FD75FB10" box="[646,712,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="5.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[144,762,945,1791]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 6. IVPP V15724, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, B, ventral, and C, medial views of posterior palm portion of a juvenile antler." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687783/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), and distinctly different from juveniles of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC78A23FB42FCB7FB72" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[633,778,1208,1229]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC78A23FB42FCB7FB72" box="[633,778,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA2FFC788F1FB2CFEECFB53" author="Colbert EH" box="[171,337,1238,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref9291" refString="Colbert EH. 1936. Tertiary deer discovered by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions. American Museum Novitates 854: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1936">Colbert, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: fig. 5). The entirely palmate
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC78A94FB2DFCB6FB53" box="[718,779,1239,1260]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC788FEFB0FFF47FAB4" box="[164,250,1269,1291]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15724" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15724</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
has four branches and the palm portion is folded along the anteroposterior axis.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC788E6FAC8FF52F8AC" blockId="6.[164,779,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">
|
|||
|
|
The palm portion of
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC789F2FAC8FE58FAF8" box="[424,485,1330,1351]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC789B6FAC8FDFEFAF7" box="[492,579,1330,1352]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
is mediolaterally expanded with a relatively high width/length ratio. Toward the medial-central aspect of the palm, there is a distinct dorsal spur, which is broken off at the base. Only a rounded scar is left for this spur. Other than this spur, the dorsal surface is flat and smooth without any trace of the dorsal ridge seen in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA2FFC78A91FA10FEA5F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA2FFC78A91FA10FEA5F9A2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Paradicrocerus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(see Phylogeny). On the ventral side, an indication of a burr (coronet) is marked by small bony spurs at the bases of posterior and lateral tines. The burr is oval-shaped with its long axis orientated anteroposteriorly, which obviously corresponds to an oval cross-sectioned pedicel (stem). This burr-like structure, a concave shedding scar, and rough surface surrounding the burr clearly indicate a deciduous antler.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC788E6F8E6FC72FE6E" blockId="6.[164,779,198,1903]" lastBlockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">
|
|||
|
|
The most characteristic aspect of the tines in
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA2FFC78A94F8E6FCB6F88E" box="[718,779,1820,1841]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CAF312CEFFA2FFC788FEF8C0FF47F8EF" box="[164,250,1850,1872]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V15722" pageId="6" pageNumber="686" type="EnaNcbi">V15722</accessionNumber>
|
|||
|
|
is their spread-out appearance with their nearly horizontal orientation and their flattened cross-section. In lateral view, anterior and posterior tines spread out from the palm, initially horizontally toward the periphery and then gently curving upward toward their tips (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA2FFC78C44FED8FBD8FE88" box="[1054,1125,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[164,243,733,752]" captionTargetBox="[389,1217,198,701]" captionTargetId="figure-317@4.[387,1219,196,703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Stereophoto of dorsal view of IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Top is posterior and bottom is anterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687777/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA2FFC78C23FED8FB34FE87" box="[1145,1161,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[164,243,1579,1598]" captionTargetBox="[166,780,839,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[164,782,837,1549]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. A, medial, and B, ventral views. Left is posterior and right is anterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687779/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">4</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In anterior view, the medial tines (only the posterior one is preserved) are essentially horizontal whereas the lateral tines curve upward slightly, creating an asymmetrical appearance in terms of the upward curvatures of medial and lateral tines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09FE23FC0BFC9E" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Of the preserved tines, the posterior, posterior lateral, and anterior lateral tines are bifurcated, although, judging from the condition of the anterior lateral tine, the bifurcated tines do not extend far from the base of the split. The anterior tine is relatively short and wide in dorsal view. Its cross-section is basically dorsoventrally flat with the dorsal surface slightly convex. The medial corner of the tip is broken, but judging from the remaining parts, the anterior tine may be slightly bifurcated.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09FCD0FC25FBA9" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">
|
|||
|
|
The posterior tine (beam) is the widest of all the tines and maintains its width throughout its length, and slightly widens toward the distal end. The crosssection is very flat, with a convex ventral surface and a slightly concave dorsal surface. The tine is undoubtedly bifurcated, even though its lateral tip is broken off at the base of the bifurcation (see reconstruction in
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFA2FFC78B60FBFAFC36FBA9" box="[826,907,1024,1046]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[144,223,1167,1186]" captionTargetBox="[143,1424,196,1137]" captionTargetId="graphics-254@13.[144,1423,197,1137]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Species ranges, phyletic relationship, and zoogeographical positions of the Paradicrocerus–Stephanocemas clade. Most of the species ranges are approximate. Phyletic relationship is based on one of the shortest trees in our cladistic analysis, and some indeterminate taxa not included in the cladogram are inserted here based on our estimates of their relationships. The antlers are scaled to their approximate relative size, and dashed lines are mostly our own reconstructions of missing tines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687791/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09FBE5FABCFAB4" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">The anterior lateral tine is slightly longer than the anterior tine. This flattened tine has shallow grooves on both dorsal and ventral surfaces throughout its length. This is also the only tine that twists almost 90° – its bifurcated tips are almost vertically aligned, with the effect of a maximum width when viewed laterally. This tine also preserves the best tips (both are slightly restored with epoxy resin).</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09FAE9FC0EFA1B" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">The middle lateral tine is broken midway along the length. As in the anterior lateral tine, it is dorsoventrally compressed. Its cross-section shows shallow grooves on dorsal and ventral sides, indicating bifurcated tips.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09FA56FBB0F9E4" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">The posterior lateral tine is longer than the posterior tine. Its dorsoventrally compressed surfaces have shallow grooves that lead to slightly bifurcated tips, which are not as distinct as those on the anterior lateral tine. The grooves taper off toward the anterior aspect of the tine.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA2FFC78B09F99EFB53F8D0" blockId="6.[826,1442,198,1903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="686">The posterior medial tine is also longer than the posterior beam. Its cross-section is somewhat triangular at its base, gradually becoming flattened toward the tip, and its tip is not bifurcated. The middle and anterior medial tines are broken off at the base. Both have a rounded cross-section, indicating a single tip, as in the posterior medial tine. The base of the middle medial tine is elevated to form a prominent hump above the dorsal surface of the palm.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC688CAFF3DFE18FCBD" blockId="7.[144,759,198,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC688CAFF3DFEC0FF64" box="[144,381,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Measurements (mm):</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
maximum anteroposterior diameter of palm: 77.7; maximum mediolateral diameter of palm: 53.6; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of burr: 35.0 ¥ 20.0; length of anterior tine: 39.3; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of anterior tine: 19.4 ¥ 9.9; length of posterior tine: 48.3; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of posterior tine: 28.2 ¥ 12.8; length of posterior medial tine: 54.7; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of posterior medial tine: 16.6 ¥ 12.6; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of middle medial tine: 11.2 ¥ 10.7; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of anterior medial tine: 14.9 ¥ 11.7; length of anterior lateral tine: 52.7; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of anterior lateral tine: 17.7 ¥ 10.9; maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of middle lateral tine: 20.3 ¥ 12.8; length of posterior lateral tine: 58.0; and maximum ¥ minimum diameters at base of posterior lateral tine: 18.3 ¥ 10.9.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC6894CFCBBFDCDFCEA" blockId="7.[278,624,833,854]" box="[278,624,833,854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC688CAFC9DFDFAFB71" blockId="7.[144,759,871,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
In this study, we restricted our concept of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68ADEFC9DFF68FC24" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68ADEFC9DFF68FC24" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
to those Asiatic species that fall within the advanced clade of the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC689D5FC5EFD4BFC06" box="[399,758,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC689D5FC5EFD86FC06" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[399,571,932,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paradicrocerus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
–
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A10FC5EFD4BFC06" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[586,758,932,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stephanocemas</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
lineage (see Phylogeny). Primitive species formerly included in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68979FC1BFE6FFC49" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[291,466,993,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68979FC1BFE6FFC49" box="[291,466,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, such as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A15FC18FE93FBA9" authority="(Roger, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegantulus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68A15FC18FD4BFC49" box="[591,758,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. elegantulus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC688CDFBFAFE9BFBA9" author="Roger O" box="[151,294,1024,1046]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref10342" refString="Roger O. 1898. Wirbeltierreste aus dem Dinotheriensande der bayerisch-schwabischen Hochebene. Bericht der Naturwiss Vereins fur Schwaben und Neuburg in Augsburg 33: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1898">Roger, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68922FBFAFEF9FB8B" authority="Baschanov & Nurumov, 1955" authorityName="Baschanov & Nurumov" authorityYear="1955" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevistephanos">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68922FBFAFDF5FBAA" box="[376,584,1024,1045]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. brevistephanos</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68A02FBFAFEF9FB8B" author="Baschanov VS & Nurumov TN" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="14 - 28" refId="ref8918" refString="Baschanov VS, Nurumov TN. 1955. New finds of Tertiary reindeer from Kazakhstan. Materialy po Istoriy Fauny i Flory Kazakhstana 1: 14 - 28." type="journal article" year="1955">Baschanov & Nurumov, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, are here placed in the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68AEDFBE5FEB9FBED" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68AEDFBE5FEB9FBED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Paradicrocerus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. In such a phylogenetic framework,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A85FBC4FF46FBCE" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68A85FBC4FF46FBCE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is easily distinguishable from species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC688CAFB80FE81FB30" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[144,316,1146,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC688CAFB80FE81FB30" box="[144,316,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Paradicrocerus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its lack of dorsal ridges between anterior and posterior tines, expanded palm portion of the antler, and laterally spread tines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC688F2FB2CFAA8FECA" blockId="7.[144,759,871,1903]" lastBlockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
Within the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68923FB2CFD95FB54" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[377,552,1238,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68923FB2CFD95FB54" box="[377,552,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, the type species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC688CAFB0FFE6EFAB4" authority="Colbert, 1936" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[144,467,1269,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC688CAFB0FFEA2FAB5" box="[144,287,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68975FB0FFE6EFAB4" author="Colbert EH" box="[303,467,1269,1291]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref9291" refString="Colbert EH. 1936. Tertiary deer discovered by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions. American Museum Novitates 854: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1936">Colbert, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, is still the best documented species with a large array of individual antlers representing a nearly complete ontogenetic series. Such a series demonstrates a large amount of intraspecific variation in size, number, position, and orientation of individual branches (tines). Such a range of variations is probably typical for other species of the
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC6896EFA31FD26FA5F" box="[308,667,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC6896EFA31FE5DFA5F" baseAuthorityName="Gabuniya" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[308,480,1483,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paradicrocerus</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
–
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC689B5FA31FD26FA5F" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" box="[495,667,1483,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stephanocemas</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
lineage as well because one of its basal species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A03FA10FE93F9A1" authority="(Roger, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Paradicrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegantulus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68A03FA10FD4BFA40" box="[601,758,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">P. elegantulus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC688CDF9F2FE98F9A1" author="Roger O" box="[151,293,1544,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref10342" refString="Roger O. 1898. Wirbeltierreste aus dem Dinotheriensande der bayerisch-schwabischen Hochebene. Bericht der Naturwiss Vereins fur Schwaben und Neuburg in Augsburg 33: 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1898">Roger, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, shows similarly large variations (see
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC688CAF9DDFE89F982" author="Stehlin HG" box="[144,308,1575,1597]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="193 - 214" refId="ref10400" refString="Stehlin HG. 1937. Bemerkungen uber die miocaenen Hirschgenera Stephanocemas und Lagomeryx. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 48: 193 - 214." type="journal article" year="1937">Stehlin, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The large ontogenetic series of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A85F9DDFF45F9E5" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68A85F9DDFF45F9E5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from the Tunggur Formation also allows a certain amount of confidence that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68A76F99EFD07F9C6" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[556,698,1636,1657]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68A76F99EFD07F9C6" box="[556,698,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
falls outside the variations of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68993F979FDEAF927" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[457,599,1667,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68993F979FDEAF927" box="[457,599,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Despite the substantial amount of flattening in the posterior tine in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC688F7F93AFE8EF96A" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[173,307,1728,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC688F7F93AFE8EF96A" box="[173,307,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, the rest of the tines remain essentially rounded in cross-section, with the exception of the anterior median tine in the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA3FFC6898CF907FD8AF8AC" box="[470,567,1789,1811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA3FFC68A1DF907FD27F8AD" box="[583,666,1789,1810]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
26782). These rod-like tines with a single tip seem to be a primitive condition in contrast to the mostly platelike tines with branched tips in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC689A7F8A3FD3BF8D1" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[509,646,1881,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC689A7F8A3FD3BF8D1" box="[509,646,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Furthermore, the palm portion of the antlers in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68D5BFF3CFA30FF64" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1281,1421,198,219]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68D5BFF3CFA30FF64" box="[1281,1421,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is also mediolaterally widened relative to those in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68B7CFEF9FC0EFEA7" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[806,947,259,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68B7CFEF9FC0EFEA7" box="[806,947,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. If such a comparison is correct, then
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68B7CFED8FC0EFE88" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,947,290,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68B7CFED8FC0EFE88" box="[806,947,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
represents the most derived member of the genus and helps to envision a morphological framework for other lesser known species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC68B65FE87FAE0FD93" blockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B65FE87FC5FFE2C" author="Colbert EH" box="[831,994,381,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref9291" refString="Colbert EH. 1936. Tertiary deer discovered by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions. American Museum Novitates 854: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1936">Colbert (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described a second species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68D6CFE87FC3BFE0D" authorityName="PALMATUS" authorityYear="2009" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68D6CFE87FC3BFE0D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68BCFFE66FBEAFE0D" box="[917,1111,412,434]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triacuminatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68BCFFE66FBEAFE0D" box="[917,1111,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. triacuminatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, from the Tunggur Formation. However, following a suggestion by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68D60FE41FCCDFE50" author="Stehlin HG" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="193 - 214" refId="ref10400" refString="Stehlin HG. 1937. Bemerkungen uber die miocaenen Hirschgenera Stephanocemas und Lagomeryx. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 48: 193 - 214." type="journal article" year="1937">Stehlin (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B27FE23FB9FFE50" author="Colbert EH" box="[893,1058,473,495]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9315" refString="Colbert EH. 1940. Some cervid teeth from the Tung Gur Formation of Mongolia, and additional notes on the genera Stephanocemas and Lagomeryx. American Museum Novitates 1062: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1940">Colbert (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
soon recognized it as a species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68B19FE02FC02FDB2" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1904" box="[835,959,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Palaeomerycidae" genus="Lagomeryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68B19FE02FC02FDB2" box="[835,959,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Lagomeryx</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, a practice that has been followed since then (e.g.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68BC7FDEDFB93FD93" author="Young C-C" box="[925,1070,534,556]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="329 - 340" refId="ref10850" refString="Young C-C. 1964. On a new Lagomeryx from Lantian, Shensi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8: 329 - 340." type="journal article" year="1964">Young, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), as well as in this study.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC68B65FDCFFB1BFCBD" blockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B65FDCFFC42FDF4" author="Beliajeva EI" box="[831,1023,565,587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="89 - 93" refId="ref8947" refString="Beliajeva EI. 1949. O nakhodke Stephanocemas v Zaisanskoi kotlovine. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 20: 89 - 93." type="journal article" year="1949">Beliajeva (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
figured and described a partial antler of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68BC6FDAEFBC7FDD6" authority="sp." authorityName="SP." box="[924,1146,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68BC6FDAEFBF6FDD6" box="[924,1099,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
sp.
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
near Sarybulak River from the Zaysan Basin in eastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="ADB7CFBDFFA3FFC68C9FFD88FAEFFD37" box="[1221,1362,626,648]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The Zaysan form is distinguished by its relatively small palm portion, rounded tine cross-sections, and more vertically orientated tines, characters that easily differ from those in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C49FD17FB22FCBD" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1043,1183,749,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C49FD17FB22FCBD" box="[1043,1183,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC68B65FCF6FACFFB8A" blockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B65FCF6FC68FC9E" author="Young C-C" box="[831,981,779,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="329 - 340" refId="ref10850" refString="Young C-C. 1964. On a new Lagomeryx from Lantian, Shensi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8: 329 - 340." type="journal article" year="1964">Young (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
named a new species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C84FCF1FC7FFC80" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1964" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinghaiensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C84FCF1FC7FFC80" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas chinghaiensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, based on an antler from Ledu (= Nien-Pai) County,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFA3FFC68B9EFCB2FB2FFCE1" box="[964,1170,840,862]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Qinghai Province</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, described by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68D1BFCB2FCD3FCC2" author="Bohlin B" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="3 - 111" refId="ref9065" refString="Bohlin B. 1937. Eine Tertiare saugetier-fauna aus Tsaidam. Sino-Swedish Expedition Publication (Palaeontologia Sinica Series C, Volume 14) 1: 3 - 111." type="journal article" year="1937">Bohlin (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
(see additional comments in ‘Problems with Bohlin’s
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFA3FFC68BCBFC7CFC50FC23" box="[913,1005,902,924]" country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Materials’ below). Based on published figures (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B94FC5EFBDCFC06" author="Bohlin B" box="[974,1121,932,954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="3 - 111" refId="ref9065" refString="Bohlin B. 1937. Eine Tertiare saugetier-fauna aus Tsaidam. Sino-Swedish Expedition Publication (Palaeontologia Sinica Series C, Volume 14) 1: 3 - 111." type="journal article" year="1937">Bohlin, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: text figs 42–44), the Ledu antler is distinct from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C73FC39FB0EFC67" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1065,1203,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C73FC39FB0EFC67" box="[1065,1203,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its smaller size, smaller palm portion, fewer medial and lateral tines (one each), more rounded cross-sections of the tines, and slightly more upright orientation of the tines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC68B65FBC7FC04F927" blockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68B65FBC7FC41FBEC" author="Beliajeva EI" box="[831,1020,1085,1107]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="80 - 86" refId="ref8968" refString="Beliajeva EI. 1974. K istorii tretichnykh muntzhakov Azii. Fauna i stratigrafiya mezozoya i kaynozoya Mongolii [A contribution to the history of the Tertiary muntjacs of Asia]. Trudy Sovmestnaya Rossiysko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya 1: 80 - 86." type="journal article" year="1974">Beliajeva (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
erected a new species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68D40FBC7FC66FBCE" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aralensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68D40FBC7FC66FBCE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas aralensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, from the middle Miocene of western
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="ADB7CFBDFFA3FFC68B7CFB80FC0EFB2F" box="[806,947,1146,1168]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA3FFC68BADFB80FBE5FB2F" box="[1015,1112,1146,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA3FFC68C33FB80FB25FB30" box="[1129,1176,1146,1167]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">PIN</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1551-67) is a nearly complete left antler collected near Bes-Tyube, north of the Aral Sea. Based on the illustrated
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA3FFC68CADFB42FAE5FB71" box="[1271,1368,1208,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
and referred materials (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68C7BFB2CFB5CFB54" author="Beliajeva EI" box="[1057,1249,1238,1260]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="80 - 86" refId="ref8968" refString="Beliajeva EI. 1974. K istorii tretichnykh muntzhakov Azii. Fauna i stratigrafiya mezozoya i kaynozoya Mongolii [A contribution to the history of the Tertiary muntjacs of Asia]. Trudy Sovmestnaya Rossiysko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya 1: 80 - 86." type="journal article" year="1974">Beliajeva, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: figs 2–4),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68D2CFB2CFC30FAB5" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aralensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68D2CFB2CFC30FAB5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. aralensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is easily distinguished from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68CBBFB0FFAD0FAB5" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1249,1389,1269,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68CBBFB0FFAD0FAB5" box="[1249,1389,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in its smaller size, much more elongated burr (i.e. shedding scar; corresponding to a more mediolaterally compressed pedicel), less mediolaterally expanded palm portion, more upwardly (vertically) orientated peripheral tines, more rounded cross-sections for most peripheral tines, fewer lateral (one to two) and medial (two to three) tines, and more proximally branched posterior tine (more so in the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFA3FFC68CA2FA13FAE4FA40" box="[1272,1369,1513,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
and a referred antler,
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA3FFC68BA8F9F3FB9DF9A1" box="[1010,1056,1545,1566]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">PIN</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1568-42, than in
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFA3FFC68CB7F9F3FAA6F9A1" box="[1261,1307,1545,1566]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kjjc-ziy5" name="Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">PIN</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1551-68). With the possible exception of the elongated burrs, most of the characters in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C00F9BCFB5FF9E5" box="[1114,1250,1605,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aralensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C00F9BCFB5FF9E5" box="[1114,1250,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. aralensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are primitive, and are probably far removed from those of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68B7CF979FC0FF928" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,946,1666,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68B7CF979FC0FF928" box="[806,946,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFA3FFC98B65F958FE0AFBCD" blockId="7.[806,1421,198,1903]" lastBlockId="8.[164,779,198,1903]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">
|
|||
|
|
More recently,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC68BADF95BFA30F908" author="Ginsburg L & Ukkakimapan Y" box="[1015,1421,1697,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="297 - 300" refId="ref9677" refString="Ginsburg L, Ukkakimapan Y. 1983. Un Cervide nouveau du Miocene d'Asie et l'age des lignites des bassins intramontagneux du nord de la Thailande. Comptes-Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie 2 297: 297 - 300." type="journal article" year="1983">Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
described a new species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C16F93AFAFAF96A" authorityName="Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan" authorityYear="1983" box="[1100,1351,1728,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rucha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C16F93AFAFAF96A" box="[1100,1351,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas rucha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, from lignitic deposits of the Li Basin in northern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="ADB7CFBDFFA3FFC68D45F924FA34F94B" box="[1311,1417,1758,1780]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, which represents the southern-most occurrence of the genus. Initially thought to be late middle to early late Miocene in age mostly based on the presence of proboscideans and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFA3FFC68C7EF8A3FB6EF8D1" box="[1060,1235,1881,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFA3FFC68C7EF8A3FB6EF8D1" box="[1060,1235,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="687">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFA3FFC98CAFF8A3FE2CFF64" author="Ginsburg L & Ukkakimapan Y" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="688" pageId="7" pageNumber="687" pagination="297 - 300" refId="ref9677" refString="Ginsburg L, Ukkakimapan Y. 1983. Un Cervide nouveau du Miocene d'Asie et l'age des lignites des bassins intramontagneux du nord de la Thailande. Comptes-Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie 2 297: 297 - 300." type="journal article" year="1983">Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC989C5FF3CFDEEFF63" author="Ginsburg L" box="[415,595,198,220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="67 - 69" refId="ref9604" refString="Ginsburg L. 1984. Les faunnes tertiaires du Nord de la Thailande. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France (Nouvelle Serie) 147: 67 - 69." type="journal article" year="1984">Ginsburg, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), the age of the Li Fauna was revised downward to early Miocene (equivalent to the MN4 of the European mammal zones), based on long-distance comparison of mammals from Europe (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC9898EFEBAFD42FEE9" author="Mein P & Ginsburg L" box="[468,767,320,342]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="783 - 844" refId="ref9979" refString="Mein P, Ginsburg L. 1997. Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Geodiversitas 19: 783 - 844." type="journal article" year="1997">Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). However, more recent studies of magnetostratigraphy (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC988F1FE87FE1DFE2B" author="Benammi M & Urrutia-Fucugauchi J & Alva-Valdivia LM & Chaimanee Y & Triamwichanon S & Jaeger J-J" box="[171,416,381,404]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="373 - 383" refId="ref9011" refString="Benammi M, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Alva-Valdivia LM, Chaimanee Y, Triamwichanon S, Jaeger J-J. 2002. Magnetostratigraphy of the middle Miocene continental sedimentary sequences of the Mae Moh Basin in northern Thailand: evidence for counterclockwise block rotation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204: 373 - 383." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
|||
|
|
Benammi
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98978FE84FEE7FE2D" box="[290,346,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 2002
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) and fossil rodents (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98AD2FE87FE99FE0D" author="Chaimanee Y & Yamee C & Marandat B & Jaeger J-J" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="157 - 163" refId="ref9196" refString="Chaimanee Y, Yamee C, Marandat B, Jaeger J-J. 2007. First middle Miocene rodents from the Mae Moh Basin (Thailand): biochronological and paleoenvironmental implications. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 39: 157 - 163." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
|||
|
|
Chaimanee
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC988FEFE67FF61FE0E" box="[164,220,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 2007
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) from the nearby Mae Moh Basin, placed the Li Basin strata (considered equivalent in age to that of the Mae Moh Basin) back in the late middle Miocene age, around 13–12 Mya. Regardless of its age, the Thai species is the southernmost occurrence of the genus and is zoogeographically important. Unfortunately, the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFACFFC989DBFDAEFE5FFDD5" box="[385,482,596,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98A5DFDAEFDD4FDD6" authorityName="Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan" authorityYear="1983" box="[519,617,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rucha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98A5DFDAEFDD4FDD6" box="[519,617,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. rucha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is poorly preserved. Additional antler fragments were listed, but these were not figured nor described (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98AFCFD6BFEDDFD79" author="Mein P & Ginsburg L" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="783 - 844" refId="ref9979" refString="Mein P, Ginsburg L. 1997. Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Geodiversitas 19: 783 - 844." type="journal article" year="1997">Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Our present comparison is thus based on the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFACFFC98960FD34FE26FD5B" box="[314,411,718,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
(T Li 67) only. The palm portion of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98898FD17FE98FCBD" authorityName="Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan" authorityYear="1983" box="[194,293,749,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rucha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98898FD17FE98FCBD" box="[194,293,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. rucha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is smaller and less laterally spread than that of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC988A7FCF6FE37FC9F" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[253,394,779,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC988A7FCF6FE37FC9F" box="[253,394,779,801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Judging from the anterior tine, the only fully preserved one on the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFACFFC98A18FCD0FD18FCFF" box="[578,677,810,832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
, and the bases of the two lateral tines, the radiating tines are all orientated rather vertically, i.e. forming an angle greater than 45° with the horizontal plane. In this condition, the Thai species is thus somewhat primitive among advanced species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98A7EFC39FD6EFC67" box="[548,723,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98A7EFC39FD6EFC67" box="[548,723,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(see
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFACFFC988FEFC1BFF5BFC47" box="[164,230,993,1016]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[826,905,954,973]" captionTargetBox="[811,1442,185,924]" captionTargetId="graphics-646@12.[825,1190,208,917]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Strict consensus of four shortest trees (tree length = 12) of the Paradicrocerus–Stephanocemas clade found by the branch and bound option of the PAUP program on a ten taxa ¥ nine characters data matrix (Table 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687789/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). If our reconstructed outline of the posterior tine (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="4D9B93A8FFACFFC988B2FBFAFE8BFBA9" box="[232,310,1024,1046]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[144,223,1167,1186]" captionTargetBox="[143,1424,196,1137]" captionTargetId="graphics-254@13.[144,1423,197,1137]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Species ranges, phyletic relationship, and zoogeographical positions of the Paradicrocerus–Stephanocemas clade. Most of the species ranges are approximate. Phyletic relationship is based on one of the shortest trees in our cladistic analysis, and some indeterminate taxa not included in the cladogram are inserted here based on our estimates of their relationships. The antlers are scaled to their approximate relative size, and dashed lines are mostly our own reconstructions of missing tines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687791/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) is correct, an admittedly speculative reconstruction based on published figures, then
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98AA9FBE5FF5BFBED" authorityName="Ginsburg & Ukkakimapan" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rucha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98AA9FBE5FF5BFBED" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. rucha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
shares with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC989D7FBC4FDA4FBED" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[397,537,1085,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC989D7FBC4FDA4FBED" box="[397,537,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98A3AFBC4FD52FBED" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[608,751,1085,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98A3AFBC4FD52FBED" box="[608,751,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
a flattened posterior tine.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFACFFC988E6FB81FEE6F9BF" blockId="8.[164,779,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC988E6FB81FE94FB2E" author="Ye J" box="[188,297,1147,1169]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="37 - 52" refId="ref10802" refString="Ye J. 1989. Middle Miocene artiodactyls from the northern Junggar Basin. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 27: 37 - 52." type="journal article" year="1989">Ye (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
referred to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC989E0FB80FCB7FB30" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" box="[442,778,1146,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC989E0FB80FDD4FB30" box="[442,617,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Stephanocemas</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
aff.
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98AF8FB80FCB7FB30" box="[674,778,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
20 partial antlers, as well as dental materials, from the lower part of the Halamagai Formation (middle Miocene), Junggar Basin,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFACFFC989B5FB2CFD74FB53" box="[495,713,1238,1260]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Xinjiang Province</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. The relatively large sample size, representing both adult and juvenile individuals, reveals a substantial amount of variations. Nonetheless, the following features in the Junggar materials are consistently different from those in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98991FA8AFDE0FA3B" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[459,605,1391,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98991FA8AFDE0FA3B" box="[459,605,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
: smaller size, smaller palm part of the antler, more rounded crosssections in tines, and slightly more upright tines, although the two taxa seem to share a mediolaterally expanded palm.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFACFFC988E6F9F2FD41F8D0" blockId="8.[164,779,198,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">
|
|||
|
|
Abdrachmanova (in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC989E3F9F2FE0DF982" author="Tleuberdina FA & Bayshashov BU & Abdrachmanova LT" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="92 - 115" refId="ref10518" refString="Tleuberdina FA, Bayshashov BU, Abdrachmanova LT. 1993. Rannemiotsenovaya fauna mlekopitayushchikh Dzhungarskogo Alatau (gory Aktau) [Early Miocene mammalian fauna of Dzhungarian Alatau (Aktau Mountain)]. In: Tleuberdina FA, ed. Faunisticheskie I Floristicheskie Kompleksy Mezozoya I Kainozoya Kazahstana [Faunistic and Floristic Complexes of Kazakhstan's Mesozoic and Cenozoic]. Almaty: Baspager, 92 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1993">Tleuberdina, Bayshashov & Abdrachmanova, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) described a new species,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC988FEF9BFFE6EF9E4" box="[164,467,1605,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="actauensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC988FEF9BFFE6EF9E4" box="[164,467,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Stephanocemas actauensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, from the Aktau Mountain area in the Ily Basin of eastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="ADB7CFBDFFACFFC98A1AF99EFD70F9C5" box="[576,717,1636,1658]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. The upper Aktau Mountain strata that produced
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98AE4F979FF44F908" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="actauensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98AE4F979FF44F908" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. actauensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were estimated to be early Miocene in age (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC988F1F93AFE3DF96A" author="Tleuberdina FA" box="[171,384,1728,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="50" refId="ref10484" refString="Tleuberdina FA. 1994. The synchronism of early Miocene stage in the development of fauna and flora of Kazakhstan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (3 Suppl.): 50." type="journal article" year="1994">Tleuberdina, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC989D4F93AFD77F969" author="Lucas SG & Bendukidze OG" box="[398,714,1728,1750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="659 - 673" refId="ref9924" refString="Lucas SG, Bendukidze OG. 1997. Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Kazakhstan. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 11: 659 - 673." type="journal article" year="1997">Lucas & Bendukidze, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). The
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="0A1B318FFFACFFC988FEF924FEB8F94B" box="[164,261,1758,1780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
is a small partial antler with five or six tines. Assuming the Aktau antler is an adult, it differs from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC988FEF8E6FE89F88E" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[164,308,1820,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC988FEF8E6FE89F88E" box="[164,308,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
by the following primitive characters: small size, five to six tines with rounded crosssections, and more upward orientation of the tines.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="D51F8F2DFFACFFC98B09FF3CFC1DFCC2" blockId="8.[826,1442,198,893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">
|
|||
|
|
Most recently,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98C5AFF3CFB11FF63" author="Li J & Liu H & Guan J" box="[1024,1196,198,220]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref9834" refString="Li J, Liu H, Guan J. 1998. Some Artiodactyla from the middle Miocene of Tongxin, Ningxia. Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum 56: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
|||
|
|
Li
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98C79FF3CFBE6FF64" box="[1059,1115,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(1998)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
referred to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98D67FF3CFCD5FF45" authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomsoni">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98D67FF3CFCD5FF45" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. thomsoni</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
four antlers, two jaws, and several teeth from the Hongliugou Formation in Tongxin,
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="176441CFFFACFFC98CBBFEF9FA81FEA6" box="[1249,1340,259,281]" country="China" name="Ningxia" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">Ningxia</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Autonomous Region, an area that was previously known to contain some fragmentary materials of the genus (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98B18FEA5FC71FECA" author="Chen G-F" box="[834,972,351,373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="103 - 110" refId="ref9241" refString="Chen G-F. 1978. Fossil proboscideans from the Miocene of Zhongning-Tongxin area, Ningxia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 16: 103 - 110." type="journal article" year="1978">Chen, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). As typified by the Dingjiaergou local fauna, the middle part of the Tongxin strata is middle Miocene (Tunggurian) in age (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98CC0FE66FA28FE0D" author="Qiu Z-X & Wu W-Y & Qiu Z-D" box="[1178,1429,412,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="443 - 472" refId="ref10291" refString="Qiu Z-X, Wu W-Y, Qiu Z-D. 1999. Miocene mammal faunal sequences of China: palaeozoogeography and Eurasian relationships. In: Rossner GE, Heissig K, eds. The Miocene land mammals of Europe. Munchen: Dr. Driedrich Pfeil, 443 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1999">Qiu, Wu & Qiu, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Judging from a figured antler (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFACFFC98CF7FE41FB5FFE6F" box="[1197,1250,443,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">BPV</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1212) (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98D65FE41FCC9FE51" author="Li J & Liu H & Guan J" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref9834" refString="Li J, Liu H, Guan J. 1998. Some Artiodactyla from the middle Miocene of Tongxin, Ningxia. Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum 56: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
|||
|
|
Li
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98D39FE41FA27FE6F" box="[1379,1434,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, 1998
|
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|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: figs 1, 2) and from the authors’ description, the Tongxin materials seem closest to
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98C8EFE02FADCFDB2" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[1236,1377,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98C8EFE02FADCFDB2" box="[1236,1377,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Qaidam.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFACFFC98BFEFDEDFC65FD93" box="[932,984,535,556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">BPV</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1212, presumably a mature individual, has reached the stage of palm expansion of the latter. Its peripheral tines seem also substantially flattened. Furthermore, examination of another specimen,
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B3B117E8FFACFFC98D3EFD89FA1CFD37" box="[1380,1441,627,648]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">IVPP</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
V5586 (a relatively young individual), shows a similarly flattened and mediolaterally expanded palm portion of the antler, as also noted by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B131F2DCFFACFFC98CBCFD34FACEFD5B" author="Chen G-F" box="[1254,1395,718,740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" pagination="103 - 110" refId="ref9241" refString="Chen G-F. 1978. Fossil proboscideans from the Miocene of Zhongning-Tongxin area, Ningxia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 16: 103 - 110." type="journal article" year="1978">Chen (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
. We are thus inclined to treat the Tongxin materials as conspecific to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="12A0F4AEFFACFFC98B85FCF1FBD0FC9F" authorityName="Wang & Xie & Dong" authorityYear="2009" box="[991,1133,779,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Lagomerycidae" genus="Stephanocemas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="688" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="E7D4533FFFACFFC98B85FCF1FBD0FC9F" box="[991,1133,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="688">S. palmatus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. If the Tongxin species is correctly referred, it would significantly extend the geological range of the species to the early middle Miocene.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|