273 lines
32 KiB
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273 lines
32 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6443" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d9113fa2-22fc-469a-a4af-3a2d96270bd6" ID-PMC="PMC4714348" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-546-87" ID-PubMed="26798307" ID-ZBK="1CEAF6086B6A4DBD929DA5FFA2FB776B" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-546-87" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 546" ModsDocTitle="A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Townsendiella (Apidae, Nomadinae, Townsendiellini), with the description of a new species from Pinnacles National Park" checkinTime="1451243618332" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Orr, Michael C. & Griswold, Terry L." docDate="2015" docId="B8873A77113773CD43C64D13554353D5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 546: 87-104" docOrigin="ZooKeys 546" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6443" docTitle="Townsendiella ensifera Orr & Griswold, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D80DEF1E-DFC2-4D3F-A539-1FC439A78A67" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="FFCDFD36FF960A4659649E34FFCCFF9D" masterDocTitle="A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Townsendiella (Apidae, Nomadinae, Townsendiellini), with the description of a new species from Pinnacles National Park" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1668162344804" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Townsendiella (Apidae, Nomadinae, Townsendiellini), with the description of a new species from Pinnacles National Park</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Orr, Michael C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Griswold, Terry L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>546</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>104</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6443</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6443</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-546-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">1CEAF6086B6A4DBD929DA5FFA2FB776B</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1CEAF6086B6A4DBD929DA5FFA2FB776B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127898122" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D80DEF1E-DFC2-4D3F-A539-1FC439A78A67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8873A77113773CD43C64D13554353D5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Apidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/D80DEF1E-DFC2-4D3F-A539-1FC439A78A67" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="91">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6-8
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="type-locality">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Type-locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">USA, California: San Benito County, Pinnacles National Park, East of Mount Defiance, 36.46060 -121.15210, Blue oak woodland, white pantrap, 29 May 1999, O. Messinger leg., host unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Female, pinned. Original label: "USA CA San Benito Co., / Pinnacles Natl. Mon., / East of Mount Defiance /
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.470665">36°28.24'N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-121.15217">121°09.13'W</geoCoordinate>
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[white typed label]" "White pantrap, burn / Blue oak woodland [white typed label]" "29 May, 1999 / O. Messinger [white typed label]" "NativeBeeSurvey / USDA,Logan,Utah / BBSL331869 [barcode label]."
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Nine topo-typical specimens (1F8M); all deposited in the NPIC. Unique specimen identifiers are as follows: BBSL330902, BBSL331852, BBSL331878, BBSL331886, BBSL331887, BBSL331891, BBSL332126, BBSL332137, and BBSL332139. Selected specimen data for each paratype is available in the Suppl. material 1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Other material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Additional records are detailed in the Suppl. material 1.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Both males and females are most similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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and are separated easily from other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Townsendiella</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of a medially projecting knob on the metanotum, the length of the marginal cell being about equal or greater than the distance from its posterior tip to the posterior tip of the wing, and the asymmetrical second submarginal cell with the longer, more curved distal vein. From
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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, it may be differentiated by the following characteristics: five maxillary palpomeres, the final palpomere almost as long as the second palpomere; male pygidial plate narrower, sharper at the tip; female S5 lacking a pubescent apicomedial area, setal density roughly even along rim; when viewing the genital capsule laid flat against a surface, with your view perpendicular to the surface: the tip of the male gonostylus is about its maximum width distant from the gonocoxite tip, while in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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it is almost equal; male gonocoxite with shorter, fewer, and less plumose setae present ventrolaterally (Fig. 5a) compared to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5b); and male genital capsule smaller overall, with gonocoxites less expanded apically (Figs 4, 5).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Figure 3. The female T5 of a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (BBSL331869) and b
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella rufiventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">Townsendiella rufiventris</taxonomicName>
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(BBSL209499). The latter has a distinctly impressed, finely-pitted, and tessellate lunule medially in the pseudopygidial area, a feature unique within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Townsendiella</taxonomicName>
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. The scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Figure 4. The male genitalia of a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (BBSL259479) and b
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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(BBL340294). Dorsal view of genital capsule and gonostylus. The scale bar represents 0.25 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Figure 5. The male genitalia of a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (BBSL259415) and b
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
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(BBSL349670). Lateral view of gonocoxite, with focus on setae. The scale bar represents 0.25 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="4" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Female: Head: Pubescence dense, white, covering one-half to three-fourths of height of compound eye, becoming sparser, less plumose, and often off-white in coloration dorsally. Facial integument black, reddening, if present, limited to labrum and rim of clypeus. Punctation relatively dense throughout, integument shining between punctures. Mandible simple, basal three-fourths to four-fifths of integument dull orange to bright yellow, tip reddish-brown. Clypeus protuberant from anterior margin of compound eye by one-third to one-half of maximum compound eye width. Integument of antenna dark brown to black, sometimes light brown. Compound eyes slightly converging ventrally. Lateral ocellus distinctly closer to rear margin of head than compound eye, separated from rear margin by roughly 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.5×">-2.5x</normalizedToken>
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lateral ocellar diameter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="4" pageNumber="91">
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Mesosoma: Pubescence all white except for light brown areas of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. Pubescence dense over mesosoma, except slightly less dense where brown, sparser on pronotum anteriorly, mesepisternum anteriorly, and propodeal triangle below metanotum. Mesoscutum with pubescence primarily light brown except along border, with two thin, longitudinal stripes of white setae intruding posteriorly from anterior margin for one-third to one-half of mesoscutal length. Mesoscutellum
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="92" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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pubescence largely light brown, bordered by white, with anterior-directed stripe of white setae from posterior midline. Integument dark brown to black, often with pronotal lobe reddened, less commonly reddened ventrally or elsewhere on pronotum. Punctation dense throughout mesosoma, except propodeal enclosure where absent or obscured by tessellation, integument otherwise relatively smooth and shiny. Tegula brown, slightly transparent, but obscured by dense setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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Wings: Wings equal to 3.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.1×">-3.1x</normalizedToken>
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medial length of mesoscutum along longitudinal axis. Length of marginal cell slightly greater than distance from distal tip of marginal cell to apical tip of wing. Length of posterior margin of first submarginal cell greater than that of second, but clearly less than twice length of second. 2m-cu usually interstitial with juncture between first and second submarginal cells, or only slightly past this point, creating four-way intersection.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Legs: Integumental color variable, ranging from dark brown to light reddish-brown; tarsi typically black. White pubescence present ventrally on femora, variable in extent. Outer surfaces of tibiae densely clothed in white pubescence, densest on metatibia. Thicker, spine-like setae readily apparent on meso- and metatibiae, usually obscured by pubescence on protibia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Metasoma: Pubescence white except in basal areas of terga, where it is slightly browned; brown setae obscured on T5 by white setae throughout. Pubescence denser and more branched apically on terga, creating distinct setal bands on T1-T4, each of which is usually thinner medially and thicker laterally, with V-shaped medial notch. Sternal pubescence primarily white but thinner and sparser in basal and lateral areas, appearing apically banded at some angles. S5 pubescence relatively even throughout. Integumental color of terga highly variable, ranging from nearly all black to nearly all red. T5 even across its rim, with simple setae extending posteriorly. Pygidial plate roughly square, only slighter wider at base than apex due to rounded posterior corners; entire rim slightly raised into carina, marked by darker, blackish integument there compared to pitted, redder interior.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Male similar to female, except as follows: Head: Pubescence all white, dense over much of lower face up to slightly below top of compound eye and on gena to about top of compound eyes, becoming less branched and, in some specimens, slightly off-white near vertex. Clypeus protuberant from anterior margin of compound eye by about half of compound eye width or slightly less. Paraocular area raised into flange adjacent to clypeus, this area impunctate and shiny. Integument of antenna dark brown to black, sometimes slightly lighter brown on apical segments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Mesosoma: Integument dark brown to black, rarely with dark reddish-brown coloration on pronotum or venter.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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Wings: Wings equal to 3.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.2×">-3.2x</normalizedToken>
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medial length of mesoscutum along longitudinal axis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Legs: Integumental color variable, ranging from dark brown to light reddish-brown. Metabasitarsus and metatarsus more obscured by white, plumose setae than on other legs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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Metasoma: Pubescence white except in basal areas of terga, where slightly browned; brown setae intermixed with lighter setae in basal area of T6. Pubescence denser
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="93" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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more branched apically on terga, creating distinct setal bands on T1-T4, each of which is usually thinner medially and thicker laterally, typically with those of T5 and T6 thicker, more uniform overall. S6 pubescence notably thinner than preceding sterna, not appearing apically banded. Integumental color of terga variable from dull reddish-brown to near black, more often black. Pygidial plate coming to acute point, sides roughly straight to weakly convex, heavily-sculpted medial region often raised, integumental color darker brownish around rim and reddened interiorly.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
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Figures 6-8. General appearance of the female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype (BBSL331869). 6 Anterior view of face 7 Dorsal view of body 8 Lateral view of body. All scale bars represent 0.25 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
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The specific epithet,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="ensifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" rank="species" species="ensifera">ensifera</taxonomicName>
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, is Latin for sword-bearing. This name is primarily a reference to the elongate, sword-shaped terminal maxillary palpomere, and secondarily a reference to its cleptoparasitic life history.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
is known primarily from the South Coast Range of California, where it has been found at two localities: Pinnacles National Park in San Benito County and San Luis Obispo County, 6 mi NE Santa Margarita. The only other record is a single specimen from south of the Transverse Range ("The Gavilan") near Riverside, California. More collections are necessary to determine the true extent of this
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
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|
|
range, although it presently appears more restricted than most other
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Townsendiella</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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|
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</subSubSection>
|
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|
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="phenology">
|
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Known to be active from early May to late August. Within Pinnacles National Park, where multiple collections took place, it was collected from early May to early July.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="bee hosts">
|
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Bee hosts.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
|
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There is no direct knowledge concerning the host of
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
. Given the apparent preference of the similar
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
for species of
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hesperapis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
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|
Cockerell and the extensive sampling of Pinnacles National Park,
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hesperapis</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
as a potential host may be inferred as a working hypothesis. Only two species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hesperapis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis (Amblyapis) ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae" subGenus="Amblyapis">Hesperapis (Amblyapis) ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
(Cockerell, 1910) and
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis (Panurgomia) regularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regularis" subGenus="Panurgomia">Hesperapis (Panurgomia) regularis</taxonomicName>
|
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|
(Cresson, 1878), have been recorded from Pinnacles.
|
|||
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis regularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regularis">Hesperapis regularis</taxonomicName>
|
|||
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|
is many times the body size (>12 mm in length) of
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, while
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is about 5-6 mm in length, suggesting
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is the better candidate as host. The likelihood of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as host increases when considering that it belongs to the same subgenus as
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis (Amblyapis) larreae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="larreae" subGenus="Amblyapis">Hesperapis (Amblyapis) larreae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Cockerell, 1907, the host for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rozen, JG Jr" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="14" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 11" title="Biology and larvae of the cleptoparasitic bee Townsendiellapulchra and nesting biology of its host Hesperapislarreae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="3005" year="1991">Rozen and McGinley 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Further support is derived from the synchrony of their flight periods; both
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
fly from May to July, with the majority of records from June and July. It should also be noted that the specimen of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
from Gavilan, California was collected on
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Adenostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adenostoma fasciculatum" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatum">Adenostoma fasciculatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Hook. & Arn., the plant which
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
specializes on, and in an area where
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has been collected previously (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moldenke, AR" journalOrPublisher="Board of Studies in Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" title="The Bees of California: A catalogue with special relevance to Pollination and Ecological Research. Volume one." year="1974">Moldenke and Neff 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="100" title="DiscoverLife: map of Hesperapisilicifoliae" url="http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Hesperapis+ilicifoliae" year="1878">DiscoverLife 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). In fact,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
has only been collected in areas where
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is known. Based on all evidence,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Hesperapis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hesperapis ilicifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilicifoliae">Hesperapis ilicifoliae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is currently the most likely host for
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="floral hosts">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Floral hosts.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Polygonaceae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Eriogonum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eriogonum fasciculatum" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatum">Eriogonum fasciculatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
Benth. and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Rosaceae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Adenostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adenostoma fasciculatum" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatum">Adenostoma fasciculatum</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="93">
|
|||
|
|
This species is much closer in body form to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
than the other species are to each other or to the pair of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. It is possible that these very distinct species led to a general expectation of great differentiation between species in the group and that the relatively minor differences between
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella ensifera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">Townsendiella ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Townsendiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Townsendiella pulchra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Townsendiella pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
were overlooked as a result.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|