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229 lines
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<mods:title id="782D61C47BAF26966A10D7A16D9C04BB">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1D3B45309492BA5D88779444CE42DB72">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C510C2A8CB53CA29643A903F0681BAC3" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9B782F40FED1899C2434FCBF2E9B24B0">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5EFCB4EC46121EC3BB55A61DC21C8357">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2766E2573988886751C57FA84D19BEE2" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="165B2ECDC9B48BF0710648D8C5798977">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5E9FABE89296851063E095703AAD8ABC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="23CD88C0CB25D8F313579EA45933D60E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5236.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B3FFF86FF56FA84FC85FD4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641066" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291296" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B3FFF86FF56FA84FC85FD4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B3FFF86FF56FA84FC85FD4A" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3FFF85FF56FA84FD1BFA58" box="[151,741,1405,1432]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56FA84FD1BFA58" blockId="41.[151,741,1405,1432]" box="[151,741,1405,1432]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B3FFF85FF56FA84FD1BFA58" bold="true" box="[151,741,1405,1432]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF56FA84FD1BFA58" ID-CoL="6RQKX" authority="Thomson & Henderson, 1905" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,741,1405,1432]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF56FA84FD1BFA58" bold="true" box="[151,741,1405,1432]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF56FA84FE91FA57" bold="true" box="[151,367,1405,1432]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella ramosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEB7FA84FD1BFA58" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[374,741,1405,1431]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3FFF85FF56FA3BFD59F9B1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56FA3BFECAFA36" blockId="41.[151,1436,1474,1590]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B3FFF85FF56FA3BFECAFA36" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B3FFF85FF56FA3BFD10FA15" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[151,750,1474,1498]" page="302" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF56FA3BFD10FA15" ID-CoL="6RQKX" authority="Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 301 - 302" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityPageNumber="301 - 302" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,750,1474,1498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF56FA3BFEB0FA15" box="[151,334,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella ramosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FE94FA3BFD10FA15" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[341,750,1474,1498]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 301–302</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 2&3 (Gulf of Mannar,
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B3FFF85FB89FA3BFB4EFA15" box="[1096,1200,1474,1498]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B3FFF85FB03FA3BFECEFA36" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." page="249" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FB03FA3BFECEFA36" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 249</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56FA06FCA7F9D8" blockId="41.[151,1436,1474,1590]" box="[151,857,1535,1559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B3FFF85FF56FA06FCA7F9D8" box="[151,857,1535,1559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B3FFF85FF56FA06FD21F9D8" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[151,735,1535,1559]" page="302" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF56FA06FD21F9D8" ID-CoL="874VD" authority="Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 302" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityPageNumber="302" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,735,1535,1559]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ceylonensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF56FA06FE88F9D8" box="[151,374,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella ceylonensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEBCFA06FD21F9D8" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[381,735,1535,1559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson, 1905: 302</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl.6, fig, 4.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56F9E7FDAEF9F9" blockId="41.[151,1436,1474,1590]" box="[151,592,1566,1590]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B3FFF85FF56F9E7FDAEF9F9" box="[151,592,1566,1590]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B3FFF85FF68F9E7FDB2F9F9" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[169,588,1566,1590]" page="38" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF68F9E7FDB2F9F9" ID-CoL="866XX" authority="Nutting, 1910: 37 - 38" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="37 - 38" authorityYear="1910" box="[169,588,1566,1590]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Versluysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramosa">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF68F9E7FE9DF9F9" box="[169,355,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Versluysia ramosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEABF9E7FDB2F9F9" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[362,588,1566,1590]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910: 37 –38</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56F99DFD59F9B1" blockId="41.[151,679,1636,1663]" box="[151,679,1636,1663]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Opinion: This species does occur in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B3FFF86FF56F955FC85FD4A" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF56F955FED7F909" blockId="41.[151,1437,1708,1842]" box="[151,297,1708,1734]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF06F929FE7CF8FD" blockId="41.[151,1437,1708,1842]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF06F929FC7DF925" box="[199,899,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FC51F929FB9EF925" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[912,1120,1744,1770]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 37</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 15, fig. 1–1d (Tuticorin);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FF56F90CFE5EF8C1" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[151,416,1780,1807]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF2CF90CFED8F8C1" box="[237,294,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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2014a: 48
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 21, fig. A–D (Henry Lawrence Is., South Andaman); Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FB61F90CFB24F8C1" box="[1184,1242,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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2015: 72, pl. 29, fig. A–D (Tuticorin).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3FFF85FF06F898FC8DF829" blockId="41.[151,1437,1888,2023]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF06F898FE64F8B5" box="[199,410,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Literature analysis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FE69F899FD00F8B4" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[424,766,1888,1915]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
erected this species and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FBD0F899FAEAF8B5" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[1041,1300,1888,1914]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ceylonenesis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FBD0F899FAEAF8B5" box="[1041,1300,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella ceylonenesis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
for material collected off
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B3FFF85FEF2F87DFE57F851" box="[307,425,1924,1950]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Later,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FDC5F87DFCACF851" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[516,850,1924,1950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
made
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FC67F87DFB5FF851" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[934,1185,1924,1950]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ceylonensis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FC67F87DFB5FF851" box="[934,1185,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Muricella ceylonensis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
a junior synonym of
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FF56F851FE96F80D" box="[151,360,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FF56F851FE9AF80D" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,356,1960,1986]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramosa">Muricella ramosa</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3FFF85FEACF851FDC0F80D" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[365,574,1960,1986]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting (1910: 37)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
reassigned the species to the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3FFF85FC0CF851FBBEF80D" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[973,1088,1960,1986]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Versluysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3FFF85FC0CF851FBBEF80D" box="[973,1088,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Versluysia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but without any illustrations it is not possible to tell if Nutting’s specimen was the same species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3CFF86FF06FF6EFCF6FDD6" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
|||
|
|
In the Indian accounts of the species given by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FD0FFF6EFC77FF7E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[718,905,151,177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FC7EFF6EFB44FF7E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[959,1210,151,177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
|||
|
|
Fernando
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FBF1FF6EFB9FFF7E" box="[1072,1121,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2017)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But, in the accounts in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FAD9FF42FEF8FF36" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
|||
|
|
Fernando
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FA49FF42FF53FF36" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2017)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FEFCFF26FDD7FF36" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[317,553,223,249]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
Kumar
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FE53FF26FE35FF36" box="[402,459,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(2014a)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different. The colony form of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3CFF86FD43FEFAFCB0FED3" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1905" box="[642,846,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramosa">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FD43FEFAFCB0FED3" box="[642,846,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Muricella ramosa</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is described as a “beautiful network with abundant anastomoses”, but the specimens illustrated in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FD68FEDEFC66FE8E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[681,920,295,321]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
Kumar
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FD3EFEDEFCC7FE8E" box="[767,825,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(2014a)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FC11FEDEFB30FE8E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[976,1230,295,321]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
|||
|
|
Fernando
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FB83FEDEFB8AFE8E" box="[1090,1140,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2017)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
are open colonies with only a few branches. Additionally, the close-up image of a branch portion does not agree at all with the text and bears no resemblance to the excellent illustration given by
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FC9BFE96FB50FE46" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[858,1198,366,393]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="269 - 238" refId="ref108487" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1905) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Eds.), Report of the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part 3. Supplementary report. The Royal Society, London, pp. 269 - 238." type="book chapter" year="1905">Thomson & Henderson (1905</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: pl. 3, fig 3). Instead, it shows densely spiculated branches with calyces and retractile polyps, which is possibly a species of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B3CFF86FAD1FE6AFA6BFE62" box="[1296,1429,403,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Astrogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FAD1FE6AFA6BFE62" box="[1296,1429,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Astrogorgia</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. On the other hand, the colony figure in
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FD91FE4EFCFBFE1E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[592,773,439,465]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
: pl. 15, fig. 1) is a densely branched reticulated fan, despite the text saying it is sparsely branched. Unfortunately, the close-up figure of a colony portion is not clear enough to tell if it matches the characteristic form of the
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B3CFF86FD5FFE06FCFAFDD6" box="[670,772,511,537]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B3CFF86FF06FDDAFC85FD4A" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FF06FDDAFE54FDF2" author="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K." box="[199,426,547,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref105853" refString="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K. (2003) Studies on the soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper, 206, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="2003">Rao & Devi (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FE27FDDAFCDEFDF2" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[486,800,547,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
|||
|
|
Venkataraman
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FD51FDDAFD3BFDF2" box="[656,709,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2004)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
just listed the species, as do
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B3CFF86FBBBFDDAFA9CFDF2" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1146,1378,546,573]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
|||
|
|
Kumar
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FB13FDDAFAF8FDF2" box="[1234,1286,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. (2015)
|
|||
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
who also provide a specimen image. Most Indian refences have the specific epithet spelled “
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B955DB457B3CFF86FBB8FDBEFB1CFDAE" box="[1145,1250,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ramose”,</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
which is almost certainly a product of autocorrection in word processing software.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|