treatments-xml/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFA3F6428C71326DFE8BFDCB.xml

<document id="D9E0EC7857B388C49F417C59B3927E3B" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFA3F6428C71326DFE8BFDCB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus melanopogon Peters 1867" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="162" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="161" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="8F731DC4F5DE370D5A44CC038BBE9280">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="093A0D2D7C156671D78B5FE88C4F4F36">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E0CED938B6307EA9B9E37EE670AB209">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8E035234DDB4254857D1B8ED35EC169F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFA3F64D8C71326DFA1AF904" box="[1391,1471,1649,1695]" captionStart="Plate 11: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="97.[117,147,3321,3346]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="174. Livingstone’s Flying Fox (Pteropus livingstonii), 175. Pemba Flying Fox (Pleropus voeltzkowi), 176. Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pleropus dasymallus), 177. Bonin Flying Fox (Pteropus pselaphon), 178. Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pleropus pumilus), 179. Lyle’s Flying Fox (Pteropus lylei), 180. Indian Flying Fox (Pleropus medius), 181. Rodrigues Flying Fox (Pteropus rodricensus), 182. Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), 183. Aldabra Flying Fox (Pleropus aldabrensis), 184. Malagasy Flying Fox (Pteropus rufus), 185. Seychelles Flying Fox (Pleropus seychellensis), 186. Greater Mascarene Flying Fox (Pteropus niger), 187. Aru Flying Fox (Pteropus aruensis), 188. Kai Flying Fox (Pleropus keyensis), 189. Black-bearded Flying Fox (Pleropus melanopogon), 190. South Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus chrysoproctus), 191. North Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus caniceps)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448911/files/figure.png" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">189.</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8CCE326DF845F904" blockId="103.[1386,2486,1649,1739]" box="[1488,2016,1649,1695]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<heading id="D0F38180FFA3F64D8CCE326DF845F904" box="[1488,2016,1649,1695]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA3F64D8CCE326DF845F904" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1488,2016,1649,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" language="eng" order="Rosales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Black-bearded Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D813A326DF610F904" blockId="103.[1386,2486,1649,1739]" box="[2084,2485,1649,1695]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<heading id="D0F38180FFA3F64D813A326DF610F904" box="[2084,2485,1649,1695]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D813A326DF610F904" ID-CoL="6WLTB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2084,2485,1649,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D813A326DF610F904" box="[2084,2485,1649,1695]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Pteropus melanopogon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C7232ADF63AF95D" box="[1388,2463,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C7232ADF63AF95D" blockId="103.[1386,2486,1649,1739]" box="[1388,2463,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<heading id="D0F38180FFA3F64D8C7232ADF63AF95D" box="[1388,2463,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C7232ADFA12F95D" bold="true" box="[1388,1463,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA3F64D8CDF32ADF90AF95D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1473,1711,1713,1734]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" language="fra" order="Rosales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Roussette a barbe noire</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8FDA32ADF8BAF95D" bold="true" box="[1732,1823,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA3F64D8E3932ADF7A3F95D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1831,2054,1713,1734]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" language="deu" order="Rosales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Schwarzbart-Flughund</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D810532ADF7D3F95D" bold="true" box="[2075,2166,1713,1734]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA3F64D816132ADF63AF95D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2175,2463,1713,1734]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" language="esp" order="Rosales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Zorro volador de barba negra</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8ECE32E8F7BCF8A6" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8ECE32E8F7BCF8A6" blockId="103.[1999,2594,1780,2208]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8ECE32E8F7CEF88E" bold="true" box="[2000,2155,1780,1813]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D819A32E8F7B0F8A6" authority="Peters, 1867" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Pteropus melanopogon Peters, 1867</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8124333CF6ECF8FE" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8124333CF6ECF8FE" blockId="103.[1999,2594,1780,2208]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFA3F64D8124333CF6ECF8FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391418" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
“Amboina [= 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA3F64D8001333CF5ADF8A6" box="[2335,2568,1824,1853]" name="Ambon Island" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Ambon Island</collectingCountry>
]? 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA3F64D8ECE3354F702F8FE" box="[2000,2215,1864,1893]" name="Indonesia" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Maluku Islands</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA3F64D81A63354F6E0F8FE" box="[2232,2373,1864,1893]" name="Indonesia" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8ECE3373F7BDF799" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8ECE3373F7BDF799" blockId="103.[1999,2594,1780,2208]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D8ECE3373F748F817" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2000,2285,1903,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">Pteropus melanopogon</taxonomicName>
is in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D80633373F587F817" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2429,2594,1903,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopogon">melanopogon</taxonomicName>
species group and previously included 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D8ECC33A6F79EF840" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2002,2107,1978,2011]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="aruensis">aruensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D819733A6F74FF840" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[2185,2282,1978,2011]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="keyensis">keyensis</taxonomicName>
as subspecies. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFA3F64D8ED13C11F5A5F7C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6885383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6885383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6885383/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" startId="103.[1999,2171,2061,2090]" targetBox="[1384,1975,1792,2207]" targetPageId="103">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8ED13C11F5A5F7C9" blockId="103.[1999,2594,1780,2208]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8ED13C11F725F7B1" bold="true" box="[1999,2176,2061,2090]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Distribution.</emphasis>
C 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA3F64D81A53C11F698F7B1" box="[2235,2365,2061,2090]" name="Indonesia" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
Is (Buru, 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA3F64D80F83C11F7ADF7C9" name="Indonesia" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Ambon</collectingCountry>
, Seram, and their adjacentislands).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8ED13C49F7B5F552" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8ED13C49F7B5F552" blockId="103.[1999,2594,1780,2208]" lastBlockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8ED13C49F771F7ED" bold="true" box="[1999,2260,2133,2166]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 
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(tailless), ear 
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, hindfoot 
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, forearm 
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; weight 
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are 
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and tibias 
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. Ears of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Head is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Fur is generally short, thinly scattered on upperside of forearm in front of elbow and missing from above and beneath forearm,tibia, and sides of uropatagium. Mantle is chestnutorange, back is blackish, chest is golden orange, and belly is buffy. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Wing membranes on back arise much closer (c. 
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apart) along spine. Skull is typical pteropine but extremely heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes. Rostrum and palate are deep and broad and do not taper rostrally. Dental formula can have 34 or 32 teeth as P' is deciduous. Dentition is heavy, with well-defined but narrow cingulum in upper and lower canines. C,is recurved. Caninesare slightly larger in males. P|is slightly smaller than M* and slightly larger than M,. M' is 1-5 times longer than wide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C763ED3F9D9F4A5" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C763ED3F9D9F4A5" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C763ED3FA7DF56B" bold="true" box="[1384,1496,2767,2800]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Habitat.</emphasis>
Likely old growth forests and recently mangrove forests on small offshore island. Small groups of Black-bearded Flying Foxes occur in forest fragments near human settlements.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C763F5AF690F42E" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C763F5AF690F42E" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C763F5AF9C9F4FC" bold="true" box="[1384,1644,2886,2919]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Large, flattened molars of most available specimens of Black-bearded Flying Foxes suggest a heavily frugivorous diet. There is anecdotal evidence from Seram of feeding on abundant durian (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D8E893F88F7B7F42E" box="[1943,2066,2964,2997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Durio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Durio sp.</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D813D3F88F710F42E" box="[2083,2229,2964,2997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
) flowers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C763FA7F97BF447" box="[1384,1758,3003,3036]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C763FA7F97BF447" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" box="[1384,1758,3003,3036]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C763FA7FA4AF447" bold="true" box="[1384,1519,3003,3036]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Breeding.</emphasis>
No information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C783FFFF71EF39F" box="[1382,2235,3043,3076]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C783FFFF71EF39F" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" box="[1382,2235,3043,3076]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C783FFFF9F7F39F" bold="true" box="[1382,1618,3043,3076]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Black-bearded Flying Fox is nocturnal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F64D8C763817F9F9F36B" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F64D8C763817F9F9F36B" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C763817F79EF3B7" bold="true" box="[1384,2107,3083,3116]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
The Black-bearded Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in forested areas with minimal disturbance. A colony of ¢.200 individuals was found in an unprotected mangrove forest, roosting with the South Moluccan Flying Fox (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA3F64D8E8C389EF7FAF338" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1938,2143,3202,3235]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">P. chrysoproctus</taxonomicName>
) in separate trees. Single individuals and groups of less than ten Black-bearded Flying Foxes have been seen in temporary roosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA3F6428C7638E4FB91FD9B" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="103" pageNumber="161" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA3F6428C7638E4FB91FD9B" blockId="103.[1382,2595,2214,3471]" lastBlockId="104.[169,1376,281,594]" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA3F64D8C7638E4F96DF282" bold="true" box="[1384,1736,3320,3353]" pageId="103" pageNumber="161">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Past and projected population decline of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are more than 50% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. It is only known from fewer than ten scattered localities. Deforestation, mining, oil exploration, and agroforestry have resulted in loss of almost one-half the total forest coverage. It is not found in Manusela National Park on Seram, but itis found in an unprotected mangrove forests on offshore islands nearby and might have foraging sites in the national park. There is some community incentive to protect colonies for ecotourism, but there is no formalized protection. It is unprotected on Buru and likely extinct or restricted to a very small population on developed and deforested 
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFACF6428ADA35C3FB95FD9B" box="[964,1072,479,512]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Ambon</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFACF64289B53612FE8BFDCB" pageId="104" pageNumber="162" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFACF64289B53612FE8BFDCB" blockId="104.[169,1376,281,594]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFACF64289B53612FEE1FDBC" bold="true" box="[171,324,526,551]" pageId="104" pageNumber="162">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Andersen (1912b), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2016l), Tsang et al. (2015).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>