<documentid="39A119704D8AC4C321320A81C219288F"ID-CLB-Dataset="298388"ID-DOI="10.5194/fr-18-81-2015"ID-GBIF-Dataset="49a593d2-44ce-420d-a608-8533ec6745ac"ID-ISSN="2193-0074"ID-Zenodo-Dep="11585625"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina"IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina"IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina"checkinTime="1716844663622"checkinUser="felipe"docAuthor="Titus, A. L., Korn, D., Harrell, J. E. & Lambert, L. L."docDate="2015"docId="039287BEFC53FFBFFFA9FEE5FDE2FB10"docLanguage="en"docName="FossRec.18.2.81-104.pdf"docOrigin="Fossil Record 18 (2)"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-81-2015"docStyle="DocumentStyle:1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D.2:FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article"docStyleId="1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D"docStyleName="FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article"docStyleVersion="2"docTitle="Choctawites cumminsi"docType="treatment"docVersion="7"lastPageNumber="100"masterDocId="FFABFFC6FC5CFFACFFD5FFF5FFC9FF94"masterDocTitle="Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA"masterLastPageNumber="104"masterPageNumber="81"pageNumber="96"updateTime="1718152557931"updateUser="ExternalLinkService"zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:titleid="9558CF1DB8E3C23FD671A7456AD7A512">Late Viséan (late Mississippian) ammonoids from the Barnett Shale, Sierra Diablo Escarpment, Culberson County, Texas, USA</mods:title>
<mods:namePartid="BE88236F9DEED28A3FF015E5E1710344">Titus, A. L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="E494A948BB7484B2736BD81AF900214C">D. Korn & Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, 669 S. Highway 89 A, Kanab, UT 84741, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="7E02F66C0F80C0DB413B0948E7D7CD3D">J. E. Harrell & Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43,</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="52551AE5DA7328C913BDEB6E0E4C652E">Lambert, L. L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="36EB99B55BC61CEF141B1884707F923A">Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA</mods:affiliation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC53FFA3FE54FEE5FDC1FEBC"author="Hyatt, A."box="[385,520,272,296]"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"pagination="379 - 474"refId="ref16944"refString="Hyatt, A.: Carboniferous cephalopods, second paper, 4 th Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 327 - 356, 379 - 474, 1893."type="journal article"year="1893">Hyatt, 1893</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FDC8FEE5FD56FEBC"box="[541,671,272,296]"captionStart="Figure 11"captionStartId="15.[819,886,964,986]"captionTargetBox="[844,1452,181,922]"captionTargetId="figure-483@15.[826,1456,177,933]"captionTargetPageId="15"captionText="Figure 11. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU-27) of the Figure 2 Ranch section; both × 2.5. (a) Specimen NPL 68497. (b) Specimen NPL 68498."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585647"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585647/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Figs. 11a, b</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FD02FEE5FD3AFEBC"box="[727,755,272,296]"captionStart="Figure 12"captionStartId="16.[124,191,1182,1204]"captionTargetBox="[170,1418,178,1143]"captionTargetId="graphics-23@16.[170,900,650,1137]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585649"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585649/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">12</figureCitation>
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FEBFFE3AFE44FE72"box="[362,397,463,486]"country="Iran"name="University of Tehran"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">UT</collectionCode>
12031 (designated by
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC53FFA3FD58FE3AFEC7FD92"author="Cloud, P. & Barnes, V. E."pageId="15"pageNumber="96"pagination="1 - 473"refId="ref16424"refString="Cloud, P. and Barnes, V. E.: The Ellenburger group of central Texas, Texas University Bureau of Economic Geology Publications, 4621, 1 - 473, 1948."type="journal article"year="1948">Cloud and Barnes, 1948</bibRefCitation>
); illustrated by
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC53FFA3FE6CFE1AFD9AFD92"author="Gordon, M. J."box="[441,595,495,518]"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon (1965</bibRefCitation>
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC53FFA3FEC3FDBAFE91FDF2"box="[278,344,591,614]"country="United States of America"name="Texas"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Texas</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicNameid="4C3B4D2BFC53FFA3FF20FD9BFEB1FD12"authorityName="Titus & Korn & Harrell & Lambert"authorityYear="2015"box="[245,376,622,646]"class="Cephalopoda"family="Delepinoceratidae"genus="Choctawites"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
diameter (uw / dm 0.05–0.08). Umbilical wall convexly rounded in all stages, very short early juvenile stage with slightly trapezoidal whorl cross section. Aperture low (
= 1.65–1.70 throughout ontogeny). Ornament with about 120 spiral lines and crenulated, slightly biconvex, and rectiradiate growth lines; external sinus shallow. Falcate ornament begins at
<specimenCodeid="DB9D9ED3FC53FFA3FE5EFBF8FDC3FBB0"box="[395,522,1037,1060]"collectionCode="NPL"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL 68497</specimenCode>
through
<specimenCodeid="DB9D9ED3FC53FFA3FDA4FBF8FD3AFBB0"box="[625,755,1037,1060]"collectionCode="NPL"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL 68539</specimenCode>
), all from sample 00TXCU-27. The material consists of brown to black coloured phosphatic steinkerns, which have varying amounts of shell preserved on them. Shell occasionally exhibits iridescent colour in small areas. Most of the inner phragmocones (diameter less than
) were not filled with minerals and weathered out rapidly or were not preserved, leaving a hollow space in the specimen. Some of these small interior phragmocones are exceptionally well preserved when freshly exposed and show the fine details of the septa and shell. The largest intact specimens were about
Description: The conch cross section of the small specimen
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FFA9FA3EFF67FA76"box="[124,174,1483,1506]"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL</collectionCode>
conch diameter) shows a globular shape (ww / dm = 0.86) and a very narrow umbilicus (uw / dm = 0.06) with broadly rounded flanks and venter (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FDB2F9FEFD0BF9B6"box="[615,706,1547,1570]"captionStart="Figure 12"captionStartId="16.[124,191,1182,1204]"captionTargetBox="[170,1418,178,1143]"captionTargetId="graphics-23@16.[170,900,650,1137]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585649"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585649/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Fig. 12e</figureCitation>
). The inner whorls show crescent-shaped whorl profiles and a moderately wide umbilicus; the highest uw / dm ratio with 0.34 occurs at 1.2 mm conch diameter. In the growth interval between 5 and
specimen is very similar to four cross sections (specimens 26-13, 26- 2, 26b, 26-10) produced by
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FE79F8FFFE08F8B5"box="[428,449,1802,1825]"country="Chile"name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">R</collectionCode>
<collectingCountryid="F32C7638FC53FFA3FF33F8DFFED3F8D5"box="[230,282,1834,1857]"name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Saba</collectingCountry>
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FF12F8BFFEDEF8F5"box="[199,279,1866,1889]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
<locationid="8EE46073FC53FFA3FF22F89FFE87F815"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287BEFC53FFBFFFA9FEE5FDE2FB10:8EE46073FC53FFA3FF22F89FFE87F815"box="[247,334,1898,1921]"country="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"name="The San"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">The San</location>
<collectingCountryid="F32C7638FC53FFA3FE86F89FFE4EF815"box="[339,391,1898,1921]"name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Saba</collectingCountry>
only differ in the slightly more pronounced trapezoidal whorl profile and the more subparallel flanks (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FC0DFB8DFB87FB1B"box="[984,1102,1144,1167]"captionStart="Figure 12"captionStartId="16.[124,191,1182,1204]"captionTargetBox="[170,1418,178,1143]"captionTargetId="graphics-23@16.[170,900,650,1137]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585649"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585649/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Fig. 12a–d</figureCitation>
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FCE6FB42FCACFB5A"box="[819,869,1207,1230]"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL</collectionCode>
68497;
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FC10FB42FBEAFB5A"box="[965,1059,1207,1230]"captionStart="Figure 11"captionStartId="15.[819,886,964,986]"captionTargetBox="[844,1452,181,922]"captionTargetId="figure-483@15.[826,1456,177,933]"captionTargetPageId="15"captionText="Figure 11. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU-27) of the Figure 2 Ranch section; both × 2.5. (a) Specimen NPL 68497. (b) Specimen NPL 68498."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585647"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585647/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Fig. 11a</figureCitation>
), with a very narrow umbilicus and moderately depressed whorls (ww / dm = 0.74; ww / wh = 1.36). Flanks and venter are continuously rounded and the aperture is low (
= 1.64). The specimen is an internal mould without shell remains; the body chamber has nearly the length of a volution. The internal mould shows shallow constrictions with irregular distances; they extend linearly across the flanks and turn forward for a low and wide ventral projection.
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FB7CFA23FB12FA79"box="[1193,1243,1494,1517]"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL</collectionCode>
dm) largely resembles the previous specimen. The internal mould has four prominent constrictions, which probably follow the growth lines in their course, are almost rectiradiate, bearing only a slight forward inflection or are salient over the ventral area (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC53FFA3FCBBF983FC02F919"box="[878,971,1654,1677]"captionStart="Figure 11"captionStartId="15.[819,886,964,986]"captionTargetBox="[844,1452,181,922]"captionTargetId="figure-483@15.[826,1456,177,933]"captionTargetPageId="15"captionText="Figure 11. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU-27) of the Figure 2 Ranch section; both × 2.5. (a) Specimen NPL 68497. (b) Specimen NPL 68498."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585647"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585647/files/figure.png"pageId="15"pageNumber="96">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC53FFA3FAD1F963FAFFF939"box="[1284,1334,1686,1709]"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="15"pageNumber="96"type="University or college">NPL</collectionCode>
in diameter. By that stage, the conch is starting to change from sub-trapezoidal (strongly recurved flanks) to rounded whorl profiles. As a result, the trapezoidal phase, which is only weakly developed in this taxon, was only seen on cross-sectioned conchs.
, Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens
from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC4CFFBCFEDEFA53FEF4FA29"box="[267,317,1446,1469]"country="USA"httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/q79f-q0gz"name="University of Texas at Austin"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"type="University or college">NPL</collectionCode>
68500 shows the suture line of a specimen in the intermediate growth stage (at 14.4 mm dm). It possesses a Y-shaped external lobe with sinuous flanks. The external lobe has, measured at half depth, 0.64 of the external lobe depth and is 1.25 times wider than the ventrolateral saddle. The median saddle reaches a height of 0.42 of the external lobe depth. The ventrolateral saddle is tectiform and subacute (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC4CFFBCFF32F970FE88F908"box="[231,321,1669,1692]"captionStart="Figure 12"captionStartId="16.[124,191,1182,1204]"captionTargetBox="[170,1418,178,1143]"captionTargetId="graphics-23@16.[170,900,650,1137]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585649"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585649/files/figure.png"pageId="16"pageNumber="97">Fig. 12f</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C3B4D2BFC4CFFBCFE11F8B1FD8EF8C8"authorityName="Titus & Korn & Harrell & Lambert"authorityYear="2015"box="[452,583,1860,1884]"class="Cephalopoda"family="Delepinoceratidae"genus="Choctawites"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4CFFBCFCE6FA53FC17FA29"author="Shumard, B. F."box="[819,990,1446,1469]"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"pagination="108 - 113"refId="ref18978"refString="Shumard, B. F.: Descriptions of new Paleozoic fossils, Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, 2, 108 - 113, 1863."type="journal article"year="1863">Shumard, 1863</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4CFFBCFB98FA33FB11FA49"author="Miller, S. A."box="[1101,1240,1478,1501]"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"pagination="1 - 664"refId="ref18467"refString="Miller, S. A.: North American Geology and Palaeontology for the use of amateurs, students and scientists, 1 - 664, 1889."type="book chapter"year="1889">Miller, 1889</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
”.
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4CFFBCFB3BFA33FA59FA49"author="Gordon, M. J."box="[1262,1424,1478,1501]"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, a view supported in nearly every subsequent paper. Recently,
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4CFFBCFC77F9D3FB76F9A9"author="Work, D. M. & Mason, C. E."box="[930,1215,1574,1597]"pageId="16"pageNumber="97"pagination="65 - 70"refId="ref19316"refString="Work, D. M. and Mason, C. E.: The Mississippian Ammonoid Succession in the Central Appalachian Basin, Eastern Kentucky, in: Carboniferous Geology and Biostratigraphy of the Appalachian Basin, Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication, 10, edited by: Greb, S. F. and Chesnut, D. R. J., University of Kentucky, Lexington, 65 - 70, 2009 a."type="book chapter"year="2009">Work and Mason (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4CFFBCFA94F9B3FB9CF9E9"author="Ruzhencev, V. E. & Bogoslovskaya, M. F."pageId="16"pageNumber="97"pagination="1 - 382"refId="ref18853"refString="Ruzhencev, V. E. and Bogoslovskaya, M. F.: Namyurskiy etap v evolyutsii ammonodey. Rannenamyurskiye ammonoidei., Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 133, 1 - 382, 1971."type="journal article"year="1971">Ruzhencev and Bogoslovskaya (1971)</bibRefCitation>
as the only valid species in this group. After reviewing the literature and numerous specimens, we have concluded that all three established species of the “trapezoidal” group (
and can be differentiated from the other species because it possesses a moderately well-developed trapezoidal shape (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC4DFFBDFF51F8DBFF3EF8D1"box="[132,247,1838,1861]"captionStart="Figure 13"captionStartId="17.[124,191,1568,1590]"captionTargetBox="[243,1351,701,1530]"captionTargetId="graphics-210@17.[285,827,1150,1523]"captionTargetPageId="17"captionText="Figure 13. Choctawites kentuckiensis (Miller, 1889). (a) Cross section of specimen 57a from Moorefield, Arkansas; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen MB.C.25470 from Moorefield, Arkansas; × 2.5. (c) Suture line of specimen MB.C.25471 from Moorefield, Arkansas, at 14.1 mm diameter, 10.2 mm ww, 6.6 mm wh; × 5.0. (d–f) Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (cross section (a) was produced by R. Kant; the original specimen is stored in the collections of the University of Iowa, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585653"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585653/files/figure.png"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">Fig. 13a, b</figureCitation>
) and late development of falcate ornament (typically appearing at diameters greater than
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4DFFBDFA9EF91BFC17F8B1"author="Work, D. M. & Mason, C. E."pageId="17"pageNumber="98"pagination="65 - 70"refId="ref19316"refString="Work, D. M. and Mason, C. E.: The Mississippian Ammonoid Succession in the Central Appalachian Basin, Eastern Kentucky, in: Carboniferous Geology and Biostratigraphy of the Appalachian Basin, Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication, 10, edited by: Greb, S. F. and Chesnut, D. R. J., University of Kentucky, Lexington, 65 - 70, 2009 a."type="book chapter"year="2009">Work and Mason (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
are similar, but the former has a much stronger expression of the trapezoidal shape. These two criteria can be used to readily differentiate between the two species. There is an apparent facies difference in the occurrence pattern of the two species, with
being known from shallower water deposits including a carbonate platform and pro-deltaic mudstone facies in the Appalachian and Ouachita foreland basins (
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4EFFBEFA88F938FCA2F890"author="Gordon, M. J."pageId="18"pageNumber="99"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon, 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4EFFBEFCACF918FB43F890"author="Work, D. M. & Mason, C. E."box="[889,1162,1773,1796]"pageId="18"pageNumber="99"pagination="65 - 70"refId="ref19316"refString="Work, D. M. and Mason, C. E.: The Mississippian Ammonoid Succession in the Central Appalachian Basin, Eastern Kentucky, in: Carboniferous Geology and Biostratigraphy of the Appalachian Basin, Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication, 10, edited by: Greb, S. F. and Chesnut, D. R. J., University of Kentucky, Lexington, 65 - 70, 2009 a."type="book chapter"year="2009">Work and Mason, 2009a</bibRefCitation>
occurring in the deeper water sequences of the Caney and Barnett shales. The exclusion of the latter from shallow water facies may have resulted from the sea level fall recorded by the Batesville Sandstone wedge in
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFE3AFF25FD9CFF73"box="[495,597,208,231]"country="United States of America"name="Arkansas"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FF23FEC9FD78FEC5"box="[246,689,316,337]"gridcol="1"gridrow="1"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">thickly pachyconic; subinvolute or subevolute</td>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FD0EFEC9FB55FEC5"box="[731,1180,316,337]"gridcol="2"gridrow="1"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">strongly depressed; very strongly embracing</td>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FD0EFE72FB55FE08"box="[731,1180,391,412]"gridcol="2"gridrow="3"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">moderately depressed; very strongly embracing</td>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FF23FE24FD78FE72"box="[246,689,465,486]"gridcol="1"gridrow="5"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">thickly pachyconic or globular; involute</td>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FD0EFE24FB55FE72"box="[731,1180,465,486]"gridcol="2"gridrow="5"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">moderately depressed; very strongly embracing</td>
<tdid="76DA5D96FC4D0053FD0EFDE9FB55FDA5"box="[731,1180,540,561]"gridcol="2"gridrow="7"pageId="17"pageNumber="98">weakly depressed; very strongly embracing</td>
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4DFFBDFE23F9D4FDBAF9A2"author="Miller, S. A."box="[502,627,1569,1590]"pageId="17"pageNumber="98"pagination="1 - 664"refId="ref18467"refString="Miller, S. A.: North American Geology and Palaeontology for the use of amateurs, students and scientists, 1 - 664, 1889."type="book chapter"year="1889">Miller, 1889</bibRefCitation>
was produced by R. Kant; the original specimen is stored in the collections of the University of Iowa, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4EFFBEFE24FC0BFD41FB87"author="Shumard, B. F."box="[497,648,1022,1043]"pageId="18"pageNumber="99"pagination="108 - 113"refId="ref18978"refString="Shumard, B. F.: Descriptions of new Paleozoic fossils, Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, 2, 108 - 113, 1863."type="journal article"year="1863">Shumard, 1863</bibRefCitation>
Cross section of topotype USNM 119504 from Brushy Creek, Oklahoma; × 2.5 (from
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4EFFBEFF6FFBEEFE8DFBA4"author="Gordon, M. J."box="[186,324,1051,1072]"pageId="18"pageNumber="99"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and whorl expansion rate (WER) of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens
from Ada and San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens is stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen).
, which has the unique combination of early appearance of falcations and a strongly developed trapezoidal phase (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC4FFFBFFD90FEA5FD09FEF3"box="[581,704,336,359]"captionStart="Figure 14"captionStartId="18.[124,191,1021,1043]"captionTargetBox="[169,1419,178,983]"captionTargetId="graphics-18@18.[169,938,178,976]"captionTargetPageId="18"captionText="Figure 14. Choctawites choctawensis (Shumard, 1863). (a) Cross section of topotype USNM 119504 from Brushy Creek, Oklahoma; × 2.5 (from Gordon, 1965). (b) Cross section of specimen 71 from Ada, Oklahoma; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26-1 from San Saba; × 2.5. (d–f), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww/ dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and whorl expansion rate (WER) of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (b) and (c) from Ada and San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens is stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585655"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585655/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Fig. 14a–c</figureCitation>
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, e.g. specimen
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<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4FFFBFFDD5FE3AFD51FE72"author="Gordon, M. J."box="[512,664,463,486]"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 44G, H) and specimen Kant71 (Elias Collection) from
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFD55FDFAFD3AFDB2"box="[640,755,527,550]"country="United States of America"name="Oklahoma"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
), the Barnett Shale of central
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFE73FDDAFE2AFDD2"box="[422,483,559,582]"country="United States of America"name="Texas"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Texas</collectingRegion>
(specimen Kant26-1), and tentatively, the Batesville Sandstone of
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(
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4FFFBFFD70FDBAFF7CFD12"author="Gordon, M. J."pageId="19"pageNumber="100"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, is a form whose distinct, but reduced, trapezoidal phase (
<figureCitationid="13002A2DFC4FFFBFFF51FD3BFF34FD71"box="[132,253,718,741]"captionStart="Figure 12"captionStartId="16.[124,191,1182,1204]"captionTargetBox="[170,1418,178,1143]"captionTargetId="graphics-23@16.[170,900,650,1137]"captionTargetPageId="16"captionText="Figure 12. Choctawites cumminsi (Hyatt, 1893) from San Saba (a–d) and the Figure 2 Ranch section (e, f). (a) Cross section of specimen 26- 13 from San Saba; × 2.5. (b) Cross section of specimen 26-2 from San Saba; × 2.5. (c) Cross section of specimen 26b from San Saba; × 2.5. (d) Cross section of specimen 26-10 from San Saba; × 2.5. (e) Cross section of specimen NPL 68499 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch; × 2.5. (f) Suture line of specimen NPL 68500 from bed 25 (sample 00TXCU27) of Figure 2 Ranch, at 14.4 mm diameter, 11.3 mm ww, 7.2 mm wh; × 5.0. (g–i), Ontogenetic development of the conch width index (ww / dm), umbilical width index (uw / dm), and WER of all available specimens (the cross sections of specimens (a–d) from San Saba were produced by R. Kant; the original specimens are stored in the collections of the USNM, acetate peels are stored in the collections of the GPI Tübingen)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11585649"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11585649/files/figure.png"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Fig. 12a–e</figureCitation>
), more narrowly umbilicate early whorls, and early appearance of falcations are highly definitive. The species can still be differentiated from the other species of
<taxonomicNameid="4C3B4D2BFC4FFFBFFFA9FCD8FF36FCD1"authorityName="Titus & Korn & Harrell & Lambert"authorityYear="2015"box="[124,255,813,837]"class="Cephalopoda"family="Delepinoceratidae"genus="Choctawites"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFFA9FC9BFF75FC11"box="[124,188,878,901]"country="United States of America"name="Texas"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Texas</collectingRegion>
, but almost certainly occurs in the Caney Shale of
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFFA9FC7BFF22FC31"box="[124,235,910,933]"country="United States of America"name="Oklahoma"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegionid="49FFF84AFC4FFFBFFEF8FC7BFE59FC31"box="[301,400,910,933]"country="United States of America"name="Arkansas"pageId="19"pageNumber="100">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
(e.g. specimen
<collectionCodeid="ED2AAE6DFC4FFFBFFD98FC7BFD53FC31"box="[589,666,910,933]"country="USA"httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871"name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
119502;
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4FFFBFFFA9FC58FED9FC50"author="Gordon, M. J."box="[124,272,941,964]"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"pagination="1 - 322"refId="ref16774"refString="Gordon, M. J.: Carboniferous Cephalopods of Arkansas, Professional Papers, U. S. Geological Survey, 460, 1 - 322, 1965."type="journal article"year="1965">Gordon 1965</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 44e, f). This species is associated with
<taxonomicNameid="4C3B4D2BFC4FFFBFFFA9FC38FF73FB90"authority="(Miller and Youngquist, 1948)"baseAuthorityName="Miller and Youngquist"baseAuthorityYear="1948"class="Cephalopoda"family="Delepinoceratidae"genus="Sulcogirytoceras"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"phylum="Mollusca"rank="species"species="ornatissimum">
<bibRefCitationid="EFAA4B59FC4FFFBFFE3BFC38FF7BFB90"author="Miller, A. K. & Youngquist, W."pageId="19"pageNumber="100"pagination="649 - 671"refId="ref18348"refString="Miller, A. K. and Youngquist, W.: The cephalopod fauna of the Mississippian Barnett Formation of Central Texas, J. Paleontol., 22, 649 - 671, 1948."type="journal article"year="1948">Miller and Youngquist, 1948</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and species of
<taxonomicNameid="4C3B4D2BFC4FFFBFFEBFFC18FDC4FB91"authorityName=", Ruzhencev and Bogoslovskaya"authorityYear="1971"box="[362,525,1005,1029]"class="Cephalopoda"family="Neoglyphioceratidae"genus="Pachylyroceras"kingdom="Animalia"pageId="19"pageNumber="100"phylum="Mollusca"rank="genus">
, which together comprise one of the youngest Viséan ammonoid assemblages we can recognize in the eastern
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. Since the Sierra Diablo specimens all exhibit the characteristic reduced trapezoidal stage, we refer to them as
