treatments-xml/data/03/AC/CF/03ACCF40BF2CFFD27EDCF95DF82CD784.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF2CFFD27EDCF95DF82CD784" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes macrotis Merriam 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="438" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="438" updateTime="1653592492572" updateUser="tatiana">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>352</mods:start>
<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335053" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335053" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF2CFFD27EDCF95DF82CD784" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF2CFFD27EDCF95DF82CD784" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<subSubSection box="[199,255,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="27.[196,941,1741,1869]" box="[199,255,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<heading box="[199,255,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<figureCitation box="[199,255,1741,1791]" captionStart="Plate 25: Canidae" captionStartId="24.[142,171,3442,3463]" captionTargetBox="[14,2794,13,3637]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="22. Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), 23. Bat-eared Fox (Otocyon megalotis), 24. Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), 25. Swift Fox (Vulpes velox), 26. Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331239/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">26.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[272,422,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="27.[196,941,1741,1869]" box="[272,422,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<heading box="[272,422,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<vernacularName box="[272,422,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Kit Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[440,723,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="27.[196,941,1741,1869]" box="[440,723,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<heading box="[440,723,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1888" box="[440,723,1741,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
<emphasis box="[440,723,1741,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Vulpes macrotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="27.[196,941,1741,1869]" box="[198,939,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<heading box="[198,939,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[198,274,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[284,400,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Renard nain</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[422,513,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[521,708,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Wisten-Flinkfuchs</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[729,820,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[829,939,1808,1829]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Zorro chico</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[196,941,1741,1869]" box="[197,561,1848,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<heading box="[197,561,1848,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[197,443,1848,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[454,561,1848,1869]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Desert Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[813,1396,1921,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="27.[813,1400,1921,2339]" box="[813,1396,1921,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[813,967,1921,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1888" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1888" box="[984,1391,1921,1946]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Vulpes macrotis Merriam, 1888</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[814,1040,1956,1985]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="27.[813,1400,1921,2339]" box="[814,1040,1956,1985]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<materialsCitation box="[814,1040,1956,1985]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<collectingRegion box="[814,955,1956,1985]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[971,1036,1956,1985]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="27.[813,1400,1921,2339]" lastBlockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
Has been considered conspecific with V. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[815,878,2040,2065]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velox">velox</taxonomicName>
, based on morphometric similarities and protein-electrophoresis. Others have treated 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1888" box="[1009,1148,2109,2142]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">V. macrotis</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species based on multivariate morphometric data and more recent mitochondrial DNA analysis. Nominal subspecies 
<taxonomicName authority="(Merriam, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">macrotis (Merriam, 1888)</taxonomicName>
from sout-western 
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
is extinct. Seven extant subspecies are recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" box="[198,598,2391,2420]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[198,598,2391,2420]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1904" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1904" box="[203,541,2429,2458]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="arsipus">V. m. arsipus Elliot, 1904</taxonomicName>
— NW Mexico (N Sonora) and SW 
<collectingCountry box="[1060,1123,2429,2458]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
(SE 
<collectingRegion box="[1197,1336,2429,2458]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
&amp; S 
<collectingRegion box="[198,315,2469,2498]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Arizona</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" box="[203,1195,2508,2537]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Nelson &amp; Goldman, 1909" authorityName="Nelson &amp; Goldman" authorityYear="1909" box="[203,717,2508,2537]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="devius">V. m. devius Nelson &amp; Goldman, 1909</taxonomicName>
— NW 
<collectingRegion box="[816,917,2508,2537]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Mexico</collectingRegion>
(S 
<collectingRegion box="[967,1182,2508,2537]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Baja California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" box="[203,1229,2542,2575]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1902" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1902" box="[203,587,2542,2575]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="muticus">V. m. muticus Merriam, 1902</taxonomicName>
— SW 
<collectingCountry box="[677,740,2542,2575]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
(San Joaquin Valley of 
<collectingRegion box="[1070,1216,2542,2575]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1902" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1902" box="[203,656,2586,2615]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="neomexicanus">V. m. neomexicanus Merriam, 1902</taxonomicName>
— N 
<collectingCountry box="[720,822,2586,2615]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(NW 
<collectingRegion box="[906,1064,2586,2615]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
) and C 
<collectingCountry box="[1175,1238,2586,2615]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1258,1392,2586,2615]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[200,371,2626,2655]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
&amp; W 
<collectingRegion box="[451,535,2626,2655]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Texas</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1399,2351,2694]" box="[204,938,2665,2694]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Goldman, 1931" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1931" box="[204,632,2665,2694]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="nevadensis">V. m. nevadensis Goldman, 1931</taxonomicName>
— 
<collectingCountry box="[670,733,2665,2694]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
(Great Basin).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" box="[1469,2528,301,330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority="Nelson &amp; Goldman, 1931" authorityName="Nelson &amp; Goldman" authorityYear="1931" box="[1469,2040,301,330]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="tenwirostris">V. m. tenwirostris Nelson &amp; Goldman, 1931</taxonomicName>
— NW 
<collectingRegion box="[2140,2241,301,330]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Mexico</collectingRegion>
(N 
<collectingRegion box="[2300,2515,301,330]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Baja California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" box="[1469,2022,346,371]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName authority=": Benson, 1938" authorityName=": Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[1469,1816,346,371]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrotis" subSpecies="zanser">V. m. zanser: Benson, 1938</taxonomicName>
— N-C 
<collectingCountry box="[1914,2019,346,371]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1465,1718,376,409]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 48- 
<quantity box="[1946,2064,376,409]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="28.5" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="5.0">5-52 cm</quantity>
for males and 45-5-53- 
<quantity box="[2411,2482,376,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
for females, tail 
<quantity box="[1519,1652,415,448]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="31.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="28.0">28-34 cm</quantity>
for males and 25-30- 
<quantity box="[1959,2028,415,448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
for females; weight 1-7- 
<quantity box="[2370,2462,415,448]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="kg" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2-7 kg</quantity>
for males and 1-6-2- 
<quantity box="[1548,1615,459,488]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="kg" value="2.0">2 kg</quantity>
for females. One of the smallest foxes on the American continent. The large ears are its most conspicuous characteristic. The fur is short, with yellowish to grayish head, back and sides; the shoulders and the outside of the legs, are brownishyellow. The belly and the inner side of legs are yellowish-white and the tip of the tail is black. The neck, legs and belly may have buffy highlights. The hair is dense between the foot-pads. Dental formula: 1 3/3, C1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42. Mean cranial measurements from 
<specimenCount box="[1758,1943,691,724]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="generic">35 specimens</specimenCount>
of race mutica were: condylobasal length 114- 
<quantity box="[2586,2659,691,724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
; zygomatic breadth 62- 
<quantity box="[1778,1848,734,763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
; palatal length 57- 
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; interorbital breadth 23- 
<quantity box="[2525,2596,734,763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
; postorbital breadth 21- 
<quantity box="[1740,1816,770,803]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1466,1577,809,842]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Habitat.</emphasis>
Arid and semi-arid regions including desert scrub, chaparral, halophytic, and grassland communities. It is found at elevations ranging from 
<quantity box="[2350,2522,852,881]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="m" value="1150.0" valueMax="1900.0" valueMin="400.0">400-1900 m</quantity>
, although Kit Foxes generally avoid rugged terrain. They use agricultural lands to some extent and can successfully inhabit urban environments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1466,1736,966,999]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Kit Foxes primarily consume rodents, lagomorphs, and insects. Main prey includes kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.), prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), Blacktailed Jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), and cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.). Other items consumed include birds, reptiles, and carrion. Plant material is rarely consumed, with the occasional exception of cactus fruits. Kit Foxes mostly forage solitarily.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1465,2368,1163,1196]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" box="[1465,2368,1163,1196]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1465,1700,1163,1196]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Mainly nocturnal and occasionally crepuscular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1467,2185,1202,1235]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Kit Foxes are primarily monogamous with occasional polygyny (i.e. multiple paternity litters detected) and pairs usually mate for life. Young from previous litters, usually females, may delay dispersal and remain in natal home ranges assisting with raising the current litter. Kit Foxes are not strongly territorial and home ranges of 2-5-11- 
<quantity box="[2118,2187,1359,1392]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
* may overlap, although core areas generally are used exclusively by one family group. Kit Foxes sometimes bark at approaching predators or to recall pups, and they may emit a loud “chittering” call, during intraspecific encounters. Foxes also emit barking sequences, probably to contact or attract mates or potential mates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1468,1602,1556,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Breeding.</emphasis>
Kit Foxes mate from December to January and give birth from February to March after a gestation of 49-55 days. Littersize ranges from 1-7 (mean 4). Reproductive success for yearling females is considerably lower and varies annually with food availability for all age classes. Pups emerge from dens at about four weeks, are weaned at about eight weeks, begin foraging with parents at about 3-4 months, and become independent at about 5-6 months. Mean dispersal age in 
<collectingRegion box="[2272,2412,1752,1785]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
was eight months. Kit Foxes use dens all year round and have multiple dens. Although they can excavate their own dens, preferring loose-textured soils, they frequently occupy and modify the burrows of praire dogs, kangaroo rats, ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.), and American Badgers. Occasionally, they will den in man-made structures (e.g. culverts, pipes), but young are almost always born in earthen dens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1470,1820,1988,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES notlisted (considered a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[2479,2580,1988,2021]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velox">V. velox</taxonomicName>
). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Considered “vulnerable” in Mexico. In the 
<collectingCountry box="[1525,1589,2067,2100]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
, the San Joaquin Kit Fox (muticus) is listed federally as “endangered”, and as “threatened” in the State of 
<collectingRegion box="[1870,2012,2115,2140]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">California</collectingRegion>
. In 
<collectingRegion box="[2068,2178,2115,2140]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, Kit Foxes are classified as “endangered”. The species is common to rare. In the 
<collectingCountry box="[2144,2208,2146,2179]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">USA</collectingCountry>
, abundance is largely unknown. Population trends are assumed to be relatively stable where there are no significant threats. The endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox is probably still declining due to continuing habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. The main threat to the long-term survival of the Kit Fox is habitat conversion, mainly to agriculture but also to urban and industrial development. Human-induced habitat transformation is probably causing a decline of Kit Fox populations in Mexico, where Prairie Dog towns supporting important populations of Kit Foxes are being converted to agricultural fields. In Mexico, Kit Foxes are sometimes shot opportunistically, but are not actively persecuted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="438" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="27.[1464,2672,301,2692]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis box="[1471,1622,2508,2533]" pageId="27" pageNumber="438">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Cotera (1996), Cypher et al. (2000), Dragoo et al. (1990), Egoscue (1956, 1962, 1975), Hall (1981), Jiménez-Guzman &amp; Lopez-Soto (1992), Knapp (1978), Koopman, Cypher &amp; Scrivner (2000), Koopman, Scrivner &amp; Kato (1998), List (1997), List &amp; Cypher (2004), McGrew (1979), Mercure et al. (1993), Morrell (1972), O'Farrell (1987), Ralls et al. (2001), Spiegel (1996), US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (1998), Warrick &amp; Cypher (1998), White &amp; Ralls (1993), White et al. (1995), Zoellick et al. (1987).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>