<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFB84FB05FB28FB1C"author="GUNTHER, A."box="[1058,1252,1249,1278]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"refId="ref29325"refString="GUNTHER, A.: 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopteiygian fishes in the British Museum I. British Museum (Natural History), London. xxxi + 524 pp."type="book"year="1859">GÜNTHER, 1859</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="137E98B47176FFCBFC79FAE7FBEAFAF3"box="[991,1062,1279,1312]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="7.[610,641,1640,1668]"captionTargetBox="[529,1475,1166,1617]"captionTargetPageId="7"captionText="Fig. 2-Cephalopholis nigri, about 20 cm. SL, Ghana from BOULENGER 1895,,"figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168231"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168231/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFD10FAAEFC46FAB0"author="GUNTHER, A."box="[694,906,1353,1374]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"refId="ref29325"refString="GUNTHER, A.: 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopteiygian fishes in the British Museum I. British Museum (Natural History), London. xxxi + 524 pp."type="book"year="1859">GÜNTHER, 1859: 112</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality, mouth of the River Niger; holotype at the BMNH).
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFB9DFA85FB43FA99"author="STEINDACHNER, F."box="[1083,1167,1378,1396]"journalOrPublisher="Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"pagination="19 - 51"part="41"refId="ref32101"refString="1882. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens. Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41: 19 - 51."title="Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens"type="journal article"year="1882">1882: 21</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFC0AFA5EFB5FFA22"author="BOULENGER, G. A."bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp"box="[940,1171,1463,1485]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"refId="ref27380"refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp."title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I."type="book"year="1895">BOULENGER, 1895: 178</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFDC5FA30FCD0FA02"author="MONOD, T."box="[611,796,1494,1516]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"pagination="643 - 742"refId="ref30563"refString="MONOD, T.: 1927. Contribution a la faune du Cameroun. Pisces I: 643 - 742, 35 figs. Faune des Colonies fiancaises, 1."type="book chapter"year="1927">MONOD, 1927: 686</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFC8FFA31FC23FA0C"author="CADENAT, J."box="[809,1007,1492,1515]"journalOrPublisher="Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit."pageId="6"pageNumber="11"pagination="377 - 422"part="8"refId="ref27491"refString="CADENAT, J.: 1935. Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert). Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit., 8 (4): 377 - 422, 30 figs."title="Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert)"type="journal article"year="1935">CADENAT, 1935: 391</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitationid="137E98B47176FFCBFC5AFA34FBFFFA0F"box="[1020,1075,1491,1515]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="19.[551,583,1650,1676]"captionTargetBox="[536,1483,1179,1615]"captionTargetPageId="19"captionText="Fig. 6 - Epinephelus caninus, 417 mm. SL, Israel, HUJ 10958, drawn bY ELAINE HEEMSTRA."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168239"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168239/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
(copied from
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFB62FA34FAB0FA03"author="BOULENGER, G. A."bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp"box="[1220,1404,1489,1513]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"refId="ref27380"refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp."title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I."type="book"year="1895">BOULENGER, 1895</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="137E98B47176FFCBFBDAFA09FB79F9EA"box="[1148,1205,1518,1542]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]"captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]"captionTargetPageId="2"captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07176FFCBFD5FF9F5FC0CF9C8"author="FOWLER, H. W."box="[761,960,1553,1575]"journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist"pageId="6"pageNumber="11"pagination="607 - 1493"part="70"refId="ref28759"refString="1936. The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 70 (2): 607 - 1493."title="The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II."type="journal article"year="1936">FOWLER, 1936: 747</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="137E98B47176FFCBFBDFF9E9FB72F9CA"box="[1145,1214,1550,1573]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="31.[526,559,1657,1681]"captionTargetBox="[526,1483,1158,1624]"captionTargetPageId="31"captionText="Fig. 11 a - Epinephelus itajara, 7 cm. SL, Gulf of Mexico, from a photograph of LEWIS BULLOCK and GREGORY SMITH (ms.)."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168257"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168257/files/figure.png"pageId="6"pageNumber="11">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
: Dorsal fin IX, 14- 15; anal fin III,8-9; pectoral fin rays 17- 18; lateral--line scales 45 -50; lateral scale series 73-80; gill-rakers 8- 10 + 14- 17; 5 or 6 rudiments on each limb. Body depth distinctly less than head length, contained 2.8-3.0 times in SL (for fish 11 - 15 cm. SL); head length 2.5 -2.6 times in SL; pectoral fins 1.4- 1.7 times in head length; pelvic fins reach anus, 1.6 - 1.9 times in head length. Caudal fm rounded; dorsal fin membranes distinctly indented between the spines. Eye diameter greater than interorbital width, 4.6-5.5 times in head length. Interorbital area flat; preopercle rounded, finely serrate, the lower edge fleshy; subopercle and interopercle smooth; upper edge of operculum convex. Maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye. Lateral body scales ctenoid, without auxiliary scales.
: Dark brownish, with 3 or 4 indistinct dark bars on body (extending onto dorsal fin) and 2 more on caudal peduncle; belly reddish; sides of head with close-set reddish spots forming a reticulated pattern of dark lines; pelvic and anal fins dusky, with small pale (silvery?) spots; tips of interspinous dorsal fin membranes black.
<paragraphid="8BFA84317176FFCBFDE3F73EFAD4F71A"blockId="6.[581,1304,2260,2293]"box="[581,1304,2260,2293]"pageId="6"pageNumber="11">Tropical eastern Atlantic from Sénégal to Lobito, Angola.</paragraph>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07177FFCAFB0DF997FAADF96E"author="BOULENGER, G. A."bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp"box="[1195,1377,1648,1668]"pageId="7"pageNumber="12"refId="ref27380"refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp."title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I."type="book"year="1895">BOULENGER 1895</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFD4F9C07177FFCAFB28F6FAFAAEF6D9"author="STEINDACHNER, F."box="[1166,1378,2333,2357]"journalOrPublisher="Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien"pageId="7"pageNumber="12"pagination="19 - 51"part="41"refId="ref32101"refString="1882. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens. Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41: 19 - 51."title="Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens"type="journal article"year="1882">STEINDACHNER, 1882</bibRefCitation>
