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233 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.845.32428" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3733ef1e-8696-44f1-99d7-d473c509608c" ID-PMC="PMC6531415" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-845-1" ID-PubMed="31148919" ID-ZBK="F05BDFEC4C4A4F2296854AC2655B973D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-845-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 845" ModsDocTitle="Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna" checkinTime="1557997611963" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Capa, Maria, Nygren, Arne, Parapar, Julio, Bakken, Torkild, Meissner, Karin & Moreira, Juan" docDate="2019" docId="51655231382592CBBEC46C50B0BC235E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 845: 1-97" docOrigin="ZooKeys 845" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.845.32428" docTitle="Geminofilum Capa, Nygren, Parapar, Bakken, Meissner & Moreira, 2019, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="35550293-C24E-44D9-8748-D56C437BCB97" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="E3517C1098370D65FFC6FFB27231221C" masterDocTitle="Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1668167250643" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematic re-structure and new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) after morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the North East Atlantic fauna</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Capa, Maria</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nygren, Arne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Parapar, Julio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bakken, Torkild</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Meissner, Karin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moreira, Juan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>845</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>97</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.845.32428</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.845.32428</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-845-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F05BDFEC4C4A4F2296854AC2655B973D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F05BDFEC4C4A4F2296854AC2655B973D</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157167807" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:35550293-C24E-44D9-8748-D56C437BCB97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/51655231382592CBBEC46C50B0BC235E" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/35550293-C24E-44D9-8748-D56C437BCB97" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Geminofilum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="27" pageNumber="28">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoropsis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerodoropsis</taxonomicName>
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Hartman & Fauchald, 1971: 69 (in part);
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<bibRefCitation author="Fauchald, K" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="257 - 289" title="Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from world-wide areas." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937400770241" volume="8" year="1974">Fauchald 1974</bibRefCitation>
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: 261 (in part);
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<bibRefCitation author="Borowski, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="193 - 203" title="Three new deep-sea species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the eastern tropical South Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00384.x" volume="23" year="1994">Borowski 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: 23 (in part);
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<bibRefCitation author="Moreira, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" url="https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2006.70n1159" year="2012">Moreira 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: 30 (in part);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Capa et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 18 (in part).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodorum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodorum distichum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="distichum">Sphaerodorum distichum</taxonomicName>
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Eliason, 1962.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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Body short and cylindrical. Head with a median and a pair of lateral antennae; antenniform papillae absent or present; all appendages short. Tubercles sessile, spherical or hemispherical, arranged in two transverse rows per segment. Additional epithelial papillae on dorsal (sometimes absent) and ventral surfaces. Parapodia
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<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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elongated ventral cirri, as long as acicular lobe. Stout hooks in anterior chaetigers absent. All chaetae compound, unidentate, with serrated edge.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Analyses of molecular data presented here reveal that members of previously considered
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoropsis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerodoropsis</taxonomicName>
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Group 3, according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Borowski, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="193 - 203" title="Three new deep-sea species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the eastern tropical South Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00384.x" volume="23" year="1994">Borowski (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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, form a monophyletic group, morphologically quite distinct (with dorsal macrotubercles, arranged in two transverse rows per segment and genetically (long branch compared to other clades; Fig. 1). This clade is sister to
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerephesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerephesia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerephesia</taxonomicName>
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sensu stricto in the present study (sphaerodorids with four dorsal longitudinal rows of sessile macrotubercles). Since the type species of
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoropsis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Sphaerodoropsis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sphaerulifer">Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer</taxonomicName>
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does not possess the main diagnostic features of this clade, and instead bears dorsal macrotubercles in a single transverse row (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Moore, JP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="321 - 351" title="The polychaetous annelids dredged by the U. S. S. " Albatross " off the coast of southern California in 1904. I. Syllidae, Sphaerodoridae, Hesionidae and Phyllodocidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12425" volume="61" year="1909">Moore 1909</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kudenov, JD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="917 - 926" title="Four species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) including one new genus and three new species from Alaska." volume="100" year="1987">Kudenov 1987</bibRefCitation>
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), the erection of a new genus for accommodating these other species is needed.
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum distichum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="distichum">Geminofilum distichum</taxonomicName>
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(Eliason, 1962), comb. n., is the selected type species of the new genus because it is the oldest described species in the group that has been included in the present molecular analyses.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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It is here assumed that
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Geminofilum</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. includes all sphaerodorids presenting two transverse rows of macrotubercles, but confirmation of this hypothesis is needed, since several of the species with this morphological feature have not been included in the analyses.
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Geminofilum</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. would therefore be represented by the following 15 species, all of which require nomenclatural changes:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum arctowskyensis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="arctowskyensis">Geminofilum arctowskyensis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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& Rosenfeldt, 1988), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, 265 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum bisphaeroserialis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bisphaeroserialis">Geminofilum bisphaeroserialis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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, 1974), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: South of Durban, South Africa, 20 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum distichum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="distichum">Geminofilum distichum</taxonomicName>
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(Eliason, 1962), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Skagerrak, North East Atlantic, 460 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum fauchaldi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fauchaldi">Geminofilum fauchaldi</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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, 1979), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Pt. Hedland, Western Australia, shallow depth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum garciaalvarezi" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="garciaalvarezi">Geminofilum garciaalvarezi</taxonomicName>
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(Moreira, Cacabelos & Troncoso, 2004), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Baiona, NW Spain, 7 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum halldori" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="halldori">Geminofilum halldori</taxonomicName>
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(Moreira & Parapar, 2012), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Western Iceland, 1162 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum heteropapillatum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillatum">Geminofilum heteropapillatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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, 1987), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Geelong, Victoria, Australia, shallow depth (coralline algae).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum multipapillatum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="multipapillatum">Geminofilum multipapillatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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, 1974), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Mtwara, Tanzania, shallow depth (in coral reef).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum oculatum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="oculatum">Geminofilum oculatum</taxonomicName>
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(Fauchald, 1974), comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Antarctic Peninsula, 412 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum paracapense" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paracapense">Geminofilum paracapense</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hartmann-Schröder">Hartmann-Schroeder</normalizedToken>
|
||
|
|
, 1974), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Diaz Point, Namibia, SW Africa, unknown depth.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
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|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum pycnos" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pycnos">Geminofilum pycnos</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Fauchald, 1974), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type locality: Antarctic Peninsula, 650 m.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum sexantennellum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sexantennellum">Geminofilum sexantennellum</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Kudenov, 1993), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
|
||
|
|
locality: Southern California, ca. 150 m.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum solis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="solis">Geminofilum solis</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Reuscher & Fiege, 2015), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Challenger Plateau, Tasman Sea, 1523-1526 m.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum spissum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spissum">Geminofilum spissum</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Benham, 1921), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type locality: Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean, unknown depth.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum translucidum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="translucidum">Geminofilum translucidum</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
(Borowski, 1994), comb. n.
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type locality: Peru Basin, 4162 m.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
|
|
The name of this genus,
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Geminofilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geminofilum" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Geminofilum</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
, refers to the particular organization of macrotubercles in members of this genus in double (
|
||
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Geminus" lsidName="Geminus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">Geminus</taxonomicName>
|
||
|
|
in Latin, gender: masculine) rows (filum, in Latin, gender: neuter).
|
||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
||
|
|
</treatment>
|
||
|
|
</document>
|