plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/F0/6D/E5/F06DE501235259698435A35D7224ADF4.xml

499 lines
55 KiB
XML
Raw Normal View History

added F0
2024-06-21 12:57:13 +02:00
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.35502" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cf3b3d92-a807-438a-8039-1709d40f6d03" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-72-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD0FB5C08EF95B649FEA0BA6726BBFBC" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3532234" ID-ZooBank="7B54E5F91B2E422DB74481DC129359AC" ModsDocID="1314-2607-72-1" checkinTime="1572595417025" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Huber, John T., Shih, Chungkun &amp; Ren, Dong" docDate="2019" docId="F06DE501235259698435A35D7224ADF4" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 72: 1-10" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 72" docPubDate="2019-10-31" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.35502" docTitle="Baeomorpha liorum Huber, Shih &amp; Ren 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="1B11F935-B7E7-4B2B-9DC1-8B8C45E529C5" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="BD0FB5C08EF95B649FEA0BA6726BBFBC" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="BD0FB5C08EF95B649FEA0BA6726BBFBC" masterDocTitle="A new species of Baeomorpha (Hymenoptera, Rotoitidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1678753166094" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Baeomorpha (Hymenoptera, Rotoitidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Huber, John T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Natural Resources Canada, c / o Canadian National Collection of Insects, K. W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">john.huber@agr.gc.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shih, Chungkun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China &amp; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2019-10-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>72</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>10</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.35502</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.72.35502</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-72-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7B54E5F91B2E422DB74481DC129359AC</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BD0FB5C08EF95B649FEA0BA6726BBFBC</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3532234</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160104951" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B11F935-B7E7-4B2B-9DC1-8B8C45E529C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F06DE501235259698435A35D7224ADF4" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/1B11F935-B7E7-4B2B-9DC1-8B8C45E529C5" authority="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum" status="sp. nov.">Baeomorpha liorum Huber, Shih &amp; Ren</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1, 2" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1, 2. 1 Amber piece containing the holotype and allotype of Baeomorpha liorum 2 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype female, habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1-2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3, 4. 3 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype antenna 4 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 5. Baeomorpha liorum, allotype male, habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6, 7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 6, 7. 6 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype antenna. 7 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6-7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Holotype female (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1, 2" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1, 2. 1 Amber piece containing the holotype and allotype of Baeomorpha liorum 2 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype female, habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, CNU-HYM-MA-2015007) and allotype male (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 5. Baeomorpha liorum, allotype male, habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figure5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, CNU-HYM-MA-2015008) (CNUB), in a single piece of polished amber (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1, 2" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1, 2. 1 Amber piece containing the holotype and allotype of Baeomorpha liorum 2 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype female, habitus." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Two labels are added to the container: &quot;Holotype ♀
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">Baeomorpha liorum</taxonomicName>
Huber, Shih &amp; Ren&quot; [red label] and &quot;Allotype ♂
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">Baeomorpha liorum</taxonomicName>
Huber, Shih &amp; Ren&quot; [yellow label].
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3532238" doi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures1-2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351446" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figures 1, 2" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 1, 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</emphasis>
Amber piece containing the holotype and allotype of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype female, habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Female</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Antenna (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3, 4. 3 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype antenna 4 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) with 1 anellus, 5-segmented funicle and 6-segmented clava; fl1-fl3 with wider junctions than those between fl3-fl5, and fl5 and clava; fl4 the smallest funicle segment.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Male</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Antenna (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6, 7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 6, 7. 6 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype antenna. 7 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) with 1 anellus, 5-segmented funicle and 5-segmented clava.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Female.</emphasis>
Body length 645. Colour fairly uniformly brown, with slight green metallic tinge (may be an artefact) under certain angles of reflected light; legs slightly lighter. Sculpture and setation not visible. Wings hyaline, with venation, including basal vein, brown.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
width 210, length ≈125.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Scape (not clearly visible) in dorsal view narrow (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3, 4. 3 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype antenna 4 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); pedicel slightly wider than long (40: 30) and slightly wider than any flagellar segment; clava slightly longer than funicle + anellus (160: 140). Anellus 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide and somewhat triangular; fl1-fl3 and fl5 distinctly longer and wider that either anellus or fl4; fl1 about 0.95
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, fl2 about 0.88
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide, fl3 about as long as wide, fl4 about 0.85
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide and the smallest funicle segment, and fl5 1.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. Multiporous plate sensilla (mps) visible on fl1-fl3, fl4, fl5 and at least the apical three claval segments (not clear on remaining claval segments, but probably present); mps absent on anellus and fl4. The number of mps cannot be ascertained but there are at least two on each segment that has mps.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
length ≈250, metasoma length ≈335. Pronotum length ≈50, mesonotum length ≈140, metanotum length ≈20, propodeum length ≈40.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wings</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Fore wing length 600, width 220, longest marginal setae 70; hind wing length 355, width 30, longest marginal setae 30. Submarginal vein 190, parastigma + marginal vein 100, stigmal vein 50, with uncus distinct; postmarginal vein ≈150; postmarginal vein about 3.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
stigmal vein length.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metasoma</emphasis>
length 340. Ovipositor not clearly visible, slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 3, 4" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 3, 4. 3 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype antenna 4 Baeomorpha liorum, holotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) (a slight deformity/crack? in the amber makes it difficult to determine the true extend of the exserted part).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3532240" doi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures3-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351447" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figures 3, 4" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 3, 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype metasoma.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Male.</emphasis>
Body length 600. Colour as in female.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
width not measurable, length ≈90. Mandibles crossing when closed, apparently with 3 equal teeth. Vertex with sculpture consisting of isodiametric reticulations.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Scape width ≈30, length ≈90, in lateral view (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6, 7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 6, 7. 6 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype antenna. 7 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) as wide as pedicel and about 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long; pedicel about 1.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide; anellus 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide; fl1-fl3 and fl5 distinctly longer and wider (on one antenna) than or subequal (on other antenna) to fl4 and distinctly longer and wider than anellus (probably on both antennae, the anellus not clearly visible on one antenna).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Slightly shorter than metasoma (250:270); sculpture of dorsum apparently consisting of small isodiametric reticulations. Pronotum not clearly visible, presumably short; mesonotum ≈50; scutellum≈90; metanotum ≈20; propodeum ≈50.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wings</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Fore wing length ≈590, width ≈240, longest marginal setae ≈50; postmarginal vein ≈3.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
stigmal vein length; hind wing length 375, width 40, longest marginal setae about width of hind wing.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Gaster 270, with gastral terga subequal in length (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 6, 7" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 6, 7. 6 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype antenna. 7 Baeomorpha liorum, allotype metasoma." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), each ≈40-50 (measured along dorsal margin). Genitalia ≈60 (almost entirely exserted).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3532236" doi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351448" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, allotype male, habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3532242" doi="10.3897/jhr.72.35502.figures6-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/351449" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figures 6, 7" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 6, 7.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, allotype antenna.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huber, Shih &amp; Ren" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha liorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, allotype metasoma.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Mr. Li Jun and his wife from Jinan, Shandong Province, who obtained the fossil and kindly donated it to CNU.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The new species belongs clearly in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
They distinguished it from the other extinct genus,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Taimyromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taimyromorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taimyromorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the stigmal vein long and narrower than stigma, and uncus present (stigmal vein short, as wide as stigma and uncus absent in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Taimyromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taimyromorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taimyromorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the two extant genera as follows: both sexes fully winged (micropterous in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gibson &amp; Huber" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Chiloe" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chiloe" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiloe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with notauli (only visible in male) complete and linear (notauli absent in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Rotoita" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rotoita" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rotoita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
On the basis of the pedicel being about as wide as fl1 the female of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keys fairly well to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. yantardakh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="yantardakh">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. yantardakh</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gumovsky but their images of the female antenna (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 17) are very different so we conclude the Burmese female cannot be that species. If one continues past couple 9, their key becomes difficult to use because not all features mentioned, e.g., scape length and width and head width, can be seen properly or accurately measured on the female of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Similarly, at their couplet 10, not all features can be assessed properly but the most likely species in those couplets are either
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. zherikhini" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="zherikhini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. zherikhini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gumovsky or
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gumovsky. The male of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keys best to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it has the distance between the junction of the stigmal vein with the marginal vein and the junction of the basal vein with the submarginal vein (PSM of
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
) about 3.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as stigmal vein, exactly as in
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Assuming the two sexes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspecific, we doubt that
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the same as any previously described
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The distribution and possibly time of occurrence in the geological record (Taimyr amber is dated as Upper Cretaceous, 84-100 ma) also suggests that it is unlikely that
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the same as one of the previously described species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from western Canada (Medicine Hat area, Alberta) or Taimyr amber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
noted the unusual variation in number of funicular and claval segments among the fossil
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While this meristic variation among species within a given genus is uncommon, it occurs widely among families of extant
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
, notably, in females and sometimes in males, in several genera of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
, the most ancestral lineage of
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="466 - 542" refId="B7" refString="Heraty, JM, Burks, BD, Cruaud, A, Gibson, G, Liljeblad, J, Munro, J, Rasplus, J-Y, Delvare, G, Jansta, P, Gumovsky, AV, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Krogmann, L, Heydon, S, Polaszek, A, Schmidt, S, Darling, DC, Gates, MW, Mottern, JL, Murray, E, Dal Molin, A, Triapitsyn, S, Baur, H, Pinto, JD, van Noort, S, George, J, Yoder, M, 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466 - 542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" volume="29" year="2013">Heraty et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the meristic differences seen among the various
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are not particularly unusual. In the male of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the size of fl4 differs between the antennae, a bilateral variation that occurs not infrequently in individuals of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
. Given this sort of variation we question whether
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
have not over split the species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far found in Taimyr amber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
is the most ancestral lineage of
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
followed by
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
and then the remaining
<taxonomicName kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="466 - 542" refId="B7" refString="Heraty, JM, Burks, BD, Cruaud, A, Gibson, G, Liljeblad, J, Munro, J, Rasplus, J-Y, Delvare, G, Jansta, P, Gumovsky, AV, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Krogmann, L, Heydon, S, Polaszek, A, Schmidt, S, Darling, DC, Gates, MW, Mottern, JL, Murray, E, Dal Molin, A, Triapitsyn, S, Baur, H, Pinto, JD, van Noort, S, George, J, Yoder, M, 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466 - 542, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12006" volume="29" year="2013">Heraty et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
are well known in the fossil record, with the earliest species occurring in 99 my old Burmese amber (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1241" author="Poinar, G Jr" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="461 - 472" refId="B10" refString="Poinar, G Jr, Huber, JT, 2011. A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera. ZooKeys 130: 461 - 472, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1241" title="A new genus of fossil Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from Cretaceous amber and key to Cretaceous mymarid genera." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.130.1241" volume="130" year="2011">Poinar and Huber 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and the family is worldwide and especially well represented in generic diversity in the Southern Hemisphere. In contrast,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
, as old as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
based on the age of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are now restricted as extant species to New Zealand and southern Chile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
originated in Laurasia, based on the fossil evidence then available. This contrasts with
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300750037901" author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="2293 - 2314" refId="B5" refString="Gibson, GAP, Huber, JH, 2000. Review of the family Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with description of a new genus and species from Chile. Journal of Natural History 34 (12): 2293 - 2314, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300750037901" title="Review of the family Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with description of a new genus and species from Chile." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300750037901" volume="34" year="2000">Gibson and Huber (2000)</bibRefCitation>
who hypothesized a Gondwanan origin of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
. Huber (2017) suggested that
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
, or at least
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
, originated in the Jurassic and perhaps the latter taxon was already present even earlier and possibly was widespread in Pangaea. If so, the distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
, both as mid-Cretaceous fossils in northern Laurasia and in Burmese amber, and the present day distribution of both families as extant genera, either worldwide (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
) or in remnants of Gondwana (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
), would then be explained simply as their expected distribution after the breakup of Pangaea began 200 million years ago. The distribution of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
disproves the hypothesis that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
originated in North Laurasia, specifically in their &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Realm&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" author="Gumovsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="286 - 322" refId="B6" refString="Gumovsky, A, Perovsky, E, Rasnitsyn, A, 2018. Laurasian ancestors and &quot;Gondwana&quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed. Cretaceous Research 84: 286 - 322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" title="Laurasian ancestors and &quot; Gondwana &quot; decendants of Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): What a review of Late Cretaceous Baeomorpha revealed." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.027" volume="84" year="2018">Gumovsky et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 22) but does not exclude the possibility that
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, perhaps together with other Burmese amber fossils, originated partly or entirely from somewhere in the southeast Laurasia mainland before or during the mid-Cretaceous.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.004" author="Rasnitsyn, AP" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="168 - 175" refId="B11" refString="Rasnitsyn, AP, Oehm-Kuehnle, C, 2018. Three new female Aptenoperissus from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea, Aptenoperissidae): Unexpected diversity of paradoxical wasps suggests insular features of source biome. Cretaceous Research 91: 168 - 175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.004" title="Three new female Aptenoperissus from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea, Aptenoperissidae): Unexpected diversity of paradoxical wasps suggests insular features of source biome." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.004" volume="91" year="2018">
Rasnitsyn and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Öhm-Kühnle">Oehm-Kuehnle</normalizedToken>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
supported the theory that the mid-Cretaceous Burmese biota, which includes
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was of a long-standing insular nature, the area having been separated from the rest of Laurasia for up to 140 ma according to one hypothesis (but not two other hypotheses) before the collision between the West Burma plate and Proto-Southeast Asia mainland. They proposed that the Burmese amber fossil assemblage reflects a pre-collision rather than post-collision date. Geologists such as
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00012-X" author="Acharyya, SK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Geodynamics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="149 - 170" refId="B1" refString="Acharyya, SK, 1998. Break-up of the greater Indo-Australian continent and accretion of blocks framing South and East Asia. Journal of Geodynamics 26: 149 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00012-X" title="Break-up of the greater Indo-Australian continent and accretion of blocks framing South and East Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00012-X" volume="26" year="1998">Acharyya (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Acharyya, SK" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Geological Society of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="25 - 43" refId="B2" refString="Acharyya, SK, 2010. Tectonic evolution of the Indo-Burma Range with special reference to Nag-Manipur Hills. Memoir of the Geological Society of India 75: 25 - 43" title="Tectonic evolution of the Indo-Burma Range with special reference to Nag-Manipur Hills." volume="75" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90272-7" author="Audley-Charles, MG" journalOrPublisher="Tectonophysics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 330" refId="B3" refString="Audley-Charles, MG, Ballantyne, PD, Hall, R, 1988. Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift-drift sequence of Asian fragments from Gondwanaland. Tectonophysics 155: 317 - 330, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90272-7" title="Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift-drift sequence of Asian fragments from Gondwanaland." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90272-7" volume="155" year="1988">Audley-Charles et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" author="Metcalfe, I" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 60" refId="B9" refString="Metcalfe, I, 2017. Tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 63: 27 - 60, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" title="Tectonic evolution of Sundaland." url="https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" volume="63" year="2017">Metcalfe (2017)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the complex of areas that broke off from Gondwana and drifted north to collide eventually with the main Laurasian landmass. Audley-Charles (1988, fig. 2) showed the position of Burma as separated by ocean from mainland Laurasia in the early Cretaceous.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" author="Metcalfe, I" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 60" refId="B9" refString="Metcalfe, I, 2017. Tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 63: 27 - 60, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" title="Tectonic evolution of Sundaland." url="https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm63201702" volume="63" year="2017">Metcalfe (2017)</bibRefCitation>
showed the collision and accretion of the Sibumasu plate (which includes Burma) to the Laurasian mainland in the Carboniferous-Permian. This is much earlier than the mid-Cretaceous, suggesting that the Burmese amber fossil assemblage reflects a post-collision date. Regardless, the close similarity of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. liorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="liorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. liorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the Taimyr
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" genus="Baeomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baeomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species suggests that it probably derived from somewhere in Laurasia north of the southeastern area formed by accretion of the various land areas to form the area that is present day Indochina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
It is notable that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Archaeoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeoteleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Archaeoteleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1839" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scelioninae">Scelioninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
) (Talamas et al. 2016) has a very similar distribution to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
, being present as an extant genus only in South America and New Zealand and as an extinct genus (with some morphological differences from extant species) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Incidentally, this is yet another example in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
in which a given genus appears to have existed from the mid-Cretaceous to the present; the others belong to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chrysidoidea">Chrysidoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.1.5" author="Ross, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoentomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="22 - 84" refId="B12" refString="Ross, AJ, 2019. Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography 2018. Palaeoentomology 2 (1): 22 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.1.5" title="Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography 2018." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.1.5" volume="2" year="2019">Ross 2019</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1551250" author="Martynova, KV" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1791 - 1803" refId="B8" refString="Martynova, KV, Olmi, M, Mueller, P, Perkovsky, EE, 2019. Description of the first sclerogibbid wasp (Hymenoptera: Sclerogibbidae) from Burmese (Myanmar) amber and its phylogenetic significance. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (21): 1791 - 1803, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1551250" title="Description of the first sclerogibbid wasp (Hymenoptera: Sclerogibbidae) from Burmese (Myanmar) amber and its phylogenetic significance." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1551250" volume="17" year="2019">Martynova et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The most parsimonious and, we believe, the best explanation for the extinct and extant distribution of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek &amp; Noyes" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Rotoitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rotoitidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Archaeoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeoteleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Archaeoteleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mymaridae</taxonomicName>
and perhaps the other, unrelated, taxa as well, is to assume they all evolved earlier than currently thought, perhaps sometime in the Jurassic and were widespread across Pangaea in suitable habitats. For example, hosts of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Archaeoteleia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archaeoteleia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Archaeoteleia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are members of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1930" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macropathinae">Macropathinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masner" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhaphidophoridae</taxonomicName>
), thought to have originated prior to the tectonic separation of the supercontinent Gondwana (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.024" author="Beasley-Hall, PG" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="153 - 161" refId="B4" refString="Beasley-Hall, PG, Tierney, S, Weinstein, P, Austin, AD, 2018. A revised phylogeny of macropathine cave crickets (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae) uncovers a paraphyletic Australian distribution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126: 153 - 161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.024" title="A revised phylogeny of macropathine cave crickets (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae) uncovers a paraphyletic Australian distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.024" volume="126" year="2018">Beasley-Hall et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue Copy permalink