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<document ID-DOI="10.7554/eLife.09560" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f78d18a-b7d7-4b2e-94b3-9a970823b6a9" ID-PMC="PMC4559886" ID-PubMed="26354291" checkinTime="1441993702984" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Lee R Berger, John Hawks, Darryl J de Ruiter, Steven E Churchill, Peter Schmid, Lucas K Delezene, Tracy L Kivell, Heather M Garvin, Scott A Williams, Jeremy M DeSilva, Matthew M Skinner, Charles M Musiba, Noel Cameron, Trenton W Holliday, William Harcourt-Smith, Rebecca R Ackermann, Markus Bastir, Barry Bogin, Debra Bolter, Juliet Brophy, Zachary D Cofran, Kimberly A Congdon, Andrew S Deane, Mana Dembo, Michelle Drapeau, Marina C Elliott, , Elen M Feuerriegel, Daniel Garcia-Martinez, David J Green, Alia Gurtov, Joel D Irish, Ashley Kruger, Myra F Laird, Damiano Marchi, Marc R Meyer, Shahed Nalla, Enquye W Negash, Caley M Orr, Davorka Radovcic, Lauren Schroeder, Jill E Scott, Zachary Throckmorton, Matthew W Tocheri, Caroline VanSickle, Christopher S Walker, Pianpian Wei &amp; Bernhard Zipfel" docDate="2015" docId="822A19638D2BFFCFFE15FBF6FA52F835" docLanguage="en" docName="e09560.full.pdf.gs.imf" docOrigin="eLife e 09560 4" docTitle="Homo naledi Berger, Hawks, Ruiter, Churchill, Schmid, Delezene, Kivell, Garvin, Williams, DeSilva, Skinner, Musiba, Cameron, Holliday, Harcourt-Smith, Ackermann, Bastir, Bogin, Bolter, Brophy, Cofran, Congdon, Deane, Dembo, Drapeau, Elliott, , Garcia-Martinez, Green, Gurtov, Irish, Kruger, Laird, Marchi, Meyer, Nalla, Negash, Orr, Radovcic, Schroeder, Scott, Throckmorton, Tocheri, VanSickle, Walker, Wei &amp; Zipfel, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="7E13611B8D29FFD8FFF4FF93FFACFFBD" masterDocTitle="Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668128208704" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lee R Berger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>John Hawks</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Darryl J de Ruiter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Steven E Churchill</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Peter Schmid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Lucas K Delezene</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Tracy L Kivell</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Scott A Williams</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Charles M Musiba</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>William Harcourt-Smith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Rebecca R Ackermann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Barry Bogin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Debra Bolter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Juliet Brophy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Zachary D Cofran</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Mana Dembo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Michelle Drapeau</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Marina C Elliott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>, Elen M Feuerriegel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Alia Gurtov</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Ashley Kruger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Myra F Laird</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Damiano Marchi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Marc R Meyer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Shahed Nalla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Enquye W Negash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Caley M Orr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Davorka Radovcic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Lauren Schroeder</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Jill E Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Zachary Throckmorton</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Matthew W Tocheri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Caroline VanSickle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Christopher S Walker</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Pianpian Wei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Bernhard Zipfel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>eLife e 09560</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7554/eLife.09560</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection box="[481,1485,1124,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName box="[481,620,1125,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[481,620,1125,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Homo naledi</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[628,714,1126,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,613,1186,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology</emphasis>
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The word 
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<emphasis box="[563,627,1225,1247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">naledi</emphasis>
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means ‘star’ in the Sotho language and refers to the Dinaledi Chamber’s location within the Rising Star cave system.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,566,1318,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Locality</emphasis>
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The Dinaledi chamber is located approximately 30 meters underground, within the Rising Star cave system at about 26˚1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,677,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
13 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[703,717,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">′′</emphasis>
S; 27˚42 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[807,813,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
43 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,853,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">′′</emphasis>
E. The system lies within the Malmani dolomites, approximately 800 meters southwest of the well-known site of Swartkrans in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, Gauteng Province, South Africa.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,826,1514,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Horizon and associations</emphasis>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The present sample of skeletal material from the Dinaledi Chamber was recovered during two field expeditions, in November 2013 and March 2014.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Six specimens from an ex situ context can be identified as bird bones, and few fragmentary rodent remains have been recovered within the excavation area. Neither of these faunal constituents can presently be associated with the hominin fossil collection (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1082,1277,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dirks et al., 2015</emphasis>
).
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Aside from these limited faunal materials, the Dinaledi collection is entirely composed of hominin skeletal and dental remains. The collection so far comprises 1550 fossil hominin specimens, this number includes 1413 bone specimens and 137 isolated dental specimens; an additional 53 teeth are present in mandibular or maxillary bone specimens. Aside from the fragmentary rodent teeth, all dental crowns (n 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[630,647,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">=</emphasis>
179) are hominin, recovered both from surface collection and excavation. Likewise, aside from the few bird elements, all morphologically informative bone specimens are clearly hominin. In all cases where elements are repeated in the sample, they are morphologically homogeneous, with variation consistent with body size and sex differences within a single population. These remains represent a minimum of 15 hominin individuals, as indicated by the repetition and presence of deciduous and adult dental elements.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.003" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[130,1470,177,1684]" targetPageId="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,185,1745,1764]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1</emphasis>
. Dinaledi skeletal specimens. The figure includes approximately all of the material incorporated in this diagnosis, including the holotype specimen, paratypes and referred material. These make up 737 partial or complete anatomical elements, many of which consist of several refitted specimens. Specimens not identified to element, such as non-diagnostic long bone or cranial fragments, and a subset of fragile specimens are not shown here. The ‘skeleton’ layout in the center of the photo is a composite of elements that represent multiple individuals. This view is foreshortened; the table upon which the bones are arranged is 120-cm wide for scale. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.003
</paragraph>
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The geological age of the fossils is not yet known. Excavations have thus far recovered hominin material from Unit 2 and Unit 3 in the chamber (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[955,1144,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dirks et al., 2015</emphasis>
). Surface-collected hominin material from the present top of Unit 3, which includes material derived from both Unit 2 and Unit 3, represents a minority of the assemblage, and is morphologically indistinguishable from material excavated from in situ within Unit 3. In addition to general morphological homogeneity including cranial shape, distinctive morphological configurations of all the recovered first metacarpals, femora, molars, lower premolars and lower canines, are identical in both surface-collected and excavated specimens (see 
<figureCitation box="[617,718,465,488]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="24.[99,163,647,666]" captionTargetBox="[99,1506,145,619]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[129,1476,175,588]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 14. First metacarpals of H. naledi. Seven first metacarpals have been recovered from the Dinaledi Chamber. U. W. 101 - 1321 is the right first metacarpal of the associated Hand 1 found in articulation. U. W. 101 - 1282 and U. W. 101 - 1641 are anatomically similar left and right first metacarpals, which we hypothesize as antimeres, both were recovered from excavation. U. W. 101 - 007 was collected from the surface of the chamber, and exhibits the same distinctive morphological characteristics as all the first metacarpals in the assemblage. All of these show a marked robusticity of the distal half of the bone, a very narrow, ‘ waisted’ appearance to the proximal shaft and proximal articular surface, prominent crests for attachment of M. opponens pollicis and M. first dorsal interosseous, and a prominent ridge running down the palmar aspect of the bone. The heads of these metacarpals are dorsopalmarly flat and strongly asymmetric, with an enlarged palmar-radial protuberance. These distinctive features are present among all the first metacarpals in the Dinaledi collection, and are absent from any other hominin sample. Their derived nature is evident in comparison to apes and other early hominins, here illustrated with a chimpanzee first metacarpal and the MH 2 first metacarpal of Australopithecus sediba. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.004" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.004" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 14</figureCitation>
later in the text). These include traits not found in any other hominin species yet described. These considerations strongly indicate that this material represents a single species, and not a commingled assemblage.
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<heading bold="true" box="[449,1121,602,630]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,1121,602,630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype, paratypes, and referred materials</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,581,643,672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading box="[449,581,643,672]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">Holotype</heading>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Dinaledi Hominin 1 (DH1) comprises the partial calvaria, partial maxilla, and nearly complete mandible of a presumed male individual, based on size and morphology within the sample (
<figureCitation box="[1266,1355,714,735]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[449,514,1761,1780]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,1001,1733]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[479,1361,1031,1703]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Holotype specimen of Homo naledi, Dinaledi Hominin 1 (DH 1). U. W. 101 - 1473 cranium in (A) posterior and (B) frontal views (frontal view minus the frontal fragment to show calvaria interior). U. W. 101 - 1277 maxilla in (C) medial, (D) frontal, (E) superior, and (F) occlusal views. (G) U. W. 101 - 1473 cranium in anatomical alignment with occluded U. W. 101 - 1277 maxilla and U. W. 101 - 1261 mandible in left lateral view. U. W. 101 - 1277 mandible in (H) occlusal, (I) basal, (J) right lateral, and (K) anterior views. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.019" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.019" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1266,1355,714,735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). The holotype was recovered in situ during excavations within the Dinaledi Chamber in March of 2014, embedded in unconsolidated fine clay matrix (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1005,1196,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dirks et al., 2015</emphasis>
). The holotype is housed in the Evolutionary Studies Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
</paragraph>
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<heading box="[449,588,853,881]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">Paratypes</heading>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Dinaledi Hominin 2 (DH2) is a partial calvaria that preserves parts of the frontal, left and right parietals, right temporal, and occipital (
<figureCitation box="[772,866,922,944]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[447,511,678,697]" captionTargetBox="[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Cranial paratypes. (A) DH 2, right lateral view. (B) DH 5, left lateral view. (C) DH 4, right lateral view. (D) DH 4, posterior view. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.005" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.005" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[772,866,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[881,1117,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). Dinaledi Hominin 3 (DH3) is a partial calvaria of a presumed female individual that preserves parts of the frontal, left parietal, left temporal, and sphenoid (
<figureCitation box="[1170,1265,210,231]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[449,514,1819,1839]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,1082,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[479,1361,1113,1761]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Paratype DH 3. (A) Frontal view. (B) Left lateral view, with calvaria in articulation with the mandible (U. W. 101 - 361). (C) Basal view. Mandible in (D) medial view; (E) occlusal view; (F) basal view. DH 3 was a relatively old individual at time of death, with extreme tooth wear. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.006" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1170,1265,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1285,1521,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). Dinaledi Hominin 4 (DH4) is a partial calvaria that preserves parts of the right temporal, right parietal, and occipital (
<figureCitation box="[1163,1261,306,327]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[447,511,678,697]" captionTargetBox="[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Cranial paratypes. (A) DH 2, right lateral view. (B) DH 5, left lateral view. (C) DH 4, right lateral view. (D) DH 4, posterior view. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.005" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.005" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1163,1261,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1282,1520,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). Dinaledi Hominin 5 (DH5) is a partial calvaria that preserves part of the left temporal and occipital (
<figureCitation box="[1108,1203,402,423]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[447,511,678,697]" captionTargetBox="[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[477,930,175,620]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Cranial paratypes. (A) DH 2, right lateral view. (B) DH 5, left lateral view. (C) DH 4, right lateral view. (D) DH 4, posterior view. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.005" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.005" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1108,1203,402,423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1222,1457,402,423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). U.W. 101-377 is a mandibular fragment that preserves dental anatomy in an unworn state; at present it cannot be definitively associated with any of these Dinaledi Hominin (DH) individuals, and indeed might represent another individual (
<figureCitation box="[1011,1108,594,615]" captionStart="Figure 5. U. W. 101 - 377" captionStartId="6.[449,514,687,706]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,175,628]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[479,933,175,629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. U. W. 101 - 377 mandible. (A) Lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) basal view; (D) occlusal view. (D) The distinctive mandibular premolar morphology with elongated talonids in unworn state. Scale bar = 2 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.007" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.007" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1011,1108,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1125,1366,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). These cranial specimens agree closely in nearly all morphological details where they overlap in areas preserved except those we interpret as related to sex.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.019" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[449,1391,1001,1733]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,531,1761,1780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2</emphasis>
. Holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[754,875,1760,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[754,875,1760,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Homo naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Dinaledi Hominin 1 (DH1). U.W. 101-1473 cranium in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,1397,1761,1780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
) posterior and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,469,1790,1809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
) frontal views (frontal view minus the frontal fragment to show calvaria interior). U.W. 101-1277 maxilla in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1481,1495,1790,1809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
) medial, (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[532,548,1820,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
) frontal, (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,652,1820,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
) superior, and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[803,815,1820,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">F</emphasis>
) occlusal views. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[978,995,1819,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G</emphasis>
) U.W. 101-1473 cranium in anatomical alignment with occluded U.W. 101-1277 maxilla and U.W. 101-1261 mandible in left lateral view. U.W. 101-1277 mandible in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1493,1509,1849,1867]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H</emphasis>
) occlusal, (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[542,548,1878,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">I</emphasis>
) basal, (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[628,639,1878,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">J</emphasis>
) right lateral, and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,836,1878,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">K</emphasis>
) anterior views. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1087,1102,1878,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.019
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.005" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[477,930,175,620]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[447,531,678,697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</emphasis>
. Cranial paratypes. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[727,742,678,697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
) DH2, right lateral view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[452,466,708,726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
) DH5, left lateral view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[695,710,707,726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
) DH4, right lateral view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[452,468,737,756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
) DH4, posterior view. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[777,791,737,756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.005
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dinaledi hand 1 (H1) is a nearly complete (missing only the pisiform) right hand, found articulated in association, comprising specimens</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
U.W. 101-1308 to −1311, −1318 to −1321, −1325 to −1329, −1351, −1464, and −1721 to −1732 (
<figureCitation box="[456,553,882,903]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[449,514,805,824]" captionTargetBox="[479,1360,175,745]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[479,1361,175,746]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Hand 1. Palmar view on left; dorsal view on right. This hand was discovered in articulation and all bones are represented except for the pisiform. The proportions of digits are humanlike and visually apparent, as are the expanded distal apical tufts on all digits, the robust pollical ray, and the unique first metacarpal morphology. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.008" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.008" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,553,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 6</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[569,809,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). U.W. 101-1391 is a proximal right femur preserving part of the head, the neck, some of the lesser and greater trochanter, and the proximal shaft (
<figureCitation box="[1427,1527,914,936]" captionStart="Figure 7. U. W. 101 - 1391" captionStartId="7.[449,514,1820,1839]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,1143,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[479,1361,1174,1762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. U. W. 101 - 1391 paratype femur. (A) Medial view; (B) posterior view; (C) lateral view; (D) anterior view. The femur neck is relatively long and anteroposteriorly compressed. The anteversion of the neck is evident in medial view. Scale bar = 2 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.009" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.009" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1427,1527,914,936]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 7</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,696,946,967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). U.W. 101-484 is a right tibial diaphysis missing only the proximal end (
<figureCitation box="[456,549,978,999]" captionStart="Figure 8. U. W. 101 - 484" captionStartId="8.[449,514,1820,1839]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,1103,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[479,933,1103,1762]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. U. W. 101 - 484 paratype tibia. (A) Anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view. The tibiae are notably slender for their length. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.010" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.010" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,549,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 8</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[561,794,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
). Dinaledi foot 1 (F1) is a partial foot skeleton missing only the medial cuneiform and the phalanges of rays II–V. Foot 1 is composed of specimens U.W. 101-1322, −1417 to −1419, −1439, −1443, −1456 to −1458, −1551, −1553, −1562, and −1698 (
<figureCitation box="[1425,1527,242,264]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[449,514,593,612]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,175,535]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[479,933,175,535]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 9. Foot 1 in (A) dorsal view; and (B) medial view. (C) Proximal articular surfaces of the metatarsals of Foot 1, shown in articulation to illustrate transverse arch structure. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.011" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.011" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1425,1527,242,264]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 9</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1007,1244,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.006" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[449,1391,1082,1791]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,537,1819,1839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4</emphasis>
. Paratype DH3. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[709,725,1819,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
) Frontal view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[880,894,1820,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
) Left lateral view, with calvaria in articulation with the mandible (U.W. 101-361). (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[602,616,1848,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
) Basal view. Mandible in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,875,1849,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
) medial view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1014,1027,1849,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
) occlusal view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1177,1189,1849,1867]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F</emphasis>
) basal view. DH3 was a relatively old individual at time of death, with extreme tooth wear. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1055,1069,1878,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.006
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph box="[1007,1254,317,346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Referred material</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Referred material is also listed in 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
. We refer to 
<taxonomicName box="[1215,1312,386,408]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1215,1312,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all hominin material from the Dinaledi collection that can be identified to element; in total, the holotypes, paratypes and referred material comprise 737 partial or complete anatomical elements.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Specimen numbers in the collection are assigned at the point of excavation. Later laboratory analyses allowed us to refit specimens into more complete elements, which we have used as units of anatomical study. Here we refer to refitted elements by only a single specimen number; either the number of the most constitutive specimen, or the first diagnostic part to be discovered. DH designations are reserved for clearly associated individuals; at this time these are limited to the five partial crania designated</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.007" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[479,932,175,628]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,540,687,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5</emphasis>
. U.W. 101-377 mandible. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,833,687,706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
) Lateral view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,469,716,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
) medial view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[608,622,716,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
) basal view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,763,716,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
) occlusal view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,929,716,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
) The distinctive mandibular premolar morphology with elongated talonids in unworn state. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[889,904,774,793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">=</emphasis>
2 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.007
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
above. Future excavation and analyses will certainly uncover more refits among specimens. As refits are found, all numbers assigned to refitted elements will remain stable, and all numbers in 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Supplementary file 1</emphasis>
will be retained.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The collection is morphologically homogeneous in all duplicated elements, except for those anatomical features that normally reflect body size or sex differences in other primate taxa. Therefore, although we refer to the holotype and the paratypes for differential diagnoses; the section describing the overall anatomy encompasses all morphologically informative specimens.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph box="[449,825,1180,1214]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,825,1180,1214]" fontSize="14" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,825,1180,1214]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
This comprehensive differential diagnosis is based upon cranial, dental and postcranial characters. The hypodigms used for other species are detailed in the ‘Materials and methods’. We examined original specimens for most species, except where indicated in the ‘Materials and methods’; when we relied on other sources for anatomical observations we indicate this. A summary of traits of 
<taxonomicName box="[1401,1501,1319,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1401,1501,1319,1341]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in comparison to other species is presented in 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,1140,1352,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Supplementary file 2</emphasis>
. Comparative cranial and mandibular measures are presented in 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,821,1384,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<tableCitation box="[739,821,1384,1405]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="10.[91,144,1593,1613]" captionTargetBox="[91,1868,501,1562]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 1. Continued on next page" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
</emphasis>
, and comparative dental measures are provided in 
<tableCitation box="[1373,1455,1384,1405]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="12.[91,144,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[91,1882,459,1594]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Table 2. Continued on next page" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1373,1455,1384,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</emphasis>
</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,1487,1450,1479]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="0">Cranium, mandible, and dentition (DH1, DH2, DH3, DH4, DH5, U.W.</heading>
101-377)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The cranium of 
<taxonomicName box="[641,746,1521,1543]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[641,746,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the well-developed crest patterns that characterize 
<taxonomicName authority="Asfaw et al., 1999" authorityName="Asfaw et al." authorityYear="1999" box="[449,920,1553,1576]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garhi">
<emphasis box="[449,692,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australopithecus garhi</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[706,913,1554,1576]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Asfaw et al., 1999</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and species of the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1208,1351,1554,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1208,1351,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranthropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nor the derived facial morphology seen in the latter genus. The mandible of 
<taxonomicName box="[1119,1217,1585,1607]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1119,1217,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is notably more gracile than those of 
<taxonomicName box="[543,686,1617,1639]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[543,686,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranthropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines of 
<taxonomicName box="[1326,1421,1617,1639]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1326,1421,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap in size with those of 
<taxonomicName box="[641,784,1650,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[641,784,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranthropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the post-canine teeth are notably smaller than those of 
<taxonomicName box="[1390,1533,1650,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1390,1533,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranthropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[498,597,1681,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garhi">
<emphasis box="[498,597,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Au. garhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with mandibular molars that are buccolingually narrow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName box="[481,587,1713,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,587,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[755,1045,1713,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[755,1045,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australopithecus afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1119,1410,1713,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[1119,1410,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australopithecus africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a pentagonal-shaped cranial vault in posterior view, sagittal keeling, widely spaced temporal lines, an angular torus, a deep and narrow digastric fossa, an external occipital protuberance, an anteriorly positioned root of the zygomatic process of the maxilla, a broad palate, and a small canine jugum lacking anterior pillars. The anterior and lateral vault of 
<taxonomicName box="[1087,1187,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1087,1187,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[1340,1481,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1340,1481,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[449,593,1874,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[449,593,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in exhibiting only slight post-orbital constriction, frontal bossing, a well-developed supraorbital torus with a well-defined supratoral sulcus, temporal lines that are positioned on the posterior rather than the superior aspect of the supraorbital torus, a root of the zygomatic process of the temporal that is angled downwards approximately 30˚ relative to the Frankfort Horizontal (FH) and which begins its lateral expansion above the mandibular fossa rather than the EAM, a mandibular fossa that is positioned medial to the wall of the temporal squame, a small postglenoid process that contacts the tympanic, a coronally oriented petrous, and a small and obliquely oriented EAM. The 
<taxonomicName box="[449,544,209,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,544,209,231]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible exhibits a more gracile symphysis and corpus, a more vertically inclined symphysis, a slight mandibular incurvation delineating a faint mental trigon, and a steeply inclined posterior face of the mandibular symphysis without a post incisive planum. The incisors of 
<taxonomicName box="[1274,1371,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1274,1371,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap in size with some specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[730,872,306,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[730,872,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though the canines and post-canine dentition are notably smaller, with relatively narrow buccolingual dimensions of the mandibular molars. The maxillary I1 lacks a median lingual ridge and exhibits a broad and uninflated lingual cervical prominence, the lingual mesial and distal marginal ridges do not merge onto the cervical prominence in the maxillary I2, the mandibular canine exhibits only a weak lingual median ridge and a broad and uninflated lingual cervical prominence, and the buccal grooves on the maxillary premolars are only weakly developed. 
<taxonomicName box="[449,548,497,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,548,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits a small and isolated Carabelli’s feature in the maxillary molars, unlike the more prominent and extensive Carabelli’s feature of 
<taxonomicName box="[955,1135,529,551]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[955,1135,529,551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, the 
<taxonomicName box="[1309,1405,529,551]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1309,1405,529,551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandibular molars possess small, mesiobuccally restricted protostylids that do not intersect the buccal groove, differing from the typically enlarged, centrally positioned protostylids that intersect the buccal groove in 
<taxonomicName box="[476,656,625,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[476,656,625,647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.008" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[479,1360,175,745]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,531,805,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6</emphasis>
. Hand 1. Palmar view on left; dorsal view on right. This hand was discovered in articulation and all bones are represented except for the pisiform. The proportions of digits are humanlike and visually apparent, as are the expanded distal apical tufts on all digits, the robust pollical ray, and the unique first metacarpal morphology. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.008
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.009" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[449,1391,1143,1792]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,534,1820,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 7</emphasis>
. U.W. 101-1391 paratype femur. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,866,1820,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
) Medial view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1009,1023,1820,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
) posterior view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1186,1200,1820,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
) lateral view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1336,1352,1820,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D</emphasis>
) anterior view. The femur neck is relatively long and anteroposteriorly compressed. The anteversion of the neck is evident in medial view. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,557,1878,1897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">=</emphasis>
2 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.009
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The cranium of 
<taxonomicName box="[653,751,657,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[653,751,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName authority="Berger et al., 2010" authorityName="Berger et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[894,1391,657,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[894,1153,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australopithecus sediba</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1384,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Berger et al., 2010</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
in exhibiting sagittal keeling, a more pronounced supraorbital torus and supratoral sulcus, a weakly arched supraorbital contour with rounded lateral corners, an angular torus, a well-defined supramastoid crest, a curved superior margin of the temporal squama, a root of the zygomatic process of the temporal that is angled downwards approximately 30˚ relative to FH, a flattened nasoalveolar clivus, weak canine juga, an anteriorly positioned root of the zygomatic process of the maxilla, and a relatively broad palate that is anteriorly shallow. The 
<taxonomicName box="[909,1004,849,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[909,1004,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible (DH1) has a mental foramen positioned superiorly on the corpus that opens posteriorly, unlike the mid-corpus height, more laterally opening mental foramen of 
<taxonomicName box="[654,768,913,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[654,768,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The maxillary and mandibular teeth of 
<taxonomicName box="[1195,1290,913,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1195,1290,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than those of 
<taxonomicName box="[480,596,945,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[480,596,945,967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with mandibular molars that are buccolingually narrow. The lingual mesial and distal marginal ridges do not merge onto the cervical prominence in the maxillary I2, the paracone of the maxillary P3 is equal in size to the protocone, the protoconid and metaconid of the mandibular molars are equally mesially positioned, and the lingual cusps of the molars are positioned at the occlusobuccal margin while the buccal cusps are positioned slightly lingual to the occlusobuccal margin. Also, 
<taxonomicName box="[1180,1307,1201,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1180,1307,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with other australopiths a protostylid that is centrally located and which intersects the buccal groove of the lower molars, unlike the small and mesiobuccally restricted protostylid that does not intersect the buccal groove in 
<taxonomicName box="[1238,1335,1361,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1238,1335,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The cranium of 
<taxonomicName box="[1218,1317,1393,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1218,1317,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[1467,1533,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Homo</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1007,1075,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">habilis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in exhibiting sagittal keeling, a weakly arched supraorbital contour, temporal lines that are positioned on the posterior rather than the superior aspect of the supraorbital torus, an angular torus, an occipital torus, only slight postorbital constriction, a curved superior margin of the temporal squama, a suprameatal spine, a weak crista petrosa, a prominent Eustachian process, a small EAM, weak canine juga, and an anteriorly positioned root of the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Mandibles attributed to 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[1509,1535,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1007,1075,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">habilis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show a weakly inclined, shelf-like post incisive planum with a variably developed superior transverse torus, unlike the steeply inclined posterior face of the mandibular symphysis of 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[1509,1535,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1007,1072,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">naledi</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which lacks both a post incisive planum or superior transverse torus. The 
<taxonomicName box="[1331,1427,145,167]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1331,1427,145,167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible (DH1) has a mental foramen positioned superiorly on the corpus that opens posteriorly, while the mental foramen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1231,1336,241,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1231,1336,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at mid-corpus height and opens more laterally. The maxillary and mandibular dentitions of DH1 are smaller than typical for 
<taxonomicName box="[1182,1283,337,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1182,1283,337,359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular P3 of 
<taxonomicName box="[1007,1102,369,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1007,1102,369,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more molarized and lacks the occlusal simplification seen in 
<taxonomicName box="[1241,1340,401,423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1241,1340,401,423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it has a symmetrical occlusal outline, and multiple roots (two roots: mesiobuccal and distal) not seen in 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[1509,1535,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1007,1075,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">habilis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The molars of 
<taxonomicName box="[1250,1348,497,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1250,1348,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack crenulation, secondary fissures, and supernumerary cusps that are common to 
<taxonomicName box="[1191,1294,561,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1191,1294,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The protoconid and metaconid of the mandibular molars are equally mesially positioned.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.010" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[479,932,1103,1761]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,535,1820,1839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 8</emphasis>
. U.W. 101-484 paratype tibia. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,837,1820,1839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A</emphasis>
) Anterior view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[454,467,1849,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
) medial view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[595,609,1849,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
) posterior view; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,771,1849,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
) lateral view. The tibiae are notably slender for their length. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[862,876,1878,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.010
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.011" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[479,932,175,535]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,532,593,612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 9</emphasis>
. Foot 1 in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[640,656,593,612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
) dorsal view; and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,846,593,612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
) medial view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,469,622,641]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
) Proximal articular surfaces of the metatarsals of Foot 1, shown in articulation to illustrate transverse arch structure. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,654,680,700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.011
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The cranium of 
<taxonomicName box="[1218,1317,657,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1218,1317,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[1467,1533,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Homo</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1007,1123,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">rudolfensis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller cranial capacity, and by exhibiting frontal bossing, a post-bregmatic depression, sagittal keeling, a well-developed supraorbital torus delineated by a distinct supratoral sulcus, temporal lines that are positioned on the posterior rather than the superior aspect of the supraorbital torus, an occipital torus, an external occipital protuberance, only slight post-orbital constriction, a small postglenoid process, a weak crista petrosa, a laterally inflated mastoid process, a canine fossa, incisors that project anteriorly beyond the bi-canine line, and a shallow anterior palate. As in 
<taxonomicName box="[510,609,945,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[510,609,945,967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mandibles attributed to 
<taxonomicName box="[886,1033,945,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[886,1033,945,967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show a weakly inclined, shelf-like post incisive planum with a variably developed superior transverse torus, unlike the steeply inclined posterior face of the mandibular symphysis of DH1, the latter of which lacks either a post incisive planum or superior transverse torus. The mandibular symphysis and corpus of 
<taxonomicName box="[1110,1210,1041,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1110,1210,1041,1063]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more gracile than those attributed to 
<taxonomicName box="[602,753,1073,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[602,753,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the 
<taxonomicName box="[869,969,1073,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[869,969,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible (DH1) has a mental foramen positioned superiorly on the corpus that opens posteriorly, unlike the mid-corpus height, more laterally opening mental foramen of 
<taxonomicName box="[656,803,1137,1159]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[656,803,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The maxillary and mandibular dentition of 
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1372,1137,1159]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1276,1372,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller than that of most specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[747,897,1169,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[747,897,1169,1191]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with only KNM-ER 60000 and KNM-ER 62000 appearing similar in size for some teeth (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,974,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leakey et al., 2012</emphasis>
). The molars of 
<taxonomicName box="[1144,1239,1201,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1144,1239,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack crenulation, secondary fissures, or supernumerary cusps common in 
<taxonomicName box="[960,1111,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[960,1111,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The buccal grooves of the maxillary premolars are weak in 
<taxonomicName box="[703,801,1265,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[703,801,1265,1287]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the protoconid and metaconid of the mandibular molars are equally mesially positioned.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName box="[481,578,1329,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,578,1329,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the typically distinctive long and low cranial vault of 
<taxonomicName box="[1219,1371,1330,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1219,1371,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Homo erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as the metopic keeling that is typically present in the latter species. 
<taxonomicName box="[1112,1208,1361,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1112,1208,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[1398,1507,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1398,1507,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a distinct external occipital protuberance in addition to the tuberculum linearum, a laterally inflated mastoid process, a flat and squared nasoalveolar clivus, and an anteriorly shallow palate. The parasagittal keeling that is present between bregma and lambda in 
<taxonomicName box="[1191,1288,1457,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1191,1288,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DH1 and DH3) is less marked than often occurs in 
<taxonomicName box="[758,867,1490,1511]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[758,867,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including in small specimens such as KNM-ER 42700 and the Dmanisi cranial sample. Also unlike most specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[1077,1190,1522,1543]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1077,1190,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1209,1309,1521,1543]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1209,1309,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a small vaginal process, a weak crista petrosa, a marked Eustachian process, and a small EAM. The mandible of 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a moderately inclined, shelf-like post incisive planum terminating in a variably developed superior transverse torus, differing from the steeply inclined posterior face of the 
<taxonomicName box="[1438,1533,1617,1639]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1438,1533,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandibular symphysis, which lacks both a post incisive planum or a superior transverse torus. The mental foramen is positioned superiorly and opens posteriorly in DH1, unlike the mid-corpus height, more laterally opening mental foramen of 
<taxonomicName box="[930,1044,1714,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[930,1044,1714,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines of 
<taxonomicName box="[569,667,1745,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[569,667,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than typical of 
<taxonomicName box="[973,1084,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[973,1084,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular P3 of 
<taxonomicName box="[1344,1442,1745,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1344,1442,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more molarized and lacks the occlusal simplification seen in 
<taxonomicName box="[1041,1151,1778,1799]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1041,1151,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they reveal a symmetrical occlusal outline, and multiple roots (2R: MB 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,851,1810,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">+</emphasis>
D) not typically seen in 
<taxonomicName box="[1111,1222,1810,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1111,1222,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the molars of 
<taxonomicName box="[449,546,1841,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,546,1841,1863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack crenulation, secondary fissures, or supernumerary cusps common in 
<taxonomicName box="[1344,1454,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1344,1454,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName box="[481,576,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,576,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the reduced cranial height of 
<taxonomicName authority="Floresiensis" authorityName="Floresiensis" box="[950,1139,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[950,1139,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Homo floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and displays a marked angular torus and parasagittal keeling between bregma and lambda that is absent in the latter species. 
<taxonomicName box="[1436,1533,1905,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1436,1533,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further has a flat and squared nasoalveolar clivus, unlike the pronounced maxillary canine juga and prominent pillars of 
<taxonomicName box="[670,819,177,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[670,819,177,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandible of 
<taxonomicName box="[1020,1170,177,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[1020,1170,177,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a posteriorly inclined post incisive planum with superior and inferior transverse tori, differing from the steeply inclined posterior face of the 
<taxonomicName box="[580,678,241,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[580,678,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandibular symphysis, which lacks both a post incisive planum or a superior transverse torus. Dentally, 
<taxonomicName box="[759,863,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[759,863,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable from 
<taxonomicName box="[1150,1307,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[1150,1307,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the mesiodistal elongation and extensive talonid of the mandibular P4, and the lack of Tomes’ root on the mandibular premolars. The molar size gradient of 
<taxonomicName box="[864,960,337,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[864,960,337,359]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
follows the M1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1152,338,359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">&lt;</emphasis>
M2 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1202,1218,338,359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">&lt;</emphasis>
M3 pattern, unlike the M3 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1517,1533,338,359]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">&lt;</emphasis>
M2 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[493,509,370,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">&lt;</emphasis>
M1 pattern in 
<taxonomicName box="[676,826,369,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[676,826,369,391]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the mandibular molars are relatively mesiodistally long and buccolingually narrow compared to those of 
<taxonomicName box="[938,1087,401,423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[938,1087,401,423]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption box="[91,1150,454,477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[91,1868,501,1562]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph box="[91,1150,454,477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,174,455,477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1</emphasis>
. Cranial and mandibular measurements for 
<taxonomicName box="[648,745,454,477]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[648,745,454,477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, early hominins, and modern humans
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<table box="[91,1868,501,1562]" colsContinueIn="11.[91,1868,586,1272]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<tr box="[91,1868,501,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[362,517,501,617]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Measurement definitions as in 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Wood (1991)</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[580,709,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. aethiopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[725,791,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boisei">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. boisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[810,908,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[924,1024,564,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1045,1146,564,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1167,1240,564,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1269,1336,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1357,1428,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1448,1571,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1587,1670,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1687,1755,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1687,1755,565,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
MP 
<taxonomicName box="[1687,1755,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1687,1755,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1784,1868,565,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,635,655]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[91,170,635,655]" colspan="14" colspanRight="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranium</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,673,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,262,673,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cranial capacity</td>
<td box="[362,372,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,614,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">410</td>
<td box="[725,758,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">485</td>
<td box="[810,843,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">493</td>
<td box="[924,957,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">457</td>
<td box="[1045,1078,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">467</td>
<td box="[1167,1200,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">420</td>
<td box="[1269,1302,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">513</td>
<td box="[1357,1390,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">610</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">776</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">865</td>
<td box="[1687,1731,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1266</td>
<td box="[1784,1828,674,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1330</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,711,731]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,240,711,731]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Porion height</td>
<td box="[362,373,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6</td>
<td box="[580,603,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">72</td>
<td box="[725,747,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">74</td>
<td box="[810,820,712,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[924,946,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">86</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">67</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">81</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,712,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">77</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">90</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">94</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">101</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,711,730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">112</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,748,793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,264,748,793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Posterior cranial length</td>
<td box="[362,373,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</td>
<td box="[580,603,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">58</td>
<td box="[724,747,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">47</td>
<td box="[810,832,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">54</td>
<td box="[924,946,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">44</td>
<td box="[1167,1177,750,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">65</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">79</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">99</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,749,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">81</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,810,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,290,810,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bi-parietal breadth</td>
<td box="[362,373,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">9</td>
<td box="[580,603,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">94</td>
<td box="[725,747,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">98</td>
<td box="[810,820,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[924,946,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">90</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">99</td>
<td box="[1167,1200,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">100</td>
<td box="[1269,1302,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">103</td>
<td box="[1357,1390,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">107</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">118</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">129</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">142</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,811,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">132</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,848,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,305,848,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bi-temporal breadth</td>
<td box="[362,384,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">10</td>
<td box="[580,614,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">110</td>
<td box="[725,758,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">109</td>
<td box="[810,843,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">108</td>
<td box="[924,957,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">115</td>
<td box="[1045,1078,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">104</td>
<td box="[1167,1200,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">101</td>
<td box="[1269,1302,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">107</td>
<td box="[1357,1390,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">112</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">126</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">131</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">146</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,849,868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">127</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,886,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,304,886,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Closest approach of temporal lines</td>
<td box="[362,372,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,635,886,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">crest*</td>
<td box="[724,779,886,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">crest*</td>
<td box="[810,864,886,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">crest*</td>
<td box="[924,979,886,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">crest*</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">21</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">56</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">52</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">51</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">72</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">101</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">96</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,948,992]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,295,948,992]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Supraorbital height index</td>
<td box="[362,372,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,603,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46</td>
<td box="[724,747,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">53</td>
<td box="[810,832,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">50</td>
<td box="[924,946,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">51</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">60</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">56</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">56</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">64</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">59</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">56</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">62</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,949,968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">71</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1009,1053]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,317,1009,1053]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Minimum post-orbital breadth</td>
<td box="[362,372,1011,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,603,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">62</td>
<td box="[724,747,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">66</td>
<td box="[810,832,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[924,946,1011,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">77</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">67</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1011,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">75</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">78</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">89</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">96</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1010,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">97</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1071,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,247,1071,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Superior facial breadth</td>
<td box="[362,384,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">49</td>
<td box="[580,614,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">100</td>
<td box="[724,758,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">107</td>
<td box="[810,843,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">109</td>
<td box="[924,935,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">95</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">86</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">86</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">97</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">113</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">110</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">124</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,1072,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">107</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1133,1177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,308,1133,1177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Post-orbital constriction index†</td>
<td box="[362,372,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,603,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">62</td>
<td box="[724,747,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">61</td>
<td box="[810,832,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">64</td>
<td box="[924,935,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">69</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">81</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">79</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">72</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">74</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">81</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">80</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1134,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">91</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1195,1239]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,268,1195,1239]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">EAM area (as an ellipse)‡</td>
<td box="[362,372,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,603,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">77</td>
<td box="[724,747,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">80</td>
<td box="[810,843,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">103</td>
<td box="[924,946,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">96</td>
<td box="[1167,1177,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">38</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">76</td>
<td box="[1448,1458,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">95</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">85</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1196,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">61</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1257,1301]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,285,1257,1301]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Root of zygomatic process origin</td>
<td box="[362,372,1258,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[580,604,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4</td>
<td box="[724,748,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4</td>
<td box="[810,897,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P3 to M1</td>
<td box="[924,1011,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4 to M1</td>
<td box="[1045,1132,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4 to M1</td>
<td box="[1167,1190,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4</td>
<td box="[1269,1319,1257,1300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P3 to P4</td>
<td box="[1357,1414,1257,1300]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4 to M1</td>
<td box="[1448,1534,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4 to M1</td>
<td box="[1587,1671,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P4 to M1</td>
<td box="[1687,1716,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M1</td>
<td box="[1784,1814,1257,1276]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1318,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,293,1318,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Petromedian angle</td>
<td box="[362,395,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">137</td>
<td box="[580,603,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">50</td>
<td box="[725,747,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">45</td>
<td box="[810,832,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">50</td>
<td box="[924,946,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">31</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">33</td>
<td box="[1167,1177,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">55</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">48</td>
<td box="[1448,1458,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">–</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">52</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">55</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1319,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">46</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1356,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[91,232,1356,1400]" colspan="14" colspanRight="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Maxilloalveolar process</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1418,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,253,1418,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Maxilloalveolar length</td>
<td box="[362,384,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">87</td>
<td box="[580,603,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">94</td>
<td box="[724,747,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">78</td>
<td box="[810,832,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">69</td>
<td box="[924,946,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">67</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">71</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">63</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">57</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">65</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">66</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">69</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1419,1438]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">55</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1480,1524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,253,1480,1524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Maxilloalveolar breadth</td>
<td box="[362,384,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">88</td>
<td box="[580,603,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">83</td>
<td box="[724,747,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">76</td>
<td box="[810,832,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">69</td>
<td box="[924,946,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">66</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">63</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">71</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">68</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">72</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">72</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1481,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">62</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1541,1562]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<td box="[112,252,1541,1562]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Palate breadth</td>
<td box="[362,384,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">91</td>
<td box="[580,603,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">32</td>
<td box="[725,747,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">40</td>
<td box="[810,832,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35</td>
<td box="[924,946,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">30</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">36</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">29</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">44</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">38</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">40</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">38</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">56</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1542,1561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">40</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[91,409,1593,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[91,1868,501,1562]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph box="[91,409,1593,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<parenthesis box="[91,409,1593,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1. Continued on next page</parenthesis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[91,274,544,564]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[91,1868,586,1272]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph box="[91,274,544,564]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 1. Continued</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table box="[91,1868,586,1272]" colsContinueFrom="10.[91,1868,501,1562]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr box="[91,1868,586,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[362,517,586,703]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Measurement definitions as in 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wood (1991)</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[580,709,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. aethiopicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[724,791,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boisei">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. boisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[810,908,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[924,1024,649,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1045,1146,649,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1167,1240,649,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1269,1336,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1357,1428,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1448,1571,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1587,1670,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[1687,1755,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1687,1755,650,703]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
MP 
<taxonomicName box="[1687,1755,682,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1687,1755,682,703]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1784,1868,650,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,720,764]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,259,720,764]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Palate depth at incisive fossa</td>
<td box="[362,372,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">–</td>
<td box="[580,591,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</td>
<td box="[725,747,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td box="[810,832,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[924,946,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1045,1056,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1269,1280,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1784,1795,721,740]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,782,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,296,782,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Palate depth at M1</td>
<td box="[362,395,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">103</td>
<td box="[580,591,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">7</td>
<td box="[725,747,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[810,832,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td box="[924,946,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,783,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,820,840]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[91,180,820,840]" colspan="14" colspanRight="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mandible</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,858,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,276,858,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Symphysis height</td>
<td box="[362,395,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">141</td>
<td box="[580,603,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37</td>
<td box="[725,747,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">49</td>
<td box="[810,832,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42</td>
<td box="[924,946,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">39</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">32</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">33</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">31</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">35</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">34</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,859,878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">34</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,895,916]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,268,895,916]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Symphysis width</td>
<td box="[362,395,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">142</td>
<td box="[580,603,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">26</td>
<td box="[725,747,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">28</td>
<td box="[810,832,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">25</td>
<td box="[924,946,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">24</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,896,915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,933,1001]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,257,933,1001]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Symphysis area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡</td>
<td box="[362,395,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">146</td>
<td box="[580,614,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">757</td>
<td box="[725,769,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1114</td>
<td box="[810,843,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">835</td>
<td box="[924,957,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">623</td>
<td box="[1045,1078,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">606</td>
<td box="[1167,1200,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">452</td>
<td box="[1269,1302,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">467</td>
<td box="[1357,1390,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">393</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">723</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">519</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">474</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,934,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">365</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1019,1063]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,248,1019,1063]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Corpus height at M1</td>
<td box="[362,395,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">150</td>
<td box="[580,603,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">38</td>
<td box="[725,747,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">42</td>
<td box="[810,832,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">36</td>
<td box="[924,946,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">34</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">32</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">30</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">26</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">29</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">36</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">31</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">31</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1020,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">28</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1081,1125]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,262,1081,1125]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Corpus breadth at M1</td>
<td box="[362,395,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">151</td>
<td box="[580,603,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">25</td>
<td box="[725,747,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">29</td>
<td box="[810,832,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">26</td>
<td box="[924,946,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">22</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1082,1101]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1143,1211]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,253,1143,1211]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Corpus area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡</td>
<td box="[362,395,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">152</td>
<td box="[580,614,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">742</td>
<td box="[725,758,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">955</td>
<td box="[810,843,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">736</td>
<td box="[924,957,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">540</td>
<td box="[1045,1078,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">539</td>
<td box="[1167,1200,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">405</td>
<td box="[1269,1302,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">326</td>
<td box="[1357,1390,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">425</td>
<td box="[1448,1481,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">631</td>
<td box="[1587,1620,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">458</td>
<td box="[1687,1720,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">469</td>
<td box="[1784,1817,1144,1163]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">296</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1228,1272]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<td box="[112,263,1228,1272]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Mental foramen height index 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[248,259,1253,1272]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">§</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[362,372,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">–</td>
<td box="[580,603,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">51</td>
<td box="[725,747,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
<td box="[810,832,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">54</td>
<td box="[924,946,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">58</td>
<td box="[1045,1067,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">53</td>
<td box="[1167,1189,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
<td box="[1269,1291,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">40</td>
<td box="[1357,1379,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">46</td>
<td box="[1448,1470,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">49</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</td>
<td box="[1687,1709,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">48</td>
<td box="[1784,1806,1229,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[91,368,1298,1318]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">*At least in presumed males.</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[91,582,1327,1347]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
†Post-orbital breadth/superior facial breadth 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[522,535,1328,1347]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">×</emphasis>
100.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[91,737,1356,1377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
‡Following the formula (π 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[340,354,1357,1376]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">×</emphasis>
(corpus height/2) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[529,542,1357,1376]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">×</emphasis>
(corpus breadth/2)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,101,1386,1406]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">§</emphasis>
Height of mental foramen from alveolar border relative to corpus height at the mental foramen. MP, Middle Pleistocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Unless otherwise indicated measurements are defined as in 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[662,722,1445,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wood</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,738,1444,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,784,1444,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1991</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[784,793,1444,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">)</emphasis>
. Chord distances are in mm. Data for 
<taxonomicName box="[1159,1244,1444,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1159,1244,1444,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from original fossils or laser scans by DJdeR and HMG; comparative data collected by DJdeR on original fossils and casts and supplemented by data from 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1043,1103,1474,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wood</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1110,1174,1473,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1991)</emphasis>
. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.012
</paragraph>
<caption box="[91,877,413,436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[91,1882,459,1594]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph box="[91,877,413,436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,174,414,435]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 2</emphasis>
. Dental measures for 
<taxonomicName box="[413,509,413,436]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[413,509,413,436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and comparative hominin species
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<table box="[91,1882,459,1594]" colsContinueIn="13.[91,1882,441,781]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,343,459,525]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<tr box="[91,1882,459,481]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,194,459,481]" colspan="18" colspanRight="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading bold="true" box="[91,194,459,481]" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="6">Maxillary</heading>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,503,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[336,353,503,515]" colspan="4" colspanLeft="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
I 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[343,353,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[533,549,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,540,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,549,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[697,713,505,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[697,713,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[882,906,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,897,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[897,906,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1079,1103,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1094,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1094,1103,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1275,1307,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1275,1298,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1298,1307,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1483,1515,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1505,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1505,1515,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1690,1722,503,526]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1690,1713,505,526]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1713,1722,503,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</emphasis>
<tr box="[91,1882,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[336,377,551,572]" colspan="3" colspanLeft="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[336,377,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[440,466,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[440,466,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[533,574,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,574,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[615,641,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,641,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[697,737,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[697,737,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[789,815,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[789,815,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[882,923,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,923,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[975,1003,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[975,1003,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1079,1119,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1119,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1171,1200,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1171,1200,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1275,1316,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1275,1316,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1379,1407,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1379,1407,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1483,1523,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1523,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1587,1615,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1587,1615,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1690,1731,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1690,1731,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1794,1822,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1794,1822,551,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BL</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,590,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,228,590,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,228,590,610]" genus="Australopithecus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" species="anamensis">
<emphasis box="[91,228,590,610]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Au. anamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</td>
<td box="[440,451,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5</td>
<td box="[533,544,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,626,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[697,708,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6</td>
<td box="[789,800,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[882,893,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[975,986,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6</td>
<td box="[1079,1090,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[1587,1598,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,591,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,629,647]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.8</td>
<td box="[440,468,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.7</td>
<td box="[533,544,629,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,642,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.3</td>
<td box="[697,735,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0</td>
<td box="[789,828,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.6</td>
<td box="[882,910,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9</td>
<td box="[975,1013,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.6</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.9</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.6</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.5</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.0</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.4</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.5</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,628,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,667,685]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.1–12.4</td>
<td box="[440,506,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2–9.3</td>
<td box="[533,544,667,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,681,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.0–7.5</td>
<td box="[697,773,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9–12.3</td>
<td box="[789,866,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.1–11.8</td>
<td box="[882,959,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2–11.8</td>
<td box="[975,1063,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.1–14.3</td>
<td box="[1079,1155,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2–12.1</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.6–14.2</td>
<td box="[1275,1352,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.8–14.3</td>
<td box="[1379,1456,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0–16.7</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.9–16.3</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9–16.1</td>
<td box="[1690,1778,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.1–15.7</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,666,685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.0–15.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,703,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,211,703,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,211,703,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[91,211,703,723]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[440,451,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
<td box="[533,544,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</td>
<td box="[615,626,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</td>
<td box="[697,719,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15</td>
<td box="[789,811,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15</td>
<td box="[882,904,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[975,997,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">18</td>
<td box="[1171,1194,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
<td box="[1690,1713,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
<td box="[1794,1816,704,723]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,742,761]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.7</td>
<td box="[440,468,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.4</td>
<td box="[533,561,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.5</td>
<td box="[615,642,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2</td>
<td box="[697,724,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9</td>
<td box="[789,828,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.8</td>
<td box="[882,910,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8</td>
<td box="[975,1013,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.4</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.1</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.4</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.4</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.6</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.7</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,742,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,780,799]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9–11.8</td>
<td box="[440,506,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.1–9.7</td>
<td box="[533,599,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6–8.2</td>
<td box="[615,681,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.2–8.1</td>
<td box="[697,773,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8–11.6</td>
<td box="[789,866,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.3–12.5</td>
<td box="[882,948,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.7–9.7</td>
<td box="[975,1063,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.3–13.4</td>
<td box="[1079,1155,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.6–10.8</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.1–14.5</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5–13.8</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0–15.0</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.1–13.6</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.4–15.2</td>
<td box="[1691,1778,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.9–14.8</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,780,799]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.1–16.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,817,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,213,817,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,213,817,837]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[91,213,817,837]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,359,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15</td>
<td box="[440,462,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15</td>
<td box="[533,555,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
<td box="[615,637,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[697,719,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</td>
<td box="[789,811,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</td>
<td box="[882,904,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">26</td>
<td box="[975,997,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">25</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20</td>
<td box="[1171,1194,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">21</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">23</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24</td>
<td box="[1690,1713,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27</td>
<td box="[1794,1816,818,837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,856,875]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.7</td>
<td box="[440,468,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.3</td>
<td box="[533,561,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.9</td>
<td box="[615,642,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.8</td>
<td box="[697,724,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9</td>
<td box="[789,828,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.3</td>
<td box="[882,910,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.2</td>
<td box="[975,1013,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.7</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.5</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.4</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.9</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.1</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15.7</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.2</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,856,875]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,894,912]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.4–12.5</td>
<td box="[440,506,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.4–9.1</td>
<td box="[533,599,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.8–8.0</td>
<td box="[615,681,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.6–7.9</td>
<td box="[697,773,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8–11.0</td>
<td box="[789,866,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.7–12.0</td>
<td box="[882,959,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5–10.2</td>
<td box="[975,1063,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.7–14.5</td>
<td box="[1079,1155,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2–11.0</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.4–15.3</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.7–14.4</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9–15.3</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.1–16.3</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.8–17.9</td>
<td box="[1691,1778,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.2–16.9</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,893,912]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.1–18.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,930,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,192,930,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,192,930,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[91,192,930,950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[440,451,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[533,544,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[615,626,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[697,708,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[789,800,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[882,893,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[975,986,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1079,1090,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1275,1286,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1379,1390,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1483,1494,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1587,1598,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,931,950]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,969,988]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.1</td>
<td box="[440,468,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.9</td>
<td box="[533,561,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2</td>
<td box="[615,642,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6</td>
<td box="[697,724,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0</td>
<td box="[789,817,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8</td>
<td box="[882,910,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0</td>
<td box="[975,1013,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.2</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.3</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.1</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.7</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.0</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,969,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1007,1026]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,347,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[440,451,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[533,544,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,625,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[697,707,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[789,800,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[882,893,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[975,985,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1079,1089,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1275,1286,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1379,1390,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1483,1493,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1587,1597,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1690,1778,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.6–13.3</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,1007,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.9–14.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1044,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,176,1044,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,176,1044,1064]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[91,176,1044,1064]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[440,451,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5</td>
<td box="[533,544,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</td>
<td box="[615,626,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
<td box="[697,719,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[789,800,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</td>
<td box="[882,904,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[975,997,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</td>
<td box="[1079,1090,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
<td box="[1587,1598,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,1045,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,1083,1102]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,364,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.4</td>
<td box="[440,468,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.5</td>
<td box="[533,561,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6</td>
<td box="[615,642,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.2</td>
<td box="[697,724,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1</td>
<td box="[789,817,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.6</td>
<td box="[882,910,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0</td>
<td box="[975,1013,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.6</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.7</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.2</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.8</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.6</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,1083,1102]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1121,1140]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,402,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8–9.8</td>
<td box="[440,506,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.3–7.0</td>
<td box="[533,599,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.3–7.0</td>
<td box="[615,681,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.8–6.6</td>
<td box="[697,762,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.3–8.9</td>
<td box="[789,855,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0–9.6</td>
<td box="[882,948,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.7–8.4</td>
<td box="[975,1052,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.8–11.0</td>
<td box="[1079,1144,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.7–8.7</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5–11.2</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5–12.4</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.2–12.4</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–13.0</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.9–13.6</td>
<td box="[1690,1778,1121,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–12.7</td>
11.4 –13.4
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1157,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,179,1157,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,179,1157,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[91,179,1157,1178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[440,451,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[533,544,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</td>
<td box="[615,626,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</td>
<td box="[697,708,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[789,800,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3</td>
<td box="[882,893,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[975,986,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1079,1090,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,1158,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</td>
<td box="[1483,1494,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1587,1598,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,1159,1177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,1196,1215]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.6</td>
<td box="[440,468,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0</td>
<td box="[533,561,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.4</td>
<td box="[615,642,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6</td>
<td box="[697,724,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0</td>
<td box="[789,817,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.8</td>
<td box="[882,910,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0</td>
<td box="[975,1013,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.9</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.2</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.1</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.7</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.0</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.7</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.3</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.3</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,1196,1215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1234,1253]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,424,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.1–11.1</td>
<td box="[440,506,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.3–8.7</td>
<td box="[533,599,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.7–8.1</td>
<td box="[615,681,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.0–7.9</td>
<td box="[697,762,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5–9.4</td>
<td box="[789,866,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5–11.6</td>
<td box="[882,948,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1–9.6</td>
<td box="[975,1063,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–12.7</td>
<td box="[1079,1144,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5–9.9</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–13.1</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.6–13.9</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.1–14.1</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.8–13.5</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.5–16.2</td>
<td box="[1690,1778,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.3–13.9</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,1234,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.2–16.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1271,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,221,1271,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,221,1271,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[91,221,1271,1291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[440,451,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[533,544,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,625,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[697,708,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[789,800,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[882,893,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[975,986,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1079,1090,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1171,1182,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1275,1286,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1379,1390,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1483,1494,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1587,1598,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,1272,1291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,1310,1329]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.3</td>
<td box="[440,468,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.7</td>
<td box="[533,544,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,625,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[697,735,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.5</td>
<td box="[789,828,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.5</td>
<td box="[882,921,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5</td>
<td box="[975,1013,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.6</td>
<td box="[1079,1117,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.2</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.5</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.0</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.0</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.3</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">15.8</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.3</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,1310,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1348,1367]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,347,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[440,451,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[533,544,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[615,625,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[697,707,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[789,800,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[882,893,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[975,985,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1079,1155,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.7–10.7</td>
<td box="[1171,1259,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.1–13.8</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.9–14.2</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.3–14.8</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.1–14.6</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">14.1–17.6</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,1348,1367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">–</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,187,1386,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[91,187,1386,1404]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[91,187,1386,1404]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,1386,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,359,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</td>
<td box="[440,462,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[533,544,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6</td>
<td box="[615,626,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6</td>
<td box="[697,719,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[789,811,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12</td>
<td box="[882,904,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27</td>
<td box="[975,997,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">30</td>
<td box="[1171,1194,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">29</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">34</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">32</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">22</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">22</td>
<td box="[1690,1713,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</td>
<td box="[1794,1816,1385,1404]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,1424,1442]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,375,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.3</td>
<td box="[440,468,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1</td>
<td box="[533,561,1424,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.7</td>
<td box="[615,642,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0</td>
<td box="[697,724,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.5</td>
<td box="[789,828,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.0</td>
<td box="[882,910,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5</td>
<td box="[975,1013,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.8</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.6</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.2</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.2</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13.3</td>
<td box="[1690,1729,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.5</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,1423,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1461,1480]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.1–12.6</td>
<td box="[440,517,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.0–11.7</td>
<td box="[533,599,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.0–8.3</td>
<td box="[615,681,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.9–8.5</td>
<td box="[697,773,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5–11.1</td>
<td box="[789,866,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0–11.8</td>
<td box="[882,959,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.1–10.1</td>
<td box="[975,1052,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.5–13.8</td>
<td box="[1079,1144,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.0–9.4</td>
<td box="[1171,1248,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9–13.4</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.1–14.6</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–15.9</td>
<td box="[1483,1571,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.3–13.6</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.9–15.5</td>
<td box="[1691,1767,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.7–14.7</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,1461,1480]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.4–15.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1499,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[91,250,1499,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neanderthalensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">H. neanderthalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</td>
<td box="[336,359,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28</td>
<td box="[440,462,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">37</td>
<td box="[533,555,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">35</td>
<td box="[615,637,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">41</td>
<td box="[697,719,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28</td>
<td box="[789,811,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">29</td>
<td box="[882,904,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</td>
<td box="[975,997,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">17</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">21</td>
<td box="[1171,1194,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">19</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">23</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28</td>
<td box="[1690,1713,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">22</td>
<td box="[1794,1816,1499,1518]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">21</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,319,1537,1556]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">mean</td>
<td box="[336,364,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.7</td>
<td box="[440,468,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.5</td>
<td box="[533,561,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0</td>
<td box="[615,642,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.4</td>
<td box="[697,724,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.8</td>
<td box="[789,828,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.1</td>
<td box="[882,910,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.0</td>
<td box="[975,1013,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.6</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.8</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.6</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.6</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.3</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.9</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.5</td>
<td box="[1690,1718,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.9</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,1537,1556]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<td box="[266,320,1575,1594]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2–11.8</td>
<td box="[440,506,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.3–9.9</td>
<td box="[533,599,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.8–9.3</td>
<td box="[615,681,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.8–9.9</td>
<td box="[697,773,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2–10.0</td>
<td box="[789,866,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.6–11.4</td>
<td box="[882,948,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6–9.3</td>
<td box="[975,1052,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.4–11.8</td>
<td box="[1079,1155,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.9–11.5</td>
<td box="[1171,1248,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.3–11.7</td>
<td box="[1275,1352,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.5–13.5</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0–14.2</td>
<td box="[1483,1560,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.9–15.9</td>
<td box="[1586,1674,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.8–14.6</td>
<td box="[1690,1767,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2–11.4</td>
<td box="[1794,1871,1575,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.8–14.6</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[91,409,1625,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[91,1882,459,1594]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph box="[91,409,1625,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<parenthesis box="[91,409,1625,1645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 2. Continued on next page</parenthesis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[91,274,400,420]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[91,1882,441,781]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph box="[91,274,400,420]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 2. Continued</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<table box="[91,1882,441,781]" colsContinueFrom="13.[91,1868,806,1600]" colsContinueIn="13.[91,1868,806,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<tr box="[91,1882,441,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,194,441,463]" colspan="18" colspanRight="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading bold="true" box="[91,194,441,463]" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,194,441,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maxillary</emphasis>
</heading>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,485,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[336,353,485,507]" colspan="4" colspanLeft="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[336,343,486,507]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[343,353,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[533,549,485,507]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,540,486,507]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,549,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[696,713,487,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,713,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[882,906,485,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,897,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[897,906,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1079,1103,485,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1094,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1094,1103,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1275,1307,485,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1275,1298,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1298,1307,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1483,1515,485,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1505,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1505,1515,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1690,1722,485,508]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1690,1713,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1713,1722,485,497]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[336,377,533,554]" colspan="3" colspanLeft="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[336,377,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[440,466,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[440,466,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[533,574,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,574,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[615,641,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,641,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[696,737,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,737,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[789,815,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[789,815,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[882,923,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,923,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[975,1003,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[975,1003,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1079,1119,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1119,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1171,1200,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1171,1200,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1275,1316,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1275,1316,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1379,1407,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1379,1407,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1483,1524,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1483,1524,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1587,1615,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1587,1615,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1690,1731,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1690,1731,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1794,1822,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1794,1822,533,554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,573,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,240,573,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heidelbergensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. heidelbergensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[336,359,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21</td>
<td box="[440,462,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
<td box="[533,555,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19</td>
<td box="[615,637,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21</td>
<td box="[696,718,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27</td>
<td box="[789,811,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">29</td>
<td box="[882,904,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25</td>
<td box="[975,997,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22</td>
<td box="[1171,1193,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
<td box="[1690,1712,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26</td>
<td box="[1794,1816,573,592]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[266,319,611,629]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[336,364,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.6</td>
<td box="[440,468,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.8</td>
<td box="[533,561,611,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.7</td>
<td box="[615,642,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.8</td>
<td box="[696,724,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8</td>
<td box="[789,817,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.8</td>
<td box="[882,910,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9</td>
<td box="[975,1013,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.6</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.3</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.2</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.9</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.2</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3</td>
<td box="[1690,1718,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.9</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,610,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[266,320,648,667]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7–10.7</td>
<td box="[440,506,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.1–9.9</td>
<td box="[533,599,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2–8.4</td>
<td box="[615,681,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.3–8.6</td>
<td box="[696,773,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.1–11.0</td>
<td box="[789,866,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8–11.8</td>
<td box="[882,948,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.1–9.0</td>
<td box="[975,1052,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2–12.2</td>
<td box="[1079,1144,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.0–8.8</td>
<td box="[1171,1248,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.1–11.5</td>
<td box="[1275,1352,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.9–12.3</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.3–13.2</td>
<td box="[1483,1559,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.1–12.1</td>
<td box="[1587,1674,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.1–13.8</td>
<td box="[1690,1767,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6–11.0</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,648,667]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.0–13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,685,729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,225,685,729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
MP/LP African 
<taxonomicName box="[91,149,710,729]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Homo</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[266,278,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[336,347,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[440,451,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[533,544,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[615,626,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[696,707,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[789,800,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[882,893,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[975,986,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[1079,1101,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</td>
<td box="[1171,1193,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</td>
<td box="[1275,1297,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14</td>
<td box="[1379,1401,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14</td>
<td box="[1483,1505,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20</td>
<td box="[1587,1609,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20</td>
<td box="[1690,1701,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
<td box="[1794,1805,686,705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[266,319,724,743]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[336,364,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.0</td>
<td box="[440,468,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.8</td>
<td box="[533,561,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.4</td>
<td box="[615,642,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2</td>
<td box="[696,724,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.9</td>
<td box="[789,817,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.7</td>
<td box="[882,910,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.4</td>
<td box="[975,1013,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.8</td>
<td box="[1079,1106,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.1</td>
<td box="[1171,1210,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.8</td>
<td box="[1275,1314,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3</td>
<td box="[1379,1418,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.2</td>
<td box="[1483,1521,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0</td>
<td box="[1587,1625,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.9</td>
<td box="[1690,1718,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2</td>
<td box="[1794,1833,724,743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1882,761,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[266,320,762,781]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[336,413,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.3–10.9</td>
<td box="[440,506,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6–8.7</td>
<td box="[533,599,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.0–9.3</td>
<td box="[615,681,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.1–8.5</td>
<td box="[696,762,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.2–9.5</td>
<td box="[789,866,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8–10.0</td>
<td box="[882,948,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.1–8.7</td>
<td box="[975,1052,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.9–11.8</td>
<td box="[1079,1144,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.5–9.3</td>
<td box="[1171,1248,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.4–12.8</td>
<td box="[1275,1363,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.4–14.0</td>
<td box="[1379,1467,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.0–15.0</td>
<td box="[1483,1560,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.8–13.0</td>
<td box="[1587,1675,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0–15.0</td>
<td box="[1690,1767,762,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6–10.2</td>
<td box="[1794,1882,761,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.0– 13.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<table box="[91,1868,806,1600]" colsContinueFrom="13.[91,1882,441,781]" colsContinueIn="13.[91,1882,441,781]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<tr box="[91,1868,806,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,219,806,827]" colspan="18" colspanRight="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading bold="true" box="[91,219,806,827]" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,219,806,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mandibular</emphasis>
</heading>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,851,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[367,384,851,875]" colspan="4" colspanLeft="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[367,373,851,872]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[373,384,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[530,548,851,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,537,851,872]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,548,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[694,710,852,873]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,710,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[879,905,852,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,894,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,905,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1076,1101,852,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1090,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1091,1101,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1261,1294,852,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1284,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1284,1294,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1469,1502,852,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1469,1491,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1491,1502,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1676,1710,852,875]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1676,1699,852,873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1699,1710,860,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[367,407,898,919]" colspan="3" colspanLeft="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[367,407,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[448,474,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[448,474,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[530,571,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,571,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[612,638,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[612,638,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[694,734,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,734,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[786,812,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,812,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[879,920,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,920,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[983,1011,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[983,1011,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1076,1116,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1116,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1168,1197,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1197,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1261,1302,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1302,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1365,1393,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1365,1393,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1469,1509,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1469,1509,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1572,1601,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1572,1601,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1676,1717,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1676,1717,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1780,1808,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1780,1808,898,919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BL</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,228,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,228,937,956]" genus="Australopithecus" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" species="anamensis">
<emphasis box="[91,228,937,956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Au. anamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[448,459,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[530,541,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[612,623,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</td>
<td box="[694,705,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[786,797,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[879,890,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[983,994,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[1076,1087,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[1261,1272,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</td>
<td box="[1469,1480,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[1572,1584,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[1676,1687,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[1780,1791,937,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,975,994]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.9</td>
<td box="[448,476,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.4</td>
<td box="[530,558,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.8</td>
<td box="[612,639,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.3</td>
<td box="[694,732,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.0</td>
<td box="[786,825,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.4</td>
<td box="[879,918,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.4</td>
<td box="[983,1010,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.1</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.3</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.9</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.0</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.4</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.3</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,975,994]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1013,1032]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.8–6.9</td>
<td box="[448,459,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[530,596,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6–8.7</td>
<td box="[612,678,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9–8.6</td>
<td box="[694,770,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6–13.9</td>
<td box="[786,863,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2–11.4</td>
<td box="[879,967,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.3–13.4</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.6–10.0</td>
<td box="[1076,1141,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.4–9.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.6–13.2</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.6–13.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.2–14.8</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.0–15.9</td>
<td box="[1573,1661,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3–14.9</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.7–17.0</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1013,1032]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.1–15.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1050,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,211,1050,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,211,1050,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[91,211,1050,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[448,459,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</td>
<td box="[530,541,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[612,623,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[693,716,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13</td>
<td box="[786,808,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16</td>
<td box="[879,901,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27</td>
<td box="[983,1005,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24</td>
<td box="[1168,1190,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">32</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">31</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,1051,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,1089,1108]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.7</td>
<td box="[448,476,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.1</td>
<td box="[530,558,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.7</td>
<td box="[612,639,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.0</td>
<td box="[694,721,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8</td>
<td box="[786,825,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.4</td>
<td box="[879,907,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.6</td>
<td box="[983,1021,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.6</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.1</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.6</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.3</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.4</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.3</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1089,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1126,1146]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1127,1146]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[367,432,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.6–7.7</td>
<td box="[448,514,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.6–8.0</td>
<td box="[530,596,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.0–8.0</td>
<td box="[612,678,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.7–8.8</td>
<td box="[694,770,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.5–11.7</td>
<td box="[786,863,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.0–12.4</td>
<td box="[879,956,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9–12.6</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.9–13.8</td>
<td box="[1076,1152,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.7–11.4</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.8–12.8</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.1–14.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0–14.0</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.1–16.5</td>
<td box="[1573,1661,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.1–15.2</td>
<td box="[1677,1764,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.4–18.1</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1126,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.3–15.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1163,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,212,1163,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,212,1163,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[91,212,1163,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1165,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,389,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11</td>
<td box="[448,470,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12</td>
<td box="[530,552,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12</td>
<td box="[612,634,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13</td>
<td box="[694,716,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
<td box="[786,808,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25</td>
<td box="[879,901,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20</td>
<td box="[983,1005,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25</td>
<td box="[1168,1190,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">29</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">32</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">38</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">38</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">34</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,1164,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">35</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,1202,1221]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.2</td>
<td box="[448,476,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.7</td>
<td box="[530,558,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2</td>
<td box="[612,639,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9</td>
<td box="[694,721,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.4</td>
<td box="[786,825,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.1</td>
<td box="[879,907,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.7</td>
<td box="[983,1021,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.5</td>
<td box="[1076,1114,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.4</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.6</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.0</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.0</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.7</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.5</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.3</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1202,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1240,1259]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4.8–6.9</td>
<td box="[448,514,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.7–7.9</td>
<td box="[530,596,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.6–8.1</td>
<td box="[612,678,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6–9.2</td>
<td box="[694,770,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.5–10.7</td>
<td box="[786,863,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.2–12.1</td>
<td box="[879,956,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8–11.0</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.9–13.9</td>
<td box="[1076,1152,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7–12.3</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.3–13.2</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.4–15.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.2–15.1</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.2–17.7</td>
<td box="[1573,1661,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.8–16.8</td>
<td box="[1677,1764,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.5–18.5</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1240,1259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.2–16.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1277,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,192,1277,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,192,1277,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[91,192,1277,1297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,377,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[448,459,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[530,541,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[612,623,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[694,705,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[786,797,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[879,890,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[983,994,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[1076,1087,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</td>
<td box="[1261,1272,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[1365,1376,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[1469,1480,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[1572,1584,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[1676,1687,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[1780,1791,1278,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,1316,1335]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,377,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[448,476,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.9</td>
<td box="[530,541,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[612,639,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6</td>
<td box="[694,721,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.7</td>
<td box="[786,814,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.0</td>
<td box="[879,907,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.1</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1196,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.7</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.1</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.4</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.5</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.8</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.9</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1316,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1354,1373]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[366,377,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[448,459,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[530,541,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[612,622,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[693,759,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.3–8.0</td>
<td box="[786,852,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.4–8.6</td>
<td box="[879,890,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[983,993,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[1076,1086,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">–</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.1–13.1</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.3–11.5</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.4–14.5</td>
<td box="[1573,1660,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3–13.2</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.9–14.9</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1354,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.5–13.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1391,1411]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,176,1391,1411]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,176,1391,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[91,176,1391,1411]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[448,459,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[530,541,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5</td>
<td box="[612,623,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[694,705,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[786,797,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</td>
<td box="[879,890,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
<td box="[983,1005,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</td>
<td box="[1076,1087,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11</td>
<td box="[1469,1480,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
<td box="[1572,1584,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9</td>
<td box="[1676,1687,1391,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</td>
<td box="[1780,1791,1392,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,1430,1448]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.1</td>
<td box="[448,476,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.4</td>
<td box="[530,558,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.9</td>
<td box="[612,639,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.9</td>
<td box="[694,721,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.1</td>
<td box="[786,814,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.1</td>
<td box="[879,907,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.0</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.8</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7</td>
<td box="[1168,1196,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.1</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.2</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.7</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.3</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.2</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.4</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1429,1448]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1467,1486]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.7–7.0</td>
<td box="[448,514,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.3–5.9</td>
<td box="[530,596,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.6–7.4</td>
<td box="[612,678,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5.9–6.0</td>
<td box="[694,759,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.4–7.5</td>
<td box="[786,852,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.9–7.4</td>
<td box="[879,945,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.2–9.4</td>
<td box="[983,1049,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.2–9.7</td>
<td box="[1076,1141,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.3–9.0</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.5–10.2</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.3–12.7</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.3–11.4</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.3–14.0</td>
<td box="[1573,1661,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.7–12.2</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.9–13.7</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1467,1486]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.7–12.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1504,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[91,179,1504,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[91,179,1504,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[91,179,1504,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[448,459,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[530,541,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[612,623,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[694,705,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</td>
<td box="[786,797,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</td>
<td box="[879,890,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[983,994,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[1076,1087,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</td>
<td box="[1261,1272,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5</td>
<td box="[1365,1376,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5</td>
<td box="[1469,1480,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[1572,1584,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[1676,1687,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
<td box="[1780,1791,1505,1524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,349,1543,1562]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.4</td>
<td box="[448,476,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.8</td>
<td box="[530,558,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.4</td>
<td box="[612,639,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6</td>
<td box="[694,721,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7</td>
<td box="[786,814,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.0</td>
<td box="[879,907,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.6</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.6</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.9</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.5</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.7</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.9</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.0</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.5</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.4</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1543,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<td box="[296,351,1581,1600]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.4–6.5</td>
<td box="[448,514,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.7–7.0</td>
<td box="[530,596,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2–7.7</td>
<td box="[612,678,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6–7.6</td>
<td box="[694,759,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6–9.6</td>
<td box="[786,863,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9–10.0</td>
<td box="[879,956,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.0–10.6</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.6–11.1</td>
<td box="[1076,1152,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.0–10.5</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.9–11.0</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.0–14.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.9–12.8</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.2–15.7</td>
<td box="[1573,1661,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.0–15.1</td>
<td box="[1677,1764,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.8–15.9</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,1581,1600]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.4–14.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[91,409,1631,1651]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[91,1868,806,1600]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph box="[91,409,1631,1651]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<parenthesis box="[91,409,1631,1651]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 2. Continued on next page</parenthesis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[91,274,640,660]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[91,1868,668,1349]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph box="[91,274,640,660]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 2. Continued</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<table box="[91,1868,668,1349]" colsContinueFrom="13.[91,1868,806,1600]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,373,668,735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<tr box="[91,1868,668,690]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,218,668,690]" colspan="18" colspanRight="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,218,668,690]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mandibular</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,713,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[367,384,713,738]" colspan="4" colspanLeft="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[367,373,713,735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[373,384,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[530,548,713,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,537,713,735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,548,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[693,710,714,736]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,710,714,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[879,905,715,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,894,715,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,905,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1076,1101,715,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1090,715,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1091,1101,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1261,1294,715,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1284,715,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1284,1294,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1469,1502,715,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1469,1491,715,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1491,1502,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1676,1710,715,738]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1676,1699,715,736]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1699,1710,723,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</emphasis>
<tr box="[91,1868,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[367,407,760,781]" colspan="3" colspanLeft="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[367,407,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[448,474,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[448,474,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[530,571,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,571,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[612,638,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[612,638,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[693,734,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,734,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[786,812,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,812,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">LL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[879,920,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,920,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[983,1011,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[983,1011,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1076,1116,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1116,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1168,1197,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1197,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1261,1302,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1302,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1365,1393,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1365,1393,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1469,1509,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1469,1509,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1572,1601,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1572,1601,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BL</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1676,1717,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1676,1717,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MD</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1780,1808,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1780,1808,760,781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BL</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,799,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,221,799,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName box="[91,221,799,819]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[91,221,799,819]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</td>
<td box="[367,377,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[448,459,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</td>
<td box="[530,541,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[612,623,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</td>
<td box="[693,704,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[786,797,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</td>
<td box="[879,890,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</td>
<td box="[983,994,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</td>
<td box="[1076,1087,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6</td>
<td box="[1261,1272,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</td>
<td box="[1365,1376,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</td>
<td box="[1469,1480,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6</td>
<td box="[1572,1584,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</td>
<td box="[1676,1687,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</td>
<td box="[1780,1791,800,819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,349,838,857]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mean</td>
<td box="[367,377,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[448,476,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.4</td>
<td box="[530,541,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[612,639,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.7</td>
<td box="[693,704,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[786,814,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.3</td>
<td box="[879,907,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.9</td>
<td box="[983,1021,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.1</td>
<td box="[1076,1114,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.1</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.4</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14.0</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.7</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16.0</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13.7</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16.4</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,838,857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,351,876,894]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">range</td>
<td box="[367,377,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[448,459,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[530,541,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[612,622,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[693,704,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[786,797,876,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">–</td>
<td box="[879,956,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.0–10.7</td>
<td box="[983,1060,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.5–12.3</td>
<td box="[1076,1152,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.8–11.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.8–12.2</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.8–15.2</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.4–13.2</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14.0–18.3</td>
<td box="[1572,1660,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.7–14.9</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">15.6–17.0</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,875,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13.1–14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,187,914,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName box="[91,187,914,932]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[91,187,914,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,914,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</td>
<td box="[367,389,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11</td>
<td box="[448,470,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12</td>
<td box="[530,552,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14</td>
<td box="[612,634,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16</td>
<td box="[693,715,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14</td>
<td box="[786,808,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16</td>
<td box="[879,901,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">30</td>
<td box="[983,1005,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">30</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">25</td>
<td box="[1168,1190,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">43</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">43</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">41</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">40</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,913,932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">27</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,349,951,970]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.2</td>
<td box="[448,476,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.4</td>
<td box="[530,541,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7</td>
<td box="[612,639,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2</td>
<td box="[693,721,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.7</td>
<td box="[786,797,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9</td>
<td box="[879,890,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9</td>
<td box="[983,1021,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.1</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.7</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.1</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.7</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.9</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13.3</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.5</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.7</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,951,970]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,351,989,1008]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">range</td>
<td box="[367,432,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4.8–7.4</td>
<td box="[448,514,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.8–7.1</td>
<td box="[530,596,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.3–8.1</td>
<td box="[612,678,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.4–8.5</td>
<td box="[694,770,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.0–10.3</td>
<td box="[786,863,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.0–10.4</td>
<td box="[879,956,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.0–12.0</td>
<td box="[983,1060,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.2–12.0</td>
<td box="[1076,1152,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2–10.3</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.0–12.5</td>
<td box="[1261,1338,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.9–14.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.1–13.3</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.3–15.3</td>
<td box="[1573,1660,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.8–14.3</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.0–15.2</td>
<td box="[1780,1868,989,1008]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.0–14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1026,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,278,1026,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName box="[91,278,1026,1046]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neanderthalensis">
<emphasis box="[91,278,1026,1046]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. neanderthalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9</td>
<td box="[448,470,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16</td>
<td box="[530,552,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">23</td>
<td box="[612,634,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">31</td>
<td box="[693,715,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">36</td>
<td box="[786,808,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">41</td>
<td box="[879,901,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">20</td>
<td box="[983,1005,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">21</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">23</td>
<td box="[1168,1190,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">25</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">38</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">40</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">27</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">18</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,1027,1046]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">20</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,349,1065,1084]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.6</td>
<td box="[448,476,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2</td>
<td box="[530,558,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.8</td>
<td box="[612,639,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.8</td>
<td box="[693,721,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.8</td>
<td box="[786,814,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.8</td>
<td box="[879,907,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.9</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.1</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1196,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.4</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.1</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.1</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.3</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.0</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1065,1084]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,351,1103,1122]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4.2–6.4</td>
<td box="[448,514,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.2–8.8</td>
<td box="[530,596,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.9–7.5</td>
<td box="[612,678,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.8–9.0</td>
<td box="[694,759,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.7–8.8</td>
<td box="[786,863,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.8–10.3</td>
<td box="[879,945,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.6–9.1</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.0–10.3</td>
<td box="[1076,1141,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.5–9.4</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.5–10.5</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.1–13.6</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.2–12.9</td>
<td box="[1469,1546,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.3–14.0</td>
<td box="[1573,1649,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.8–12.4</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.2–13.9</td>
<td box="[1780,1857,1103,1122]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.9–12.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1140,1160]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,268,1140,1160]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName box="[91,268,1140,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heidelbergensis">
<emphasis box="[91,268,1140,1160]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">H. heidelbergensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1141,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</td>
<td box="[367,389,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">21</td>
<td box="[448,470,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">22</td>
<td box="[530,552,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">19</td>
<td box="[612,634,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">20</td>
<td box="[693,715,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">23</td>
<td box="[786,808,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">24</td>
<td box="[879,901,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">22</td>
<td box="[983,1005,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">22</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</td>
<td box="[1168,1190,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">26</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">29</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">29</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">29</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">29</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">32</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,1140,1159]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">32</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,349,1179,1197]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.6</td>
<td box="[448,476,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.7</td>
<td box="[530,558,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.5</td>
<td box="[612,639,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.3</td>
<td box="[693,721,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.6</td>
<td box="[786,814,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.7</td>
<td box="[879,907,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.9</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.9</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2</td>
<td box="[1168,1196,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.7</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.3</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.6</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.2</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.5</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.5</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1178,1197]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,351,1216,1235]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4.8–6.5</td>
<td box="[448,514,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.0–7.5</td>
<td box="[530,596,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.0–7.2</td>
<td box="[612,678,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.6–8.0</td>
<td box="[694,759,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.9–9.0</td>
<td box="[786,863,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.3–10.0</td>
<td box="[879,945,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2–9.0</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.6–11.6</td>
<td box="[1076,1141,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.6–8.8</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2–11.7</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.4–13.8</td>
<td box="[1365,1442,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.6–13.0</td>
<td box="[1469,1546,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.7–14.6</td>
<td box="[1573,1649,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.5–13.9</td>
<td box="[1676,1753,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.7–13.2</td>
<td box="[1780,1857,1216,1235]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.6–12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1253,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[91,225,1253,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
MP/LP African 
<taxonomicName box="[91,149,1278,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Homo</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td box="[296,308,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">n</td>
<td box="[367,378,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</td>
<td box="[448,459,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</td>
<td box="[530,541,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[612,623,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[693,704,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[786,797,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[879,890,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[983,994,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</td>
<td box="[1076,1098,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12</td>
<td box="[1168,1179,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9</td>
<td box="[1261,1283,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16</td>
<td box="[1365,1387,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16</td>
<td box="[1469,1491,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">20</td>
<td box="[1572,1595,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">20</td>
<td box="[1676,1698,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13</td>
<td box="[1780,1802,1254,1273]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,349,1292,1311]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">mean</td>
<td box="[367,394,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.0</td>
<td box="[448,476,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.8</td>
<td box="[530,558,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.8</td>
<td box="[612,639,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.2</td>
<td box="[693,721,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.8</td>
<td box="[786,814,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.6</td>
<td box="[879,907,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.6</td>
<td box="[983,1010,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.8</td>
<td box="[1076,1103,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.6</td>
<td box="[1168,1207,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.3</td>
<td box="[1261,1300,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13.1</td>
<td box="[1365,1403,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.8</td>
<td box="[1469,1507,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.5</td>
<td box="[1572,1611,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.7</td>
<td box="[1676,1715,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">12.4</td>
<td box="[1780,1819,1292,1311]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">11.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[91,1868,1329,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<td box="[296,351,1330,1349]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">range</td>
<td box="[366,432,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.7–6.4</td>
<td box="[448,514,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.1–7.2</td>
<td box="[530,596,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5.6–8.3</td>
<td box="[612,678,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.4–8.0</td>
<td box="[694,770,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.8–10.0</td>
<td box="[786,863,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.8–10.3</td>
<td box="[879,945,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7.7–9.0</td>
<td box="[983,1060,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8.6–11.2</td>
<td box="[1076,1141,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6.9–9.6</td>
<td box="[1168,1245,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.3–11.4</td>
<td box="[1261,1349,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.7–14.2</td>
<td box="[1365,1453,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.0–13.0</td>
<td box="[1469,1557,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.8–15.0</td>
<td box="[1573,1649,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.2–13.6</td>
<td box="[1676,1764,1330,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10.6–13.5</td>
<td box="[1780,1857,1329,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9.9– 12.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<parenthesis pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MP, Middle Pleistocene and LP, Late Pleistocene. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.013</parenthesis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[481,579,433,455]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,579,433,455]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from Middle Pleistocene (MP) and Late Pleistocene (LP) 
<taxonomicName box="[1279,1345,434,455]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1279,1345,434,455]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(here we include specimens sometimes attributed to the putative Early Pleistocene taxon 
<taxonomicName box="[1243,1433,466,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antecessor">
<emphasis box="[1243,1433,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo antecessor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and MP 
<taxonomicName box="[449,696,497,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heidelbergensis">
<emphasis box="[449,696,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo heidelbergensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[713,923,497,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
<emphasis box="[713,923,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo rhodesiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as archaic 
<taxonomicName box="[1147,1304,498,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1147,1304,498,519]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Neandertals) in exhibiting a smaller cranial capacity. 
<taxonomicName box="[860,959,529,551]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[860,959,529,551]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has its maximum cranial width in the supramastoid region, rather than in the parietal region. It has a clearly defined canine fossa (similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[1375,1520,562,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antecessor">
<emphasis box="[1375,1520,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. antecessor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a shallow anterior palate, and a flat and a squared nasoalveolar clivus. 
<taxonomicName box="[1221,1318,593,615]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1221,1318,593,615]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the bilaterally arched and vertically thickened supraorbital tori found in MP and LP 
<taxonomicName box="[1202,1268,626,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1202,1268,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[1283,1380,625,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1283,1380,625,647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs in exhibiting a root of the zygomatic process of the temporal that is angled downwards approximately 30˚ relative to FH, a projecting entoglenoid process, a weak vaginal process, a weak crista petrosa, a prominent Eustachian process, a laterally inflated mastoid process, and a small EAM. The 
<taxonomicName box="[1437,1533,721,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1437,1533,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible tends to be more gracile than specimens of MP 
<taxonomicName box="[1115,1181,754,775]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1115,1181,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular canine retains a distinct accessory distal cuspulid not seen in MP and LP 
<taxonomicName box="[1102,1168,786,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1102,1168,786,807]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Molar cuspal proportions for 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not show the derived reduction of the entoconid and hypoconid that characterizes MP and LP 
<taxonomicName box="[482,548,850,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[482,548,850,871]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular M3 is not reduced in DH1, thus revealing an increasing molar size gradient that contrasts with reduction of the M3 in MP and LP 
<taxonomicName box="[1034,1100,882,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1034,1100,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[481,580,913,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,580,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[726,839,914,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[726,839,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in exhibiting small cranial capacity, a well-defined supraorbital torus and supratoral sulcus, a root of the zygomatic process of the temporal that is angled downwards approximately 30˚ relative to FH, a large and laterally inflated mastoid with well-developed supramastoid crest, an angular torus, a small vaginal process, a weak crista petrosa, a prominent Eustachian process, a small EAM, a flat and squared nasoalveolar clivus, and a more posteriorly positioned incisive foramen. The 
<taxonomicName box="[825,926,1073,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[825,926,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible shows a weaker, less well-defined mentum osseum than 
<taxonomicName box="[598,711,1106,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[598,711,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as a slight inferior transverse torus that is absent in humans. The mental foramen is positioned superiorly in 
<taxonomicName box="[909,1005,1137,1159]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[909,1005,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, unlike the mid-corpus height mental foramen of 
<taxonomicName box="[449,565,1170,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[449,565,1170,1191]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular canine possesses a distinct accessory distal cuspulid not seen in 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Molar cuspal proportions for 
<taxonomicName box="[862,959,1201,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[862,959,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not show the derived reduction of the entoconid and hypoconid that characterizes 
<taxonomicName box="[823,937,1234,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[823,937,1234,1255]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mandibular M3 is not reduced in 
<taxonomicName box="[1373,1472,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1373,1472,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus revealing an increasing molar size gradient that contrasts with reduction of the M3 in 
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1491,1266,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1379,1491,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,603,1322,1351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,603,1322,1351]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,603,1322,1351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hand (H1)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[449,545,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,545,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a combination of primitive and derived features not seen in the hand of any other hominin. H1 is differentiated from the estimated intrinsic hand proportions of 
<taxonomicName box="[1291,1429,1394,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1291,1429,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a relatively long thumb ((Mc1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[779,795,1426,1447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">+</emphasis>
PP1)/(Mc3 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[922,939,1426,1447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">+</emphasis>
PP3 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[997,1014,1426,1447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">+</emphasis>
IP3)) (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1085,1372,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rolian and Gordon, 2013</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Alḿecija and Alba, 2014</emphasis>
). It is further distinguished from 
<taxonomicName box="[943,1083,1458,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[943,1083,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis box="[1099,1247,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[1099,1243,1458,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">Au. africanus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1307,1424,1458,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1307,1424,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a well-developed crest for both the 
<emphasis box="[887,1084,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">opponens pollicis</emphasis>
and first dorsal 
<emphasis box="[1292,1427,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">interosseous</emphasis>
muscles, a trapezium-scaphoid joint that extends onto the scaphoid tubercle, a relatively large and more palmarly-positioned capitate-trapezoid joint, and/or a saddle-shaped Mc5-hamate joint. 
<taxonomicName box="[1390,1485,1554,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1390,1485,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[580,694,1585,1607]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[580,694,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that it lacks mediolaterally narrow Mc2-5 shafts (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1240,1435,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kivell et al., 2011</emphasis>
). Manual morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[618,718,1617,1639]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garhi">
<emphasis box="[618,718,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Au. garhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
H1 is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName box="[752,852,1650,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[752,852,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a deep proximal palmar fossa with a well-developed ridge distally for the insertion of the 
<emphasis box="[868,1095,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">flexor pollicis longus</emphasis>
muscle on the first distal phalanx, and a more proximodistally oriented trapezium-second metacarpal joint. It also differs from both 
<taxonomicName box="[1436,1533,1713,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1436,1533,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[503,657,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[503,657,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a relatively large trapezium-scaphoid joint that extends onto the scaphoid tubercle, and from 
<taxonomicName box="[775,927,1777,1799]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[775,927,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a boot-shaped trapezoid with an expanded palmar surface, and a relatively large and more palmarly-positioned capitate-trapezoid joint (
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tocheri et al., 2005</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[593,650,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">2007</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[665,841,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Orr et al., 2013</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
H1 is dissimilar to hand remains attributed to 
<taxonomicName box="[975,1218,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis box="[975,1218,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paranthropus robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/early 
<taxonomicName box="[1286,1352,1874,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1286,1352,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Swartkrans (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,615,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Susman, 1988</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[632,860,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Susman et al., 2001</emphasis>
) in having a relatively small Mc1 base and proximal articular facet, a saddle-shaped Mc5-hamate joint, and more curved proximal and intermediate phalanges of ray 2–5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Manual morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[750,902,209,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[750,902,209,231]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently unknown, and that of 
<taxonomicName box="[1307,1421,210,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1307,1421,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is largely unknown. Still, H1 differs from a third metacarpal attributed to 
<emphasis box="[1133,1286,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName box="[1133,1242,242,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="erectus">H. erectus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1249,1286,241,263]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, as well as from 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neanderthalensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Homo neanderthalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[687,798,274,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[687,798,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking a styloid process (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1119,1318,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ward et al., 2013</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
H1 is further distinguished from 
<taxonomicName box="[826,1037,305,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neanderthalensis">
<emphasis box="[826,1037,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. neanderthalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1090,1200,306,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1090,1200,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its relatively small facets for the Mc1 and scaphoid on the trapezium, its low angle between the Mc2 and Mc3 facets on the capitate, and by its long and curved proximal and intermediate phalanges on rays 2–5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
H1 is differentiated from all known hominins in having a Mc1 that combines a mediolaterally narrow proximal end and articular facet with a mediolaterally wide distal shaft and head, a dorsopalmarly flat and strongly asymmetric (with an enlarged palmar-lateral protuberance) Mc1 head, and the combination of an overall later 
<taxonomicName box="[836,902,498,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[836,902,498,519]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like carpal morphology combined with proximal and intermediate phalanges that are more curved than most australopiths. H1 also differs from all other known hominins except 
<taxonomicName box="[705,916,561,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neanderthalensis">
<emphasis box="[705,916,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. neanderthalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having non-pollical distal phalanges with mediolaterally broad apical tufts (relative to length).
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,803,659,687]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,803,659,687]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,803,659,687]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Femur (U.W. 101-1391)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The femur of 
<taxonomicName box="[599,697,698,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[599,697,698,720]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from those of all other known hominins in its possession of two welldefined, mediolaterally-running pillars in the femoral neck. The pillars run along the superoanterior and inferoposterior margins of the neck and define a distinct sulcus along its superior aspect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,759,827,856]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,759,827,856]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,759,827,856]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tibia (U.W. 101-484)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The tibia of 
<taxonomicName box="[586,684,867,888]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[586,684,867,888]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from those of all other known hominins in its possession of a distinct tubercle for the pes anserinus tendon. The tibia differs from other hominins except 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName box="[1422,1529,899,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">H. habilis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[449,599,931,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">H. floresiensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and (variably) 
<taxonomicName box="[766,877,932,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[766,877,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its possession of a rounded anterior border.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,589,996,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,589,996,1025]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,589,996,1025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Foot (F1)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[577,673,1035,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[577,673,1035,1057]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the pedal remains of 
<emphasis box="[1041,1338,1036,1057]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName box="[1041,1182,1036,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">Au. afarensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1193,1334,1036,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">Au. africanus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1392,1507,1035,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1392,1507,1035,1057]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a calcaneus with a weakly developed peroneal trochlea. F1 also differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[1367,1506,1068,1089]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1367,1506,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a higher orientation of the calcaneal sustentaculum tali. F1 can be further distinguished from pedal remains attributed to 
<taxonomicName box="[756,895,1132,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis box="[756,895,1132,1153]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a higher talar head and neck torsion, a narrower Mt1 base, a dorsally expanded Mt1 head, and greater proximolateral to distomedial orientation of the lateral metatarsals. The 
<taxonomicName box="[714,812,1195,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[714,812,1195,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foot can be further differentiated from the foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[1387,1505,1195,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1387,1505,1195,1217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a proximodistally flatter talar trochlea, a flat subtalar joint, a diagonally oriented retrotrochlear eminence and a plantar position of the lateral plantar process of the calcaneous, and dorsoplantarly flat articular surface for the cuboid on the Mt4 (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1178,1292,1313]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zipfel et al., 2011</emphasis>
). Pedal remains of 
<taxonomicName box="[1391,1491,1291,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garhi">
<emphasis box="[1391,1491,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. garhi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently unknown, and those of 
<taxonomicName box="[807,929,1323,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis box="[807,929,1323,1345]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are too poorly known to allow for comparison.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The 
<taxonomicName box="[530,628,1355,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[530,628,1355,1377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foot can be distinguished from the foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[1114,1215,1355,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1114,1215,1355,1377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a flatter, non-sloping trochlea with equally elevated medial and lateral margins, a narrower Mt1 base, greater proximolateral to distomedial orientation of the lateral metatarsals, and a metatarsal robusticity ratio of 1
<emphasis bold="true" box="[496,513,1452,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">&gt;</emphasis>
5
<emphasis bold="true" box="[538,554,1452,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">&gt;</emphasis>
4
<emphasis bold="true" box="[579,595,1452,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">&gt;</emphasis>
3
<emphasis bold="true" box="[621,637,1452,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">&gt;</emphasis>
2. Pedal morphology in 
<taxonomicName box="[897,1043,1451,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[897,1043,1451,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently unknown, and that of 
<taxonomicName box="[1403,1511,1452,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1403,1511,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is too poorly known to allow for comparison. The 
<taxonomicName box="[969,1066,1483,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[969,1066,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foot can be distinguished from the foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[449,600,1515,1537]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[449,600,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a longer hallux and shorter second through fifth metacarpals relative to hindfoot length, and higher torsion of the talar head and neck.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[608,703,1579,1601]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[608,703,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[1116,1227,1580,1601]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1116,1227,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only by its flatter lateral and medial malleolar facets on the talus, its low angle of plantar declination of the talar head, its lower orientation of the calcaneal sustentaculum tali, and its gracile calcaneal tuber.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[449,651,1703,1736]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,651,1703,1736]" fontSize="14" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,651,1703,1736]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName box="[449,544,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,544,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits anatomical features shared with 
<taxonomicName box="[983,1163,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[983,1163,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, other features shared with 
<taxonomicName box="[1461,1527,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1461,1527,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with several features not otherwise known in any hominin species. This anatomical mosaic is reflected in different regions of the skeleton. The morphology of the cranium, mandible, and dentition is mostly consistent with the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[725,791,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[725,791,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the brain size of 
<taxonomicName box="[1019,1114,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1019,1114,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is within the range of 
<taxonomicName box="[1347,1527,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1347,1527,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lower limb is largely 
<taxonomicName box="[758,823,1874,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[758,823,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like, and the foot and ankle are particularly human in their configuration, but the pelvis appears to be flared markedly like that of 
<taxonomicName box="[1257,1398,1906,1927]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="16" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1257,1398,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The wrists, fingertips, and proportions of the fingers are shared mainly with 
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1270,146,167]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1204,1270,146,167]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the proximal and intermediate manual phalanges are markedly curved, even to a greater degree than in any 
<taxonomicName box="[449,629,209,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[449,629,209,231]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The shoulders are configured largely like those of australopiths. The vertebrae are most similar to Pleistocene members of the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1013,1079,242,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1013,1079,242,263]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the ribcage is wide distally like 
<taxonomicName box="[449,588,274,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[449,588,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName box="[481,580,305,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[481,580,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a range of body mass similar to small-bodied modern human populations, and is similar in estimated stature to both small-bodied humans and the largest known australopiths. We estimated body mass from eight femoral specimens for which subtrochanteric diameters can be measured (‘Materials and methods’), with results ranging between 39.7 kg and 55.8 kg (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1480,402,423]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tableCitation box="[1397,1480,402,423]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="17.[449,511,1413,1434]" captionTargetBox="[449,1533,1458,1813]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Table 3. Dinaledi body mass estimates from femur specimens preserving subtrochanteric diameters" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</tableCitation>
</emphasis>
). No femur specimen is sufficiently complete to measure femur length accurately, but the U.W. 101-484 tibia preserves nearly its complete length, allowing a tibia length estimate of 325 mm (
<figureCitation box="[1410,1520,466,487]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[449,514,902,921]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,144,874]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[479,1361,175,844]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Maximum tibia length in H. naledi and other hominins. Maximum tibia length for U. W. 101 - 484, compared to other nearly complete hominin tibia specimens. Australopithecus afarensis represented by A. L. 288 - 1 and KSD-VP- 1 / 1 (Haile-Selassie et al., 2010); Homo erectus represented by D 3901 from Dmanisi and KNM-WT 15000; Homo habilis by OH 35; Homo floresiensis by LB 1 and LB 8 (Brown et al., 2004; Morwood et al., 2005). Chimpanzee and contemporary European ancestry humans from Cleveland Museum of Natural History (Lee, 2001); Andaman Islanders from Stock (2013). Vertical lines represent sample ranges; bars represent 1 standard deviation. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.015" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.015" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1410,1520,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 10</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Estimates for the stature of this individual based on African human population samples range between 144.5 and 147.8 mm. Again, this stature estimate is similar to small-bodied modern human populations. It is within the range estimated for Dmanisi postcranial elements (
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lordkipanidze et al., 2007</emphasis>
), and slightly smaller than estimated for early 
<taxonomicName box="[1034,1100,594,615]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1034,1100,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
femoral specimens KNM-ER 1472 and KNM-ER 1481. Some large australopiths also had long tibiae and presumably comparably tall statures, as evidenced by the KSD-VP 1/1 skeleton from Woranso-Mille (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1137,1426,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Haile-Selassie et al., 2010</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The endocranial volume of all 
<taxonomicName box="[830,930,689,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[830,930,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens is clearly small compared to most known examples of 
<taxonomicName box="[592,658,722,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[592,658,722,743]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We combined information from the most complete cranial vault specimens to arrive at an estimate of endocranial volume for both larger (presumably male) and smaller (presumably female) individuals (larger composite depicted in 
<figureCitation box="[973,1080,786,807]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[449,514,589,608]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,144,561]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[479,1361,175,530]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Virtual reconstruction of the endocranium of the larger composite cranium from DH 1 and DH 2 overlaid with the ectocranial surfaces. (A) Lateral view. (B) Superior view. The resulting estimate of endocranial volume is 560 cc. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.016" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.016" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[973,1080,786,807]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 11</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The resulting estimates of approximately 560cc and 465cc, respectively, overlap entirely with the range of endocranial volumes known for australopiths. Within the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[788,853,850,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[788,853,850,871]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only the smallest specimens of 
<emphasis box="[1198,1303,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName box="[1198,1299,849,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">H. habilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
one single 
<taxonomicName box="[1425,1533,850,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1425,1533,850,871]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen, and 
<taxonomicName box="[614,764,881,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[614,764,881,903]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap with these values.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Despite its small vault size, the cranium of 
<taxonomicName box="[945,1042,913,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[945,1042,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is structurally similar to those of early 
<taxonomicName box="[1461,1527,914,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1461,1527,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Frontal bossing is evident, as is a marked degree of parietal bossing. There is no indication of metopic keeling, though there is slight parasagittal keeling between bregma and lambda, and some prelambdoidal flattening. The cranial vault bones are generally thin, becoming somewhat thicker in the occipital region. The supraorbital torus is well developed, though weakly arched, and is bounded posteriorly by a well-developed supratoral sulcus. The lateral corners of the supraorbital torus are rounded and relatively thin. The temporal lines are widely spaced, and there is no indication of a sagittal crest or temporal/nuchal cresting. The temporal crest is positioned on the posterior aspect of the lateral supraorbital torus, rather than on the superior aspect as in australopiths. At the posteroinferior extent of the temporal lines, they curve anteroinferiorly presenting a well-developed angular torus. The crania have a pentagonal outline in posterior view, with the greatest vault breadth located in the supramastoid region. The nuchal region exhibits sexually dimorphic development of nuchal muscle markings and the external occipital protuberance, and there is a clear indication of a tuberculum linearum in addition to the external occipital protuberance. In superior view the vault tapers from posterior to anterior, though post-orbital constriction is slight. The squamosal suture is low and gently curved, and parietal striae are well defined. The lateral margins of the orbits face laterally. A small zygomaticofacial foramen is typically present near the center of the zygomatic bone. The root of the zygomatic process of the maxilla is anteriorly positioned, at the level of the P3 or the P4. There is no indication of a zygomatic prominence, and the zygomatic arches do not flare laterally to any extent. The root of the zygomatic process of the temporal is angled downwards approximately 30˚ relative to FH. The root of the zygomatic process of the temporal begins to laterally expand above the level of the mandibular fossa, rather than above the level of the EAM as in australopiths. The mandibular fossa is somewhat large, and moderately deep. The articular eminence of the mandibular fossa is saddle-shaped, and oriented posteroinferiorly. Almost the entire mandibular fossa is positioned medial to the temporal squama. The entoglenoid process is elongated and faces primarily laterally. The postglenoid process is small and closely appressed to the tympanic, forming part of the posterior wall of the fossa. The petrotympanic is distinctly coronally oriented. The vaginal process is small but distinct. The crista petrosa is weakly developed and not notably sharpened. There is a strong Eustachian process. The external auditory meatus is small, oval-shaped, and obliquely oriented, and a distinct suprameatal spine is present. The mastoid region is slightly laterally inflated. The mastoid process is triangular in cross-section, with a rounded apex and a mastoid crest. The digastric groove is deep and narrow, alongside a marked juxtamastoid eminence. The canine juga are weakly developed and there is no indication that anterior pillars would have been present. A shallow, ill-defined canine fossa is indicated. The nasoalveolar clivus is flat and square-shaped. The parabolic-shaped palate is broad and anteriorly shallow, becoming deeper posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<caption box="[449,1523,1412,1434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[449,1533,1458,1813]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph box="[449,1523,1412,1434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,533,1413,1434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</emphasis>
. Dinaledi body mass estimates from femur specimens preserving subtrochanteric diameters
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table box="[449,1533,1458,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr box="[449,1533,1458,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,591,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,591,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Specimen ID</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[644,693,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[644,693,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Side</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[747,964,1458,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">AP subtrochanteric breadth</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1017,1237,1458,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ML subtrochanteric breadth</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1291,1384,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1291,1384,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mass (a)</emphasis>
</td>
<td box="[1438,1533,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1438,1533,1489,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mass (b)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,576,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-002</td>
<td box="[644,657,1530,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</td>
<td box="[747,785,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.5</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.6</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">40.0</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1529,1548]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">44.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,576,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-003</td>
<td box="[644,657,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</td>
<td box="[747,785,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">21.6</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">31.4</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">54.5</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1567,1586]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">55.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,576,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-018</td>
<td box="[644,657,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</td>
<td box="[747,785,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.1</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.8</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.7</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1605,1624]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">44.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,576,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-226</td>
<td box="[644,655,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L</td>
<td box="[747,785,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">19.1</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">24.0</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">41.3</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1643,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,586,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-1136</td>
<td box="[644,657,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</td>
<td box="[747,785,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">16.9</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">25.5</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">39.7</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1681,1700]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">44.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,586,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-1391</td>
<td box="[644,657,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</td>
<td box="[747,785,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.8</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">23.9</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">40.8</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1719,1738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,586,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-1475</td>
<td box="[644,655,1757,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L</td>
<td box="[747,785,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">18.8</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">29.0</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">46.5</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1756,1775]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">49.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[449,1533,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<td box="[449,586,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.W. 101-1482</td>
<td box="[644,655,1795,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">L</td>
<td box="[747,785,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">20.7</td>
<td box="[1017,1056,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">28.9</td>
<td box="[1291,1330,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">49.7</td>
<td box="[1438,1477,1794,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">52.1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<parenthesis pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Regression equations described in ‘Materials and methods’. Mass (a) based on forensic statures from European individuals. Mass (b) based on multiple population sample. The two estimates diverge somewhat for smaller femora. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.014</parenthesis>
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.015" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[449,1391,144,874]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,550,902,921]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 10</emphasis>
. Maximum tibia length in 
<taxonomicName box="[822,912,901,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[822,912,901,921]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other hominins. Maximum tibia length for U.W. 101-484, compared to other nearly complete hominin tibia specimens. 
<taxonomicName box="[1036,1282,930,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1036,1282,930,950]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australopithecus afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represented by A.L. 288-1 and KSD-VP-1/1 (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[614,871,960,979]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Haile-Selassie et al., 2010</emphasis>
); 
<taxonomicName box="[889,1023,960,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[889,1023,960,979]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Homo erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represented by D3901 from Dmanisi and KNM-WT 15000; 
<taxonomicName box="[517,643,989,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[517,643,989,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Homo habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by OH 35; 
<taxonomicName box="[754,923,989,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[754,923,989,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Homo floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by LB1 and LB8 (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1092,1279,989,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brown et al., 2004</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1292,1512,989,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Morwood et al., 2005</emphasis>
). Chimpanzee and contemporary European ancestry humans from Cleveland Museum of Natural History (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1424,1522,1019,1038]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Lee, 2001</emphasis>
); Andaman Islanders from 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[686,811,1048,1067]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stock (2013)</emphasis>
. Vertical lines represent sample ranges; bars represent 1 standard deviation. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.015
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The mandibular dentition of 
<taxonomicName box="[781,875,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[781,875,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is arranged in a parabolic arch. The alveolar and basal margins of the corpus diverge slightly. A single, posteriorly opening mental foramen is positioned slightly above the mid-corpus level, between the position of the P3 and the P4. The mandibular corpus is relatively gracile, with a well-developed lateral prominence whose maximum extent is typically at the M2. A slight supreme lateral torus (of Dart) weakly delineates the extramolar sulcus from the lateral corpus. The superior lateral torus is moderately developed, running anteriorly to the mental foramen where it turns up to reach the P3 jugum. The marginal torus is moderately developed, and defines a moderate intertoral sulcus. The posterior and anterior marginal tubercles are indicated only as slight roughenings of bone. The gracile mandibular symphysis is vertically oriented. A well-developed mental protuberance and weak lateral tubercles are delineated by a slight mandibular incisure, thereby presenting a weak mentum osseum. The post-incisive planum is steeply inclined and not-shelf-like. There is no superior transverse torus, while a weak, basally oriented inferior transverse torus is present. The anterior and posterior subalveolar fossae are continuous and deep, overhung by a well-developed alveolar prominence. The extramolar sulcus is moderately wide. The root of the ramus of the mandible originates high on the corpus at the level of the M2. Strong ectoangular tuberosities are indicated. A large mandibular foramen is present, with a diffusely defined mylohyoid groove.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.016" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[449,1391,144,561]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,546,589,608]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 11</emphasis>
. Virtual reconstruction of the endocranium of the larger composite cranium from DH1 and DH2 overlaid with the ectocranial surfaces. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[725,740,618,637]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
) Lateral view. (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[875,889,618,637]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
) Superior view. The resulting estimate of endocranial volume is 560cc. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,558,647,666]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">=</emphasis>
10 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.016
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Like the skull, the dentition of 
<taxonomicName box="[828,926,1201,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[828,926,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compares most favorably to early 
<taxonomicName box="[1319,1383,1202,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1319,1383,1202,1223]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
samples. Yet compared to samples of 
<taxonomicName box="[706,799,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[706,799,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[812,952,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[812,952,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[1009,1114,1234,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1009,1114,1234,1255]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the teeth of 
<taxonomicName box="[1252,1343,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1252,1343,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are comparatively quite small, similar in dimensions to much later samples of 
<taxonomicName box="[1058,1123,1266,1287]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1058,1123,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With both small post-canine teeth and a small endocranial volume, 
<taxonomicName box="[754,849,1297,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[754,849,1297,1319]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
joins 
<taxonomicName box="[915,1028,1297,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[915,1028,1297,1319]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1086,1231,1297,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floresiensis">
<emphasis box="[1086,1231,1297,1319]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. floresiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in an area distinct from the general hominin relation of smaller post-canine teeth in species with larger brains (
<figureCitation box="[1320,1426,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="20.[449,514,887,906]" captionTargetBox="[449,1391,144,859]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[479,1361,175,829]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 12. Brain size and tooth size in hominins. The buccolingual breadth of the first maxillary molar is shown here in comparison to endocranial volume for many hominin species. H. naledi occupies a position with relatively small molar size (comparable to later Homo) and relatively small endocranial volume (comparable to australopiths). The range of variation within the Dinaledi sample is also fairly small, in particular in comparison to the extensive range of variation within the H. erectus sensu lato. Vertical lines represent the range of endocranial volume estimates known 1 for each taxon; each vertical line meets the horizontal line representing M BL diameter at the mean for each taxon. Ranges are illustrated here instead of data points because the ranges of endocranial volume in several species are established by specimens that do not preserve first maxillary molars. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.017" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.017" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1320,1426,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 12</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
In comparison to 
<taxonomicName box="[667,765,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[667,765,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[778,924,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[778,924,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[984,1092,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[984,1092,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the teeth of 
<taxonomicName box="[1237,1332,1362,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1237,1332,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not only small, but also markedly simple in crown morphology. Maxillary and mandibular molars lack extensive crenulation, secondary fissures and supernumerary cusps. The M1 has an equal-sized metacone and paracone, and has a slight expression of Carabelli’s trait represented by a small cusp or shallow pit. I1 exhibits slight occlusal curvature with trace marginal ridges and variably small 
<emphasis box="[1316,1526,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">tuberculum dentale</emphasis>
. I2 exhibits greater occlusal curvature and 
<emphasis box="[890,1099,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">tuberculum dentale</emphasis>
expression but neither upper incisor has double shovelling or interruption groove. The mandibular canines of 
<taxonomicName box="[1201,1299,1554,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1201,1299,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a small occlusal area, and have a distal marginal cuspule as a topographically distinct expression of the cingular margin. The P3 is double-rooted, fully bicuspid with metaconid and protoconid of approximately equal height and occlusal area separated by a distinct longitudinal groove, has a distally extensive talonid, and an occlusal outline approximately symmetrical with respect to the mesiodistal axis. P4 likewise has a distally extensive talonid and approximately symmetrical occlusal outline (
<figureCitation box="[1426,1520,1715,1736]" captionStart="Figure 5. U. W. 101 - 377" captionStartId="6.[449,514,687,706]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,175,628]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[479,933,175,629]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. U. W. 101 - 377 mandible. (A) Lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) basal view; (D) occlusal view. (D) The distinctive mandibular premolar morphology with elongated talonids in unworn state. Scale bar = 2 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.007" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.007" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1426,1520,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 5</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). M1 and M2 lack cusp 6 and cusp 7, except for very slight expression in a small fraction of specimens, and have a very faint subvertical depression rather than a distinct or extensive protostylid. Like australopiths and some early 
<taxonomicName box="[765,831,1810,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[765,831,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, 
<taxonomicName box="[964,1060,1809,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[964,1060,1809,1831]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an increasing molar size gradient in the mandibular dentition (M1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[733,749,1842,1863]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">&lt;</emphasis>
M2 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[800,816,1842,1863]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">&lt;</emphasis>
M3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The lower limb of 
<taxonomicName box="[681,778,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[681,778,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is defined not only by a unique combination of primitive and derived traits, but also by the presence of unique features in the femur and tibia. Like all other bipedal hominins, 
<taxonomicName box="[557,651,1231,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[557,651,1231,1253]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a valgus knee and varus ankle. The femoral neck is long, anteverted, and anteroposteriorly compressed. Muscle insertions for the 
<emphasis box="[1048,1261,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. gluteus maximus</emphasis>
are strong and the femur has a well-marked linea aspera with pilaster variably present. The patella is relatively anteroposteriorly thick. The tibia is mediolaterally compressed with a rounded anterior border, a large proximal attachment for the 
<emphasis box="[656,863,1359,1381]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. tibialis posterior</emphasis>
, and a thin medial malleolus. The fibula is gracile with laterally oriented lateral malleolus, a relatively circular neck and a convex surface for the proximal attachment of the 
<emphasis box="[493,709,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. peroneus longus</emphasis>
. Unique features in the lower limb of 
<taxonomicName box="[1131,1229,1423,1445]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1131,1229,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include a depression in the superior aspect of the femoral neck that results in two mediolaterally oriented pillars inferoposteriorly and superoanteriorly, and a strong distal attachment of the pes anserinus on the tibia.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.017" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[449,1391,144,859]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,545,887,906]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 12</emphasis>
. Brain size and tooth size in hominins. The buccolingual breadth of the first maxillary molar is shown here in comparison to endocranial volume for many hominin species. 
<taxonomicName box="[1065,1151,916,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1065,1151,916,936]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies a position with relatively small molar size (comparable to later 
<taxonomicName box="[753,812,946,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[753,812,946,965]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and relatively small endocranial volume (comparable to australopiths). The range of variation within the Dinaledi sample is also fairly small, in particular in comparison to the extensive range of variation within the 
<emphasis box="[634,831,1003,1024]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName box="[634,730,1005,1023]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="erectus">H. erectus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[735,831,1003,1024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. Vertical lines represent the range of endocranial volume estimates known 1 for each taxon; each vertical line meets the horizontal line representing M BL diameter at the mean for each taxon. Ranges are illustrated here instead of data points because the ranges of endocranial volume in several species are established by specimens that do not preserve first maxillary molars. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.017
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The foot and ankle of 
<taxonomicName box="[729,829,1519,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[729,829,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are largely humanlike (
<figureCitation box="[1089,1186,1520,1541]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[449,514,593,612]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,175,535]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[479,933,175,535]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 9. Foot 1 in (A) dorsal view; and (B) medial view. (C) Proximal articular surfaces of the metatarsals of Foot 1, shown in articulation to illustrate transverse arch structure. Scale bar = 10 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.011" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.011" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1089,1186,1520,1541]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 9</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The tibia stands orthogonally upon the talus, which is moderately wedged, with a mediolaterally flat trochlea having medial and lateral margins at even height, a form distinct from the strong keeling seen in OH 8 (
<taxonomicName box="[1377,1479,1583,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1377,1479,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and several tali from Koobi Fora. The talar head and neck exhibit strong, humanlike torsion; the horizontal angle is higher than in most humans, similar to that found in australopiths. The calcaneus is only moderately robust, but possesses the plantar declination of the retrotrochlear eminence and plantarly positioned lateral plantar process found in both modern humans and 
<taxonomicName box="[1384,1527,1712,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1384,1527,1712,1733]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The peroneal trochlea is small, unlike that found in australopiths and similar only to that in 
<taxonomicName box="[449,569,1776,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[449,569,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Neanderthals. The talonavicular, subtalar joints and calcaneocuboid joints are humanlike in possessing minimal ranges of motion and evidence for a locking, rigid midfoot. The intermediate and lateral cuneiforms are proximodistally elongated. The hallucal tarsometatarsal joint is flat and proximodistally aligned indicating that 
<taxonomicName box="[1084,1187,1871,1893]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1084,1187,1871,1893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed an adducted, nongrasping hallux. The head of the first metatarsal is mediolaterally expanded dorsally, indicative of a humanlike windlass mechanism. The foot possesses humanlike metatarsal lengths, head proportions, and torsion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The phalanges are moderately curved, slightly more so than in 
<taxonomicName box="[1200,1315,210,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1200,1315,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only primitive anatomies found in the foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[777,871,241,263]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[777,871,241,263]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the talar head and neck declination and sustentaculum tali angles, suggestive of a lower arched foot with a more plantarly positioned and horizontally inclined medial column than typically found in modern humans (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1362,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Harcourt-Smith et al., 2015</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The axial skeleton presents a combination of derived (mainly aspects of the vertebrae) and seemingly primitive (mainly the ribs) traits. The preserved adult T10 and T11 vertebrae are proportioned similarly to Pleistocene 
<taxonomicName box="[870,936,402,423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[870,936,402,423]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with transverse process morphology most similar to Neandertals. The neural canals of these vertebrae are large in comparison to the diminutive overall size of the vertebrae, proportionally recalling Dmanisi 
<taxonomicName box="[1036,1145,466,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1036,1145,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Neandertals, and modern humans. The 11th rib is straight (uncurved), similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[960,1101,498,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[960,1101,498,519]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the shape of the upper rib cage appears narrow, as assessed from first and second rib fragments, suggesting that the thorax was pyramidal in shape. The 12th rib presents a robust shaft cross-section most similar to Neandertals. This combination is not found in other hominins and might reflect allometric scaling at a small trunk size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The Dinaledi iliac blade is flared and shortened anteroposteriorly, resembling 
<taxonomicName box="[1359,1500,658,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afarensis">
<emphasis box="[1359,1500,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Au. afarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<emphasis box="[449,599,690,711]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName box="[449,595,690,711]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">Au. africanus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The ischium is short with a narrow tuberoacetabular sulcus, and the ischiopubic and iliopubic rami are thick, resembling 
<taxonomicName box="[869,991,721,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[869,991,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1176,722,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1060,1176,722,743]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This combination of iliac and ischiopubic features has not been found in other fossil hominins (
<figureCitation box="[1157,1266,754,775]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[449,514,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[479,932,1113,1557]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[479,933,1113,1557]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Selected pelvic specimens of H. naledi. U. W. 101 - 1100 ilium in (A) lateral view showing a weak iliac pillar relatively near the anterior edge of the ilium, with no cristal tubercle development; (B) anterior view, angled to demonstrate the degree of flare, which is clear in comparison to the subarcuate surface. U. W. 101 - 723 immature sacrum in (C) anterior view; and (D) superior view. U. W. 101 - 1112 ischium in (E) lateral view; and (F) anterior view, demonstrating relatively short tuberace- tabular diameter. Scale bar = 2 cm. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.018" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.018" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1157,1266,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 13</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The shoulder of 
<taxonomicName box="[662,759,785,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[662,759,785,807]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is configured with the scapula situated high and lateral on the thorax, short clavicles, and little or no torsion of the humerus. The humerus is notably slender for its length, with prominent greater and lesser tubercles bounding a deep bicipital groove, with a small, nonprojecting humeral deltoid tuberosity and brachioradialis crest. Distally, the humerus has a wide lateral distodorsal pillar and narrow medial distodorsal pillar, and a medially-displaced olecranon fossa with septal aperture. The Dinaledi radius and ulna diaphyses exhibit little curvature. The radius has a globular radial tuberosity, prominent pronator quadratus crest, and reduced styloid process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The hand shares many derived features of modern humans and Neandertals in the thumb, wrist, and palm, but has relatively long and markedly curved fingers (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1278,1473,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kivell et al., 2015</emphasis>
). The thumb is long relative to the length of the other digits, and includes a robust metacarpal with well-developed intrinsic (
<emphasis box="[1269,1486,1201,1223]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">M. opponens pollicis</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis box="[1012,1304,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">M. first dorsal interosseous</emphasis>
) muscle attachments (
<figureCitation box="[1018,1109,1266,1287]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[449,514,805,824]" captionTargetBox="[479,1360,175,745]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[479,1361,175,746]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Hand 1. Palmar view on left; dorsal view on right. This hand was discovered in articulation and all bones are represented except for the pisiform. The proportions of digits are humanlike and visually apparent, as are the expanded distal apical tufts on all digits, the robust pollical ray, and the unique first metacarpal morphology. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.008" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.008" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1018,1109,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 6</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The pollical distal phalanx is large and robust with a well-developed ridge along the distal border of a deep proximal palmar fossa for the attachment of 
<emphasis box="[1161,1368,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">flexor pollicis longus</emphasis>
tendon. Ungual spines also project proximopalmarly from a radioulnarly expanded apical tuft with a distinct area for the ungual fossa. The wrist includes a bootshaped trapezoid with an expanded non-articular palmar surface, an enlarged and palmarly-expanded trapezoid-capitate joint, and a trapezium-scaphoid joint that extends further onto the scaphoid tubercle. Overall, carpal shapes and articular configurations are very similar to those of modern humans and Neandertals, and unlike those of great apes and other extinct hominins. However, the 
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1146,1745,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1053,1146,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wrist lacks a third metacarpal styloid process, has a more radioulnarly oriented capitate- Mc2 joint, and has a relatively small trapezium- Mc1 joint compared to humans and Neandertals. Moreover, the phalanges are long (relative to the palm) and more curved than most australopiths.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.018" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[479,932,1113,1557]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,545,1616,1635]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 13</emphasis>
. Selected pelvic specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[837,922,1615,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[837,922,1615,1635]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. U.W. 101-1100 ilium in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[622,638,1645,1664]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
) lateral view showing a weak iliac pillar relatively near the anterior edge of the ilium, with no cristal tubercle development; (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[770,784,1703,1722]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
) anterior view, angled to demonstrate the degree of flare, which is clear in comparison to the subarcuate surface. U.W. 101-723 immature sacrum in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[650,664,1791,1810]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
) anterior view; and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[860,876,1791,1810]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
) superior view. U.W. 101-1112 ischium in (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[755,768,1820,1839]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
) lateral view; and (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[948,960,1820,1839]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">F</emphasis>
) anterior view, demonstrating relatively short tuberace- tabular diameter. Scale bar 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[715,729,1878,1897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">=</emphasis>
2 cm. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560.018
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph box="[449,631,147,180]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<heading bold="true" box="[449,631,147,180]" fontSize="14" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="0">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,631,147,180]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The overall morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[742,838,190,211]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[742,838,190,211]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
places it within the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1125,1191,190,211]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1125,1191,190,211]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than 
<taxonomicName box="[1324,1504,190,211]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1324,1504,190,211]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or other early hominin genera. The shared derived features that connect 
<taxonomicName box="[1191,1286,222,243]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1191,1286,222,243]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other members of 
<taxonomicName box="[449,515,254,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[449,515,254,275]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupy most regions of the 
<taxonomicName box="[853,954,253,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[853,954,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skeleton and represent distinct functional systems, including locomotion, manipulation, and mastication. Locomotor traits shared with 
<taxonomicName box="[1342,1408,286,307]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1342,1408,286,307]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include the absolutely long lower limb, with well-marked linea aspera, strong 
<emphasis box="[1190,1413,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. gluteus maximus</emphasis>
insertions, gracile fibula and generally humanlike ankle and foot. These aspects of the lower limb suggest enhanced locomotor performance for a striding gait. The 
<taxonomicName box="[1095,1194,382,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1095,1194,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hand shares aspects of 
<taxonomicName box="[1467,1533,382,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1467,1533,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology in the wrist, thumb and palm, pointing to enhanced object manipulation ability relative to australopiths, including 
<taxonomicName box="[715,835,445,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[715,835,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1066,446,468]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Kivell et al., 2011</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1084,1296,446,468]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Kivell et al., 2015</emphasis>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[1322,1423,445,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1322,1423,445,467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the powerful mastication that typifies 
<taxonomicName box="[835,1015,478,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[835,1015,478,499]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australopithecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1080,1223,478,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Paranthropus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1080,1223,478,499]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Paranthropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with generally small teeth across the dentition, gracile mandibular corpus and symphysis, laterally-positioned temporal lines, slight postorbital constriction and non-flaring zygomatic arches. The upper limb, shoulder and ribcage have a more primitive morphological pattern, but do not preclude affiliating 
<taxonomicName box="[1299,1397,574,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1299,1397,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName box="[1461,1527,574,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1461,1527,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly considering that postcranial remains of 
<taxonomicName box="[1017,1119,606,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1017,1119,606,627]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to reflect an australopith-like body plan (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[578,828,638,660]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Johanson et al., 1986</emphasis>
). Locomotor, manipulatory, and masticatory systems have both historical and current importance in defining 
<taxonomicName box="[926,991,670,691]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[926,991,670,691]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1004,1276,670,692]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Wood and Collard, 1999</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1289,1451,670,692]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Holliday, 2012</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Antón et al., 2014</emphasis>
), and 
<taxonomicName box="[648,745,702,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[648,745,702,723]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits within our genus in these respects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The structural configuration of the 
<taxonomicName box="[907,1014,734,755]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[907,1014,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cranium, beyond the functional aspects of mastication, is likewise shared with 
<taxonomicName box="[844,911,766,787]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[844,911,766,787]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As in many specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[1210,1322,766,787]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1210,1322,766,787]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1381,1482,766,787]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1381,1482,766,787]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the 
<taxonomicName box="[449,549,798,819]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[449,549,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vault includes a well-developed and moderately arched supraorbital torus, marked from the frontal squama by a continuous supratoral sulcus, frontal bossing. Further, as in many 
<taxonomicName box="[1423,1533,830,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1423,1533,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
crania, 
<taxonomicName box="[527,623,862,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[527,623,862,883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits a marked angular torus and occipital torus. The 
<taxonomicName box="[1233,1329,862,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1233,1329,862,883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
face includes a flat and squared nasoalveolar clivus, comparable to 
<taxonomicName box="[999,1153,894,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[999,1153,894,915]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1171,1400,894,916]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Leakey et al., 2012</emphasis>
), and weak canine fossae. While its anatomy places it unambiguously within 
<taxonomicName box="[1165,1231,926,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1165,1231,926,947]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the 
<taxonomicName box="[1291,1390,926,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1291,1390,926,947]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cranium and dentition lack many derived features shared by MP and LP 
<taxonomicName box="[1098,1165,958,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1098,1165,958,979]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[1221,1341,958,979]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName box="[1221,1337,958,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">H. sapiens</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The australopithlike features of the postcranium, including the ribcage, shoulder, proximal femur, and relatively long, curved fingers, also depart sharply from the morphology present in MP humans and 
<taxonomicName box="[1411,1526,1022,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[1411,1526,1022,1043]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The similarities of 
<taxonomicName box="[654,753,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[654,753,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to earlier members of 
<taxonomicName box="[1015,1082,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1015,1082,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName box="[1206,1308,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[1206,1308,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1325,1476,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[1325,1476,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[449,559,1086,1107]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[449,559,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggest that this species may be rooted within the initial origin and diversification of our genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The fossil record of early 
<taxonomicName box="[746,812,1150,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[746,812,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis box="[864,937,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo-</emphasis>
like australopiths has rapidly increased during the last 15 years, and this accumulating evidence has changed our perspective on the rise of our genus. Many skeletal and behavioral features observed to separate later 
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1147,1214,1235]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1082,1147,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from earlier hominins were formerly argued to have arisen as a single adaptive package, including increased brain size, tool manipulation, increased body size, smaller dentition, and greater commitment to terrestrial long-distance walking or running (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,828,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Wood and Collard, 1999</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[845,1061,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hawks et al., 2000</emphasis>
). But we now recognize that such features appeared in different combinations in different fossil samples (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1154,1372,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Antón et al., 2014</emphasis>
). The Dmanisi postcranial sample (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,971,1374,1396]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lordkipanidze et al., 2007</emphasis>
) and additional cranial remains of 
<taxonomicName box="[1361,1473,1374,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[1361,1473,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Dmanisi (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,769,1406,1428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gabunia et al., 2000</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[781,981,1406,1428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Vekua et al., 2002</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[994,1282,1406,1428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lordkipanidze et al., 2013</emphasis>
) and East Africa (
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spoor et al., 2007</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[599,821,1438,1460]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Leakey et al., 2012</emphasis>
), demonstrate that larger brain size and body size did not arise synchronously with improved locomotor efficiency and adaptations to long-distance walking or running in 
<taxonomicName box="[476,586,1502,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[476,586,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[600,763,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Holliday, 2012</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[778,984,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Antón et al., 2014</emphasis>
). Further, the discovery of 
<taxonomicName box="[1277,1392,1502,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1277,1392,1502,1523]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed that a mosaic of 
<taxonomicName box="[576,641,1534,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[576,641,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like hand, pelvis and aspects of craniodental morphology can occur within a species with primitive body size, limb proportions, lower limb and foot morphology, thorax shape, vertebral morphology, and brain size (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[759,972,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Berger et al., 2010</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[987,1208,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Carlson et al., 2011</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1223,1422,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Kivell et al., 2011</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Churchill et al., 2013</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[588,803,1630,1652]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">DeSilva et al., 2013</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1028,1630,1652]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Schmid et al., 2013</emphasis>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[1047,1142,1630,1651]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1047,1142,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents yet a different combination of traits. This species combines a humanlike body size and stature with an australopith-sized brain; features of the shoulder and hand apparently well-suited for climbing with humanlike hand and wrist adaptations for manipulation; australopith-like hip mechanics with humanlike terrestrial adaptations of the foot and lower limb; small dentition with primitive dental proportions. In light of this evidence from complete skeletal samples, we must abandon the expectation that any small fragment of the anatomy can provide singular insight about the evolutionary relationships of fossil hominins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
A recent phylogenetic analysis of fossil hominins based on craniodental morphology placed 
<taxonomicName box="[449,563,1886,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[449,563,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the base of the genus 
<taxonomicName authority="Dembo et al., 2015" authorityName="Dembo et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[832,1134,1885,1908]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[832,898,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Homo</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[911,1125,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dembo et al., 2015</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, in agreement with earlier analyses of this species (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[586,798,146,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Berger et al., 2010</emphasis>
). The cranial and dental affinities identified between 
<taxonomicName box="[1371,1486,145,167]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1371,1486,145,167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[449,515,178,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[449,515,178,199]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include many features shared by 
<emphasis box="[907,1016,177,199]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName box="[907,1012,177,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">H. naledi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
But 
<taxonomicName box="[1075,1176,177,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1075,1176,177,199]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1240,1360,177,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Australopithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sediba">
<emphasis box="[1240,1360,177,199]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Au. sediba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share different postcranial features with other species of 
<taxonomicName box="[904,970,210,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[904,970,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Resolving the phylogenetic placement of 
<taxonomicName box="[1436,1533,209,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1436,1533,209,231]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will require both postcranial and craniodental evidence to be integrated together. Such integration poses a challenge because of the poor representation of several key species both within and outside of 
<taxonomicName box="[477,543,306,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[477,543,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most notably 
<taxonomicName box="[702,800,305,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="habilis">
<emphasis box="[702,800,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. habilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which postcranial evidence is slight, and 
<taxonomicName box="[1283,1429,305,327]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudolfensis">
<emphasis box="[1283,1429,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. rudolfensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for which no associated postcranial remains are known. We propose the testable hypothesis that the common ancestor of 
<taxonomicName box="[584,684,369,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[584,684,369,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[701,814,370,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis box="[701,814,370,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. erectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[883,997,370,391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis box="[883,997,370,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. sapiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shared humanlike manipulatory capabilities and terrestrial bipedality, with hands and feet like 
<taxonomicName box="[940,1036,401,423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[940,1036,401,423]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an australopith-like pelvis and the 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. erectuslike</emphasis>
aspects of cranial morphology that are found in 
<taxonomicName box="[1018,1115,433,455]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1018,1115,433,455]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Enlarged brain size was evidently not a necessary prerequisite for the generally human-like aspects of manipulatory, locomotor, and masticatory morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[750,847,497,519]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[750,847,497,519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Although it contains an unprecedented wealth of anatomical information, the Dinaledi deposit remains undated (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[642,831,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dirks et al., 2015</emphasis>
). Considering that 
<taxonomicName box="[1035,1130,561,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1035,1130,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a morphologically primitive species within our genus, an age may help elucidate the ecological circumstances within which 
<taxonomicName box="[1401,1467,594,615]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1401,1467,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
arose and diversified. If the fossils prove to be substantially older than 2 million years, 
<taxonomicName box="[1294,1388,625,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[1294,1388,625,647]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be the earliest example of our genus that is more than a single isolated fragment. The sample would illustrate a model for the relation of adaptive features of the cranium, dentition and postcranium during a critical time interval that is underrepresented by fossil evidence of comparable completeness. A date younger than 1 million years ago would demonstrate the coexistence of multiple 
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1445,754,775]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1379,1445,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphs in Africa, including this small-brained form, into the later periods of human evolution. The persistence of such a species with clear adaptations for manipulation and grip, alongside MP humans or perhaps even alongside modern humans, would challenge many assumptions about the development of the archaeological record in Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The depth of evidence of 
<taxonomicName box="[772,870,913,935]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[772,870,913,935]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may provide a perspective on the variation to be expected within fossil hominin taxa (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[732,1025,946,967]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lordkipanidze et al., 2013</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1039,1404,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bermúdez de Castro et al., 2014</emphasis>
). The entire Dinaledi collection is remarkably homogeneous. There is very little size variation among adult elements within the collection. Eight body mass estimates from the femur (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1263,1346,1010,1031]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<tableCitation box="[1263,1346,1010,1031]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="12.[91,144,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[91,1882,459,1594]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Table 2. Continued on next page" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Table 2</tableCitation>
</emphasis>
) have a standard deviation of only 4.3 kilograms, for a body mass coefficient of variation (CV) of only 9%. The CV of body mass within most human populations is substantially higher than this, with an average near 15% (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,768,1106,1128]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">McKellar and Hendry, 2009</emphasis>
). Likewise, the size variation of cranial and dental elements is minimal. With 11 mandibular first molars, the CV of buccolingual breadth is only 3.2% and for 13 maxillary first molars the CV of buccolingual breadth is only 2.0% (buccolingual breadth is used because it is not subject to variance from interproximal wear). Not only size, but also anatomical shape and form are homogeneous within the sample. Almost every aspect of the morphology of the dentition, including the distinctive form of the lower premolars, the distal accessory cuspule of the mandibular canines, and the expression of nonmetric features that normally vary in human populations, is uniform in every specimen from the collection. The distinctive aspects of cranial morphology are repeated in every specimen, and even the aspects that normally vary among individuals of different body size or between sexes exhibit only slight variation among the Dinaledi remains. One of the most unique aspects of 
<taxonomicName box="[564,659,1425,1447]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[564,659,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the morphology of the first metacarpal; the derived aspects of this anatomy are present in every one of seven first metacarpal specimens in the collection (
<figureCitation box="[1235,1342,1458,1479]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="24.[99,163,647,666]" captionTargetBox="[99,1506,145,619]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[129,1476,175,588]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 14. First metacarpals of H. naledi. Seven first metacarpals have been recovered from the Dinaledi Chamber. U. W. 101 - 1321 is the right first metacarpal of the associated Hand 1 found in articulation. U. W. 101 - 1282 and U. W. 101 - 1641 are anatomically similar left and right first metacarpals, which we hypothesize as antimeres, both were recovered from excavation. U. W. 101 - 007 was collected from the surface of the chamber, and exhibits the same distinctive morphological characteristics as all the first metacarpals in the assemblage. All of these show a marked robusticity of the distal half of the bone, a very narrow, ‘ waisted’ appearance to the proximal shaft and proximal articular surface, prominent crests for attachment of M. opponens pollicis and M. first dorsal interosseous, and a prominent ridge running down the palmar aspect of the bone. The heads of these metacarpals are dorsopalmarly flat and strongly asymmetric, with an enlarged palmar-radial protuberance. These distinctive features are present among all the first metacarpals in the Dinaledi collection, and are absent from any other hominin sample. Their derived nature is evident in comparison to apes and other early hominins, here illustrated with a chimpanzee first metacarpal and the MH 2 first metacarpal of Australopithecus sediba. DOI: 10.7554 / eLife. 09560.004" httpUri="http://elifesciences.org/lookup/doi/10.7554/eLife.09560.004" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1235,1342,1458,1479]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 14</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Unlike any other fossil hominin site in Africa, the Dinaledi Chamber seems to preserve a large number of individuals from a single population, one with variation equal to or less than that found within local populations of modern humans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The Dinaledi collection is the richest assemblage of associated fossil hominins ever discovered in Africa, and aside from the Sima de los Huesos collection and later Neanderthal and modern human samples, it has the most comprehensive representation of skeletal elements across the lifespan, and from multiple individuals, in the hominin fossil record. The abundance of evidence from this assemblage supports our emerging understanding that the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1178,1244,1714,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1178,1244,1714,1735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
encompassed a variety of evolutionary experiments (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,928,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antón et al., 2014</emphasis>
), with diversity now evident for fossil 
<taxonomicName box="[1320,1386,1746,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1320,1386,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in each of the few intensively explored parts of Africa (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,1143,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Leakey et al., 2012</emphasis>
). But as much as it advances our knowledge, 
<taxonomicName box="[582,679,1809,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naledi">
<emphasis box="[582,679,1809,1831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. naledi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also highlights our ignorance about ancient 
<taxonomicName box="[1168,1233,1810,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1168,1233,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
across the vast geographic span of the African continent. The tree of 
<taxonomicName box="[886,952,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[886,952,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Homo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like hominins is far from complete: we have missed key transitional forms and lineages that persisted for hundreds of thousands of years. With an increasing pace of discovery from the field and the laboratory, more light will be thrown on the origin of humans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>