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170 lines
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<document id="0C0B839D09C24EE106580BF3BB560649" ID-CLB-Dataset="51608" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bdd057d5-b4d6-4b57-940a-d7839f483e25" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="265332" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:76D13D36-682E-4E91-AC91-693CA9D3D465" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1457950950343" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams" docDate="2016" docId="03F2FF48812C0D3624B6AE66FED1FE7B" docLanguage="en" docName="15613-5135-1-PB.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4091 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cerococcidae Balachowsky" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFCB8730812B0D3E2421AB7EFF8EFF8E" masterDocTitle="(Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698185172771" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="77BCBFEFA31D74CBD28EC40AAA214A45" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="35B1B7C83CECDC7C28D4E74EC8B334F0">
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<mods:title id="1C27A668938B910B80D95D846EB5D931">(Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3B93D1E0008CB7CA907D8F4D039A9DDF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0BFF0119E7DCED64E307111E1D63D85C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BF7A775793B9F6109205A5A00B7742A7">Chris J. Hodgson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="660CD5F87ED0B95D3898A8200237D160" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4FC8964B8296843755EED28A56540E65">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BC4E6A5541E10FECEABF52903E45DF84">Douglas J. Williams</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B137B75A7D0A39AF049D2CA311898459">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="F12A976C68233A7A3660BB752DE653B7">
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<mods:title id="4EB6E6DA921549EB4E0E12554B9416B5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B0E5CF813E4A69DEE08490039E9AFAC4">
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<mods:date id="3E6D80DAC82C17595DA333A5BFA3C48F">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="03A0B65A9CB3182EBC59EC0D040CCEEE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="C4C0E6A931958DE0AC225F021B1729AD">4091</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="BED3EDC2DC9DCB3259C7514ED226CE4E" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="07D65ADA989BDE856BE7539D39E69D01">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B2104A66B4F5A80EB58D4A6BDE86B469">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="4780EC1B527B6D419FD9CB6D86ADAC96">175</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="034D6D00DC50727F38917F12619EA0E2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BDA6A911EFF3750C014D742EF1EB16B1" type="CLB-Dataset">51608</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F87CDF25234A440193810ADAE5665674" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C68B2EFFF3E0702160C89A9C61B7B0B3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DB2ACD87E8112847D6B40D95423746F5" type="Zenodo-Dep">265332</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="25A294FC5E53027B4505C8BF1DD804E8" type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:76D13D36-682E-4E91-AC91-693CA9D3D465</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03F2FF48812C0D3624B6AE66FED1FE7B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6081532" ID-GBIF-Taxon="117911253" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6081532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F2FF48812C0D3624B6AE66FED1FE7B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F2FF48812C0D3624B6AE66FED1FE7B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C3411DD5812C0D3624B6AE66FED1FE7B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE44E5E812C0D3924B6AE66FD08FABC" blockId="7.[151,646,1304,1330]" box="[151,646,1304,1330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0ACF932812C0D3924B6AE66FD08FABC" bold="true" box="[151,646,1304,1330]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3924B6AE66FD08FABC" bold="true" box="[151,646,1304,1330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3924B6AE66FD0FFABC" ID-CoL="7XL" ID-ENA="249422" authority="Balachowsky" authorityName="Balachowsky" box="[151,641,1304,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">CEROCOCCIDAE Balachowsky, 1942</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE44E5E812C0D3924B6AE20FA9AF9A5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1374,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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The family
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D39253AAE20FE3DFAF9" box="[283,435,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerococcidae</taxonomicName>
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includes some of the most ornate of all scale insects with many diverse waxy coverings, as shown in the colour plates of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D392605AEFDFC1CFA15" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[548,914,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albospicatus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D392605AEFDFCCFFA15" box="[548,833,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerococcus albospicatus</emphasis>
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Green
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3927F3AEFDFB13FA15" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[978,1181,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3927F3AEFDFBC0FA14" box="[978,1102,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. ornatus</emphasis>
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Green
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</taxonomicName>
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in Green (1909) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3924B6AED9FE7EFA31" authority="Comstock" authorityName="Comstock" box="[151,496,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3924B6AED9FEF9FA30" box="[151,375,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerococcus quercus</emphasis>
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Comstock
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</taxonomicName>
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in Gill (1993) and also in the photographs in Lambdin & Kosztarab (1977). See also
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<figureCitation id="136052DB812C0D3924B6AEB4FF60FA6D" box="[151,238,1482,1507]" captionStart="PLATE 1" captionStartId="58.[151,234,1029,1051]" captionTargetBox="[348,1238,393,987]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[348,1240,393,989]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="PLATE 1. Adult female of Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell), on eggplant (Solanum melongela), near Silver City, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 4 April 2012. Photo: Gabor Neumann." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/265350/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plates 1</figureCitation>
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–3. As far as is known, all females go through three feeding stages to maturity: first- and second-instar nymphs and the adult, whilst males go through the first- and second-instar nymphal stages, which feed, and then through non-feeding prepupal and pupal stages before emerging as a (non-feeding) winged adult male.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE44E5E812C0D3924E6AD48FC1AF88D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1374,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3924E6AD48FE43F9C1" bold="true" box="[199,461,1590,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Economic importance</emphasis>
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. There are few reports of damage caused by cerococcids, although coffee trees seem to be prone to attack. Le Pelley (1968) stated that
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3926E4AD25FBA1F9FC" authority="Fonseca" authorityName="Fonseca" box="[709,1071,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catenarius">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3926E4AD25FC46F9FC" box="[709,968,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerococcus catenarius</emphasis>
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Fonseca
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</taxonomicName>
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was a serious pest of coffee in
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<collectingCountry id="F34C0ECE812C0D3924B6AD00FF55F919" box="[151,219,1662,1687]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and that this scale insect probably spread to coffee from indigenous plants. Chacko
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3920BBAD01FB42F919" box="[1178,1228,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
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. (1978), reporting on
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D39249AADDDFE69F935" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[187,487,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D39249AADDDFE15F934" box="[187,411,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cerococcus ornatus</emphasis>
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Green
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</taxonomicName>
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on coffee in
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<collectingCountry id="F34C0ECE812C0D39265FADDCFD34F935" box="[638,698,1698,1723]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
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, stated that it feeds on the main stem or the branches and that, in heavy infestations, the branches bend down, resulting in die-back. Other authors also have reported leaf loss and die back on various plant species (see Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE44E5E812C0D3624E6AC70FE8AFF76" blockId="7.[151,1436,1374,2011]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Joubert (1925) suggested that
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D392616AC71FDDFF8A9" box="[567,593,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C.</emphasis>
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(now
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D392686AC71FCD9F8A9" box="[679,855,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D392686AC71FCD9F8A9" box="[679,855,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antecerococcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D39274EAC70FBB1F8A9" authority="Joubert" authorityName="Joubert" box="[879,1087,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cliffortiae">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D39274EAC70FC50F8A9" box="[879,990,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cliffortiae</emphasis>
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Joubert
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</taxonomicName>
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produces a large amount of honeydew because the host plant stems were covered in sooty mould although the insects were not numerous and no other coccoid was present. Froggatt (1900) stated that the honeydew produced by
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D39205AAC29FB1BF8E1" box="[1147,1173,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C.</emphasis>
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(now
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3920C3AC29FA1CF8E1" box="[1250,1426,1879,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3920C3AC29FA1CF8E1" box="[1250,1426,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antecerococcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D3924B6AC04FE0EF81D" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[151,384,1914,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Eriococcidae" genus="Eriococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D3924B6AC04FE83F81D" box="[151,269,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">paradoxus</emphasis>
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(Maskell)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F34C0ECE812C0D392582AC04FD87F81D" box="[419,521,1914,1939]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Australia</collectingCountry>
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completely covered the females, making their tests and the whole infested area of the plant very sticky. In addition,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D392604ACE1FC26F839" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[549,936,1950,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D392604ACE1FCBFF839" box="[549,817,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antecerococcus indicus</emphasis>
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(Maskell)
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</taxonomicName>
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has been introduced recently to
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<collectingCountry id="F34C0ECE812C0D39210BACE0FF50F855" name="Christmas Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
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, Indian Ocean (Gabor Neumann, pers. comm.) and is causing stress in some
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD812C0D39206AACBCFB23F855" box="[1099,1197,1986,2011]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C812C0D39206AACBCFB23F855" box="[1099,1197,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hibiscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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plants on which it is being attended by ants (for their honeydew), including the yellow crazy ant (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D362023ABE9FA8EFF3E" box="[1026,1280,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anoplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D362023ABE9FA8EFF3E" box="[1026,1280,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anoplolepis gracilipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), which are a big problem on the island. For further information on honeydew in the family see herein under
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D362134ABC2FE8AFF76" authority="Lambdin." authorityName="Lambdin." class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="michaeli">
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<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D362134ABC2FA13FF5B" box="[1301,1437,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. michaeli</emphasis>
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Lambdin.
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE44E5E81230D3624E6AA7AFED1FE7B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D3624E6AA7AFE2DFE93" bold="true" box="[199,419,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Appearance in life</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. The waxy tests of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D3626A0AA7AFC8AFE92" box="[641,772,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D3626A0AA7AFC8AFE92" box="[641,772,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cerococcus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D36271DAA7AFC62FE92" box="[828,1004,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Antecerococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D36271DAA7AFC62FE92" box="[828,1004,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Antecerococcus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species can be somewhat varied, with the test of each species either smooth (as in
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D3626A8AA56FCF3FECE" authority="Comstock" authorityName="Comstock" box="[649,893,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D3626A8AA56FC8FFEB1" box="[649,769,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. quercus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Comstock
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, cover photo), corrugated, stellate, checkered or of a wool-like appearance; most tests are light to dark brown but a few are bright orange, yellow, pink, red or white (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977). However, the tests of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D362704AA0EFC37FE06" box="[805,953,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Asterococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D362704AA0EFC37FE06" box="[805,953,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Asterococcus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B35DD81230D3627DEAA11FB00FE06" box="[1023,1166,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Solenophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B92F924C81230D3627DEAA11FB00FE06" box="[1023,1166,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Solenophora</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
have a waxy sac-like appearance and the cast exuviae of the first-instar nymph are on the anteromedial area of the test. In addition, the long spiracular furrows contain a white powdery wax that is conspicuous against the darker test (Lambdin & Kosztarab, 1977).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|