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553 lines
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<document id="41A63BBB4B775D10C420880A0271D0D3" ID-CLB-Dataset="25616" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d6df271c-3f52-4f1a-9610-5e3e35ac50bd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3385603" ID-ZooBank="A9079148-0462-45E2-8C7F-026CC7B8B196" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1567581766268" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Putchkov, Alexander V., Markina, Tetiana Yu. & Nitochko, Mariya I." docDate="2019" docId="56640051FFE3D908FF3FFC5C7FA0FC6D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4664.3.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4664 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="420" masterDocId="AA5D7829FFE1D900FFA8FFB77F4CFFE9" masterDocTitle="Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="412" pageNumber="414" updateTime="1698754508753" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FD09DE894B2B1DF972E399C75C9CCA65">
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<mods:title id="1929BDA87AE0ED777BAB93F0CCFAF0EB">Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="730437B4549CFDC5DF171D05CC6E74DF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="319570DA4F132C563824DD009F72B60D">Putchkov, Alexander V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3895F20DE5CA110D2FD8B80479A90BD3">Markina, Tetiana Yu.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DB4B789F8FC43AA949807F7E9B12F019">Nitochko, Mariya I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="05375CBCA0B5AA97EDC40AF34AA1FE87">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E0253E857BF294AAF4D7F82D0725ED57">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2FA84D293258AF538260F28C53553D51">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CCB9FA1641DE8229141356020C6B95E1">2019-09-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="809EA8E1E91841F62A60A210188BC82C">3</mods:number>
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<treatment id="56640051FFE3D908FF3FFC5C7FA0FC6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5611519" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159372541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5611519" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:56640051FFE3D908FF3FFC5C7FA0FC6D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/56640051FFE3D908FF3FFC5C7FA0FC6D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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<subSubSection id="96D7E2CCFFE3D902FF3FFC5C7D5CFBEF" box="[151,528,1003,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF3FFC5C7D5CFBEF" blockId="2.[151,528,1003,1030]" box="[151,528,1003,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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<heading id="853A062BFFE3D902FF3FFC5C7D5CFBEF" bold="true" box="[151,528,1003,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="414" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE3D902FF3FFC5C7D5CFBEF" ID-CoL="6C5DV" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[151,528,1003,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta" subGenus="Eugrapha">
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FF3FFC5C7D5CFBEF" bold="true" box="[151,528,1003,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FF3FFC5C7E42FBEF" bold="true" box="[151,270,1003,1030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Cylindera</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FEB7FC5C7ED5FBEF" bold="true" box="[287,409,1003,1030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Eugrapha</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FE03FC5B7D5CFBEF" bold="true" box="[427,528,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">contorta</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96D7E2CCFFE3D906FF3FFB857E64F806" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="2" pageNumber="414" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF3FFB857C34FB50" blockId="2.[151,1437,1074,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FF3FFB857D6CFBA4" bold="true" box="[151,544,1074,1101]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Description of third instar larva.</emphasis>
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Upper part of head brown or dark brown, with weak bronze luster (sometimes greenish hue), lower part of head light brown. Other appendages light brown, except for darkened apical part of mandibles. Maximum width of head at level of stemma I. Setae pale, thin, long and acute apically; some setae near stemmata I-II slightly obtuse. Epicranial suture distinct, but short.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF6FFB747FF9FA84" blockId="2.[151,1437,1074,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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Disk of PN dark brown with weak coppery luster. Apices of PNa and narrow marginal sides of PN lighter. Swellings of PNa and callous elevations on disk moderately distinct (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FC06FB507CB8FAE8" box="[942,1012,1255,1281]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). PNa widened with slightly rounded apices directed somewhat outwards and shorter than almost even anterior margin of PN. Setae pale with a reddish hue, most of them thin and long. PN1 with 12–16 setae, and 5–6 setae along PNm, ridge of PNa with 2–3 setae (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FAC7FA987FE4FA84" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF6FFAC07E27F910" blockId="2.[151,1437,1074,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct, gray with reddish hue.
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FC2EFAC07CD5FA78" box="[902,921,1399,1425]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">T</collectionCode>
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3 almost square or oval with 6–9 reddish setae.
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<typeStatus id="01760FE5FFE3D902FF3FFA2B7F83FA5F" box="[151,207,1436,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Type</typeStatus>
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II hypopleuron (two large sclerites). CT5 and AT5 light brown, almost semicircular, widely fused on inner margin and partly in contact on external margin (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FD19FA087DB8FA30" box="[689,756,1471,1497]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Sclerotization of AT5 covers inner part of IH (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FAAAFA087A09FA30" box="[1282,1349,1471,1497]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). LCT5 with 4–5 long setae. CT5 with 20–25 stout setae (similar to those of IH) and some thin small setae on posterior margin. Most setae of AT5 located on its lower (external and inner) part (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FC78F9B07B59F9C8" box="[976,1045,1543,1569]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FB82F9BF7B1BF9CB" box="[1066,1111,1544,1570]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">MH</collectionCode>
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with 3 (rarely 2) setae at the middle.
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FF5AF99B7E53F9AF" box="[242,287,1580,1606]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">MH</collectionCode>
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slender, very long and strongly curved above the middle. Tips of
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FC5DF99B7B6EF9AF" box="[1013,1058,1580,1606]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">MH</collectionCode>
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traversing anterior margin of AT5 and distinctly directed outward.
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FDACF9E77D7DF983" box="[516,561,1616,1642]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">MH</collectionCode>
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almost 5–6 times as long as wide at base. IH short, with two long stout setae and directed almost upwards. Central spine of IH absent or point-shaped (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FC6EF9C47B46F964" box="[966,1034,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). IH 5.6–6.0 times shorter than
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<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE3D902FAC0F9C37AD5F967" box="[1384,1433,1652,1678]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">MH</collectionCode>
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. TE9 with 8 setae (4 of them at the middle shortened) (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FD54F9207C0DF958" box="[764,833,1686,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FA8DF9207A29F958" box="[1317,1381,1687,1713]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–5" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,174,1440]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2–5. Features of third instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig 4</figureCitation>
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). PY (except apex) with 10–17 setae dorsally and 10–12 thinner setae ventrally. Tip of PY with 12–16 bristles, setae on dorsal side shorter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF6FF8B57EAAF88C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1074,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE3D902FF6FF8B57D26F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,618,1794,1821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Description of second instar larva.</emphasis>
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Upper part of head brown, with weak bronze-copper luster; lower part of head light brown. Setae pale or reddish transparent; most setae thin and acute, some obtuse apically. Epicranial suture distinct, but very short.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE3D902FF6FF8D87D7DF81F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1074,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">
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Disk of PN and head of same coloration. Apices of PNa widened and directed forwards. Anterior margin of PN greatly elongate, much longer than apices of PNa (
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<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FD60F8247C47F847" box="[712,779,1939,1966]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). Setae of PN1 pale or light brown. Marginal setae reddish, transparent; most of them thin and long, acute, some setae obtuse. PN1 with 10–14 setae, and 4–5 setae along PNm, ridge of PNa with 2–3 setae (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE3D902FE76F86C7D6FF81F" box="[478,547,2011,2038]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="414">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE2D903FF3FFA047E1FF9FD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385607/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415" startId="3.[151,264,1459,1484]" targetBox="[163,1427,185,1430]" targetPageId="3">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE2D903FF3FFA047E1FF9FD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1459,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE2D903FF3FFA047E77FA25" bold="true" box="[151,315,1459,1484]" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">FIGURES 2–5.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Features of third instar larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE2D903FD24FA037C86FA25" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[652,970,1460,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="415" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE2D903FD24FA037DBDFA25" box="[652,753,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Cylindera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE2D903FCA8FA037C29FA25" box="[768,869,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE2D903FCDCFA027C86FA25" box="[884,970,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
: 2. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 3. Hump, right half, dorso-lateral view. 4. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE2D903FF6FF9F57F9BF894" blockId="3.[151,1437,1602,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
Sclerotized areas of abdomen slight distinct, gray.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FD50F9F47C47F9B4" box="[760,779,1603,1629]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">T</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
3 almost square, with 5–7 reddish setae. CT5 and AT5 light brown, widely fused on inner margin and divided on external margin. Sclerotization AT5 covers inner part of IH too (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE2D903FF08F93D7FAFF94C" box="[160,227,1674,1701]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). LCT5 with 2–3 long setae. CT5 with 12–16 stout setae and some thin small setae on posterior margin. Most setae of AT5 located on lower part (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE2D903FD82F9197D23F920" box="[554,623,1710,1737]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FD2DF9187DFEF920" box="[645,690,1711,1737]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
with 2 (rarely 3) setae on middle.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FB90F9187B29F920" box="[1080,1125,1711,1737]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
slender, long and distinctly curved above of upper third. Tips of
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FD9CF9647D2DF904" box="[564,609,1747,1773]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
reaching (slight traversing) anterior margin of AT5 and directed outward. Length of
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FEA5F9407E76F8F8" box="[269,314,1783,1809]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
almost in 4.5–5.0 times more width at base. Central spine of IH present but very small (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE2D903FA8CF9417A25F8F8" box="[1316,1385,1782,1809]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). IH length in 5 times less those
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE2D903FE70F8AC7D45F8DC" box="[472,521,1819,1845]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
. TE9 with 8 setae (4 of them on middle shortened) (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE2D903FBCDF8AD7BE7F8DC" box="[1125,1195,1818,1845]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE2D903FE20F8897E81F8B0" box="[392,461,1854,1881]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" captionTargetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,174,1246]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Features of second instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). PY (except apex) with 10–12 setae dorsally and 5–7 ventrally. Tip of PY with 12–14 setae.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE2D903FF6FF8317E4BF801" blockId="3.[151,1437,1602,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE2D903FF6FF8317D0FF848" bold="true" box="[199,579,1926,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="415">Description of first instar larva.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Coloration of head and pronotum the same as in second and third instar larvae, but without luster. Setae pale; most setae thin and acute, some obtuse apically. Epicranial suture present, but indistinct.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE5D904FF3FFB467E57FABB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385609/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" startId="4.[151,264,1265,1290]" targetBox="[164,1430,192,1237]" targetPageId="4">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D904FF3FFB467E57FABB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1265,1362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FF3FFB467E72FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,318,1265,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">FIGURES 6–9.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Features of second instar larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE5D904FD14FB467B4CFAE0" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[700,1024,1265,1290]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FD14FB467C6DFAE0" box="[700,801,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Cylindera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FC9BFB467CD4FAE0" box="[819,920,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FC02FB457B4CFAE0" box="[938,1024,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
: 6. Pronotum, left half, dorsal view. 7. Hump, dorso-lateral view. 8. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D904FF6FFACC7F88F9E8" blockId="4.[151,1437,1402,2041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
PNa more widened and directed outwards; its apices rounded. Anterior margin of PN much longer than apices of PNa and middle region very distinctly concave (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FD67FA297C6EFA50" box="[719,802,1438,1465]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). All setae of PN transparent pale. Most of them thin and long, acute; some marginal setae obtuse. PN1 with 5–6 setae, 3–4 setae located along PNm. PNa without setae (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FAC7FA757FFAF9E8" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D904FF6FF9BD7D5BF914" blockId="4.[151,1437,1402,2041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
Sclerotized areas of abdomen indistinct, grayish.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FD55F9BC7C5CF9CC" box="[765,784,1547,1573]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">T</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
3 almost square with 3 reddish setae. CT5 and AT5 light brown, indistinctly contacting at inner margin. Lower parts AT5 and CTL5 more sclerotized; AT5 with 2 setae (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FAC7F9997FF8F984" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). CT5 without setae. LCT5 with one long seta.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FD69F9E47DA2F984" box="[705,750,1619,1645]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
with one long seta above the middle.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FB39F9E47BF2F984" box="[1169,1214,1619,1645]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
distinctly narrowed and curved above the middle. Tips of
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FDEDF9C07D3EF978" box="[581,626,1655,1681]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
reaching anterior margin of AT5.
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FC5EF9C07B6FF978" box="[1014,1059,1655,1681]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
almost 4.0 times as long as wide at base. Central spine of IH present, but very small (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FD75F92D7C62F95C" box="[733,814,1690,1717]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). IH no more than 3.5 times as long as
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE5D904FB4CF92C7A59F95C" box="[1252,1301,1691,1717]" country="Switzerland" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">MH</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
. TE9 with 6 setae (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FF77F9097E7FF930" box="[223,307,1726,1753]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). EU9 with 2 groups of 3 long setae each (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FCB0F9097C20F930" box="[792,876,1726,1753]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1423,481,1417]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Features of first instar larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). PY (except apex) with 6 setae dorsally and bare ventrally. Tip of PY with 10 setae.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D904FF6FF8B17CF6F880" blockId="4.[151,1437,1402,2041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FF6FF8B17DFCF8C8" bold="true" box="[199,688,1798,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Distribution and ecological peculiarities.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
In Southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="A6DAF1D7FFE5D904FCEFF8B17CEDF8C9" box="[839,929,1798,1824]" name="Ukraine" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
the tiger beetle
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE5D904FBF6F8B17A7AF8C9" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[1118,1334,1798,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FBF6F8B17A7AF8C9" box="[1118,1334,1798,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Cylindera contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is found sporadically at open areas of the sea coastline: at the outer coasts of the Kinburn, Tendra and Dzharylgach sand spits of the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="1C097FA5FFE5D904FF77F8F97ED5F881" box="[223,409,1870,1896]" country="Ukraine" name="Kherson" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Kherson Region</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, whose total coastal line is
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE5D904FD62F8F87C53F881" box="[714,799,1870,1897]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" unit="km" value="142.0">142 km</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
long (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FCCFF8F97CE4F880" box="[871,936,1870,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1533,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,551,1417]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,551,1420]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Occurrence of C. contorta in Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385605/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D904FF6FF8C57CF4F858" blockId="4.[151,1437,1402,2041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
Adults and larvae of the species are moderately halophilous, thus concentrated at small narrow saline lagoons,
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE5D904FF3FF8217F92F858" box="[151,222,1942,1969]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
wide and
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE5D904FEFAF8217EEBF858" box="[338,423,1942,1969]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.0">5–30 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
long, less at the zone of sea surf (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE5D904FC8BF8217CE0F858" box="[803,940,1942,1969]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1178,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,265,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14–17. The habitats of adults and larvae of C. contorta in the Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine: 14. Sandy-shell sea shores, the main habitats of adults. 15. Sandy sea coast, the main habitats of adults. 16–17. Small lagoons on coast of sand spits, the main habitats of larvae (mostly) and adults (rarely)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385613/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">Figs. 14–17</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE5D905FF6FF80D7DC9FE3A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1402,2041]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,467]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">
|
|||
|
|
The life cycle of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE5D904FE21F80C7D45F83D" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[393,521,1979,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE5D904FE21F80C7D45F83D" box="[393,521,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="416">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
lasts from one to two years, but a two years cycle is more common (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BA5CCCB6FFE5D904FABBF80D7E00F810" author="Putchkov, A. V. & Nitochko, M. I." pageId="4" pageNumber="416" pagination="62 - 75" refId="ref6667" refString="Putchkov, A. V. & Nitochko, M. I. (2016) The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of plains of the Lower Dnieper. Biology and valeology, 18, 62 - 75. [in Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 167378" type="journal article" year="2016">Putchkov & Nitochko, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Oviposition is observed from late spring (May) to mid-summer (July). The overwintering phase is usually third instar larvae, rarely the adults hibernate. Pupation takes place from end of May to June. Adults live from 3 months to 1–2 years, while larvae live up to 2 years. Copulation (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FC4DFF0A7B75FF3E" box="[997,1081,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1556,1581]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–20. 19. Adults of C. contorta “in copula”. 20. Burrows of different larval instars of C. contorta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385617/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) is usually observed from first days of June to middle of July. Adults are found at open sandy sea shore areas, occasionally adults are recorded at sandy-shellfish beaches, salt lakes and estuaries (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FD17FEB27C72FEF6" box="[703,830,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1178,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,265,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14–17. The habitats of adults and larvae of C. contorta in the Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine: 14. Sandy-shell sea shores, the main habitats of adults. 15. Sandy sea coast, the main habitats of adults. 16–17. Small lagoons on coast of sand spits, the main habitats of larvae (mostly) and adults (rarely)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385613/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 14–15</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Adults are registered from early May to late August, in highest quantities from late May to mid-July. The species is locally distributed, though occasionally abundant. The larvae of first and second instars are recorded at first and second decades of July, and third instar larvae are found from the end of July to middle of August. Larvae prefer only the sandy areas at the littoral zone of quiet bays, estuaries and salt lakes (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FE01FE227D64FE59" box="[425,552,405,432]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1178,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,265,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14–17. The habitats of adults and larvae of C. contorta in the Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine: 14. Sandy-shell sea shores, the main habitats of adults. 15. Sandy sea coast, the main habitats of adults. 16–17. Small lagoons on coast of sand spits, the main habitats of larvae (mostly) and adults (rarely)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385613/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 16–17</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
), as well as at the depressions with sufficient soil moisture; and larvae discard the sandy areas at zone of sea surf (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FD8CFE0E7D35FE3A" box="[548,633,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1556,1581]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–20. 19. Adults of C. contorta “in copula”. 20. Burrows of different larval instars of C. contorta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385617/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE4D905FF3FFA2B7EECFA14" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385611/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" startId="5.[151,264,1436,1461]" targetBox="[174,1409,494,1407]" targetPageId="5">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE4D905FF3FFA2B7EECFA14" blockId="5.[151,1437,1436,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FF3FFA2B7E1AFA5C" bold="true" box="[151,342,1436,1461]" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">FIGURES 10–13.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Features of first instar larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE4D905FD06FA2A7CBCFA5D" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[686,1008,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FD06FA2A7C5FFA5C" box="[686,787,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Cylindera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FC8CFA2A7CC5FA5C" box="[804,905,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FC32FA2A7CBCFA5D" box="[922,1008,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
: 10. Pronotum, left part, dorsal view. 11. Hump, right part, dorso-lateral view. 12. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, dorsal view. 13. Ninth segment and pygopod of abdomen, ventral view.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE4D905FF6FF9917E47F8D5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1573,2032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">
|
|||
|
|
Larvae usually aggregated at certain elements of mesorelief (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FC2DF9917B4AF9A8" box="[901,1030,1574,1601]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–17" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1178,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,265,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14–17. The habitats of adults and larvae of C. contorta in the Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine: 14. Sandy-shell sea shores, the main habitats of adults. 15. Sandy sea coast, the main habitats of adults. 16–17. Small lagoons on coast of sand spits, the main habitats of larvae (mostly) and adults (rarely)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385613/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 16–17</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
): small lagoons
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE4D905FB6BF9927A46F9A9" box="[1219,1290,1573,1600]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
wide and of various lengths (usually
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE4D905FE04F9FE7EB2F98D" box="[428,510,1609,1636]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="5.0">5-30 m</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
long). Moreover, the burrows made by larvae are found at very limited section of lagoons, along their outer contour, but not in the very moist central part (
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FC78F9D97B6FF961" box="[976,1059,1646,1672]" captionStart="FIGURES 18" captionStartId="7.[151,264,844,869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,814]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,174,825]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 18. Scheme showing lagoons on coast of sand spits, the sites of aggregation of C. contorta larvae: A — outer contour of the lagoon where C. contorta larvae dug burrows; B-C — over-wetted central part of the lagoon where C. contorta larvae are rare or absent (most part of zone C is filled with water." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385615/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="46F6ADC2FFE4D905FB98F9D97B1CF961" box="[1072,1104,1646,1672]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–20" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1556,1581]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,913,1536]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 19–20. 19. Adults of C. contorta “in copula”. 20. Burrows of different larval instars of C. contorta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385617/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">20</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Larvae cover the upper part of burrows with soil (sometimes to one third of the total length) when the cold weather, heavy rain or very hot (dry) periods come and remain inactive until conditions improve. Under excessive moisture or habitat destruction caused by storms, the larvae leave the burrows and migrate (usually at night) to more favorable areas, sometimes up to several tens of meters away. Usually larvae can be found only in limited periods of the year: from the end of July to August.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE4D905FF6FF8F17B27F86D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1573,2032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">
|
|||
|
|
Adults and larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE4D905FE11F8F17DC3F889" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[441,655,1862,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FE11F8F17DC3F889" box="[441,655,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Cylindera contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are often found simultaneously with the Eurasian species
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE4D905FA84F8F17E31F86C" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Calomera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FA84F8F17FBBF86D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">Calomera littoralis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(Fabricius)
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. However, these species differ in bionomy and habitat preferences.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE4D906FF6FF8397D79FF15" blockId="5.[151,1437,1573,2032]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,153,252]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">
|
|||
|
|
Adults and larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE4D905FE19F8397D7EF841" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[433,562,1934,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Calomera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE4D905FE19F8397D7EF841" box="[433,562,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="417">C. littoralis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are numerous throughout the littoral zone (beetles are often recorded far from water): at areas with dense clay soils to sands with varying degree of moisture. The species is common during all warm season, from April-May to September. They usually overwinter as both, adults and third instar larvae. The oviposition is usually prolonged and lasts from the beginning of May to the end of August. Thus, specimens of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FF3FFF0A7E54FF3E" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[151,280,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Calomera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FF3FFF0A7E54FF3E" box="[151,280,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. littoralis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are developing asynchronously. The depth of larval burrows vary from
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE7D906FBE2FF0B7BDCFF3E" box="[1098,1168,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(first and second instar larvae) to
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE7D906FEA1FF577E02FF12" box="[265,334,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(third instar larvae).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE7D906FF3FFB2D7B4EFB12" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385613/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" startId="6.[151,264,1178,1203]" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1157]" targetPageId="6">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE7D906FF3FFB2D7B4EFB12" blockId="6.[151,1436,1178,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FF3FFB2D7E19FB5A" bold="true" box="[151,341,1178,1203]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">FIGURES 14–17.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
The habitats of adults and larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FD63FB2C7C73FB5B" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[715,831,1179,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FD63FB2C7C73FB5B" box="[715,831,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in the Lower Dnieper province, Kherson Region, Southern Ukraine: 14. Sandy-shell sea shores, the main habitats of adults. 15. Sandy sea coast, the main habitats of adults. 16–17. Small lagoons on coast of sand spits, the main habitats of larvae (mostly) and adults (rarely).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE7D906FF6FFA9E7EECFA11" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">
|
|||
|
|
Adults and larvae of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FE14FA9D7D70FAAA" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[444,572,1322,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FE14FA9D7D70FAAA" box="[444,572,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
occur mostly at sandy coastal areas. Beetles are found from the beginning of May to the end of second decade of August, with maximal abundance from the middle of July to mid-August. They usually overwinter as third instar larvae. Most of first and second instar larvae occur at July, but third instar larvae are recorded since first half of August. Thus, specimens in studied populations of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FBD9FA217BBCFA46" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[1137,1264,1430,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FBD9FA217BBCFA46" box="[1137,1264,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
are developing synchronously. The depth of larval burrows varies from
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE7D906FCA2FA0F7C26FA3D" box="[778,874,1464,1492]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="11.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.0">8–15 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(first and second instar larvae) to no more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE7D906FA28FA0E7FF5FA11" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
(third instar larvae).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE7D906FF6FF9B77B16F98D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FF6FF9B77D77F9F2" bold="true" box="[199,571,1536,1563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Protection and limiting factors</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="A6DAF1D7FFE7D906FDC4F9B67D85F9F2" box="[620,713,1537,1563]" name="Ukraine" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, over 90% of habitats of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FC46F9B57B3CF9F2" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[1006,1136,1538,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FC46F9B57B3CF9F2" box="[1006,1136,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is covered by the Ramsar sites. These habitats are partially protected at the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, “Dzharylgachsky” National Nature Park and “Beloberezhie of Svyatoslav” National Nature Park (all in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="1C097FA5FFE7D906FC3BF9FE7B03F98D" box="[915,1103,1609,1636]" country="Ukraine" name="Kherson" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Kherson Region</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE7D906FF6FF9DA7DB9F91D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">
|
|||
|
|
A number of factors limit the abundance of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FD1AF9D97C7EF96E" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[690,818,1646,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FD1AF9D97C7EF96E" box="[690,818,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="A6DAF1D7FFE7D906FCFEF9DA7CF9F96E" box="[854,949,1645,1671]" name="Ukraine" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
: small habitat areas, storms that destroy the main biotopes (lagoons and sea spits), flooding of areas with larval burrows. However, the anthropogenic pressure is especially dangerous, namely the urbanization of sea coasts: development of tourist infrastructure with recreation centers and resorts (especially in Dzharylgach island).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE7D906FF6FF94B7E64F806" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FF6FF94B7EFDF8FE" bold="true" box="[199,433,1788,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Comparative notes.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
In
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FE70F94A7D2AF8FE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[472,614,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Cicindelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cicindelidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
the larvae of different instars (including
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE7D906FB9DF94A7BE9F8FE" box="[1077,1189,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE7D906FB9DF94A7BE9F8FE" box="[1077,1189,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) are well distinguishable by some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The most important are the proportions of pronotum, especially its length/width ratio that varies from 1.41–1.53 (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE7D906FCE2F8F27C2EF8B6" box="[842,866,1861,1887]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1,
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE7D906FCD3F8F27CC3F8B6" box="[891,911,1861,1887]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
2) to 2.15–2.40 (
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE7D906FBE7F8F27B28F8B6" box="[1103,1124,1861,1887]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="418">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
3) in different larvae of the subgenus (table 2 and abbreviations of the table). Moreover, the larval instars are well identified by the chaetotaxy of different segments. The most important and constant feature of chaetotaxy is the number of setae on the second segment of the galea: one seat for first instar larvae; two setae for second instar larvae; three or four setae for third instar larvae.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE6D907FF3FFCFB7D89FC45" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3385615/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" startId="7.[151,264,844,869]" targetBox="[151,1436,174,814]" targetPageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FFCFB7D89FC45" blockId="7.[151,1436,844,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF3FFCFB7E61FC8C" bold="true" box="[151,301,844,869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">FIGURES 18.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Scheme showing lagoons on coast of sand spits, the sites of aggregation of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FBB7FCFA7BDEFC8D" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[1055,1170,845,868]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FBB7FCFA7BDEFC8D" box="[1055,1170,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
larvae: A — outer contour of the lagoon where
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FECBFCC67E9AFC61" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[355,470,881,904]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">C. contorta</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
larvae dug burrows; B-C — over-wetted central part of the lagoon where
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FB15FCC67A7CFC61" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[1213,1328,881,904]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">C. contorta</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
larvae are rare or absent (most part of zone C is filled with water.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption id="8AB2E1CFFFE6D907FF3FFC6A7B1EFC1C" ID-Table-UUID="8AB2E1CFFFE6D907FF3FFC6A7B1EFC1C" box="[151,1106,989,1013]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8AB2E1CFFFE6D907FF3FFC6A7B1EFC1C" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" targetBox="[166,1266,1024,1213]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FFC6A7B1EFC1C" blockId="7.[151,1106,989,1013]" box="[151,1106,989,1013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF3FFC6A7E46FC1C" bold="true" box="[151,266,989,1013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Growth ratios of pronotal width for three instars of subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FC08FC6A7B47FC1C" box="[928,1035,989,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FC08FC6A7B47FC1C" box="[928,1035,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
larvae
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF0EFBB77BBEFB54" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<table id="ACCD43E7FFE626FFFF0EFBB77BBEFB54" box="[166,1266,1024,1213]" gridcols="4" gridrows="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFBB77BBEFBF0" box="[166,1266,1024,1049]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFF0EFBB77D4EFBF0" box="[166,514,1024,1049]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
Species in the subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FE35FBB67D4EFBF0" box="[413,514,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FBB77C0BFBF0" box="[762,839,1024,1049]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FD52FBB77C72FBF0" authority="Ratios" authorityName="Ratios" box="[762,830,1024,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">Ratios</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
*
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFB957BBEFBD3" box="[166,1266,1058,1082]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" rowspan-0="1">
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FB957C0BFBD3" box="[762,839,1058,1082]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE6D907FD52FB957C43FBD3" box="[762,783,1058,1082]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
1
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFC4BFB957B43FBD3" box="[995,1039,1058,1082]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE6D907FC4BFB957CB8FBD3" box="[995,1012,1058,1082]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
2
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFB6EFB957BBEFBD3" box="[1222,1266,1058,1082]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<collectionCode id="B8DC2982FFE6D907FB6EFB957B94FBD3" box="[1222,1240,1058,1082]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">R</collectionCode>
|
|||
|
|
3
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFBF57BBEFBB2" box="[166,1266,1090,1115]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFF0EFBF57D4EFBB2" box="[166,514,1090,1115]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FF0EFBF47E55FBB3" baseAuthorityName="Fleutiaux" box="[166,281,1091,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contorta">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF0EFBF47E55FBB3" box="[166,281,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">C. contorta</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FBF57C0BFBB2" box="[762,839,1090,1115]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.46</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFC4BFBF57B43FBB2" box="[995,1039,1090,1115]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.47</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFB6EFBF57BBEFBB2" box="[1222,1266,1090,1115]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">2.15</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFBD57BBEFB92" box="[166,1266,1122,1147]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFF0EFBD57D4EFB92" box="[166,514,1122,1147]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FF0EFBD37E57FB92" baseAuthorityName="Fuessly" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[166,283,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF0EFBD37E57FB92" box="[166,283,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">C. arenaria</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FBD57C0BFB92" box="[762,839,1122,1147]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.64</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFC4BFBD57B43FB92" box="[995,1039,1122,1147]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.47</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFB6EFBD57BBEFB92" box="[1222,1266,1122,1147]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">2.40</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFB347BBEFB75" box="[166,1266,1155,1180]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFF0EFB347D4EFB75" box="[166,514,1155,1180]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FF0EFB337FB2FB75" baseAuthorityName="Motschulsky" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[166,254,1156,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elisae">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF0EFB337FB2FB75" box="[166,254,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">C. elisae</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FB347C0BFB75" box="[762,839,1155,1180]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.61</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFC4BFB347B43FB75" box="[995,1039,1155,1180]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.44</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFB6EFB347BBEFB75" box="[1222,1266,1155,1180]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">2.31</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr id="60FDB305FFE626FFFF0EFB137BBEFB54" box="[166,1266,1188,1213]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<th id="232CDA79FFE626FFFF0EFB137D4EFB54" box="[166,514,1188,1213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FF0EFB127E6AFB55" baseAuthorityName="Dejean" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[166,294,1189,1212]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trisignata">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FF0EFB127E6AFB55" box="[166,294,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">C. trisignata</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</th>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFD52FB137C0BFB54" box="[762,839,1188,1213]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.41</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFC4BFB137B43FB54" box="[995,1039,1188,1213]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">1.53</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td id="232CDA79FFE626FFFB6EFB137BBEFB54" box="[1222,1266,1188,1213]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">2.15</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FFB717E56FAEB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1222,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
<tableNote id="232BB0C9FFE6D907FF3FFB717E56FAEB" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" targetBox="[166,1266,1024,1213]" targetPageId="7">*—R1 = second instar larvae/first instar larvae; R2 = third instar larvae/second instar larvae; R3 = third instar larvae/first instar larvae</tableNote>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="96D7E2CCFFE6D908FF6FFA867FA0FC6D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" type="description">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF6FFA867F85FA87" blockId="7.[151,1436,1328,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
In addition, other peculiarities can be used to identify different larval instars of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FBF9FA867B8DFAA2" box="[1105,1217,1329,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FBF9FA867B8DFAA2" box="[1105,1217,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and other Cicindelina:
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FFA2A7DF7FA33" blockId="7.[151,1436,1436,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
– no setae on AN1, PNa, and CT
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE6D907FD96FA2B7D25FA5F" box="[574,617,1436,1463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
first instar larvae; 4–6, 1–3, and 13–25 setae on AN1, PNa, and CT
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE6D907FADAFA2B7AD0FA5F" box="[1394,1436,1436,1463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
second and third instar larvae respectively;
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FFA527E94F9CB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1436,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
– only 3–4 setae on T
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE6D907FE1FFA527EACFA17" box="[439,480,1508,1535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
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|
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first instar larvae; 5–9 setae on T
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE6D907FCFCFA527C31FA17" box="[852,893,1508,1535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
second instar larvae; 6–15 setae on T
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE6D907FAB7FA527A04FA17" box="[1311,1352,1508,1535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
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|
|
second and third instar larvae;
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
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|
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FF99A7D10F983" blockId="7.[151,1436,1436,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">– LCT5 with one bristle in first instar larvae; LCT5 usually with 3–5 bristles in second instar larvae; LCT5 with 5–10 bristles in third instar larvae;</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FF9C27E6BF95B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1436,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">– LP1 with only 3 setae in first instar; LP1 usually with 5 setae in second instar; LP1 with 7 setae in third instar larvae.</paragraph>
|
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|
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF6FF9557E6AF8AA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1760,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
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|
|
Our previous research revealed, that all
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FDD2F9557DA9F913" box="[634,741,1762,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FDD2F9557DA9F913" box="[634,741,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
larvae are characterized by some specific features and they are well distinguished from other larvae the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FD07F8B27C53F8F6" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1831" box="[687,799,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FD07F8B27C53F8F6" box="[687,799,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Cylindera</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and other genera of the subtribe Cicindelina (
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BA5CCCB6FFE6D907FA83F8B37F9EF8AA" author="Putchkov, A. V." pageId="7" pageNumber="419" pagination="323 - 326" refId="ref6355" refString="Putchkov, A. V. (2001) Larvae of the beetle of Cylindera (Eugrapha) elisae Motsch., 1859 (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) and the characteristics of the larvae of the subgenus. Russian entomological journal, 10 (3), 323 - 326. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2001">Putchkov, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BA5CCCB6FFE6D907FF75F89E7E56F8AA" author="Putchkov, A. V." box="[221,282,1833,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419" pagination="47 - 87" refId="ref6450" refString="Putchkov, A. V. (2013) The tiger beetles larvae of Cicindelina subtribe (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of Palearctic region (morphology, taxonomy, key). Vestnik zoologii, 29, 47 - 87. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
).
|
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|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FF8C77A65F863" blockId="7.[151,1321,1904,1931]" box="[151,1321,1904,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">
|
|||
|
|
Thus, second and third instar larvae of the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE6D907FD16F8C67C62F862" box="[702,814,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE6D907FD16F8C67C62F862" box="[702,814,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
exhibit following combination of characters:
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FF80E7DA3F83A" blockId="7.[151,780,1976,2039]" box="[151,751,1976,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">– central spine of IH absent or very small (short);</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE6D907FF3FF86A7C40F81E" blockId="7.[151,780,1976,2039]" box="[151,780,2012,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="419">– IH very short, usually 4–5 times shorter than MH;</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFF2E7E66FF3E" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– MH slender and usually strongly curved in upper third, their tips usually reaching anterior margin of AT5 or longer;</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFF567CF2FF12" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" box="[151,958,225,251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– tergites of fifth abdominal segment always fused on inner margin;</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFEB27D91FEF6" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" box="[151,733,261,287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– sclerotized areas of abdomen slightly distinct;</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFE9E7DD5FEAA" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" box="[151,665,297,323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– EU9 always with 2 groups with 3 setae;</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFEFA7C4DFE8E" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" box="[151,769,333,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– anterior margin of PN longer than apices of PNa;</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFEC67E6BFE46" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">
|
|||
|
|
– head and PN no more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE9D908FDA2FEC67D2CFE62" box="[522,608,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
wide in second instar larvae and no more than
|
|||
|
|
<quantity id="19351CA2FFE9D908FBC5FEC67B8FFE62" box="[1133,1219,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="420" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
|
|||
|
|
wide in third instar larvae.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFE6A7EABFDF5" blockId="8.[151,1436,477,540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">
|
|||
|
|
The first instar larvae of the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE9D908FD81FE6A7DD5FE1E" box="[553,665,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE9D908FD81FE6A7DD5FE1E" box="[553,665,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
differ in having following combination of characters (in contrast to larvae of other
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE9D908FEE9FDB67EE2FDF2" authority="Putchkov & Markina & Nitochko, 2019" authorityName="Putchkov & Markina & Nitochko" authorityYear="2019" box="[321,430,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cicindela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE9D908FEE9FDB67EE2FDF2" box="[321,430,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">Cicindela</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F78AD02EFFE9D908FE1DFDB67E9BFDF5" box="[437,471,513,540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|||
|
|
):
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFDFE7C88FD6E" blockId="8.[151,1421,584,719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– AT5 of the fifth abdominal segment is more sclerotized along posterior inner margin only (as separate areas); – MH long, slightly curved, but distinctly narrowed in the upper third;</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFD267D26FD42" blockId="8.[151,1421,584,719]" box="[151,618,657,683]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– central spine of IH distinct, but short;</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF3FFD027B22FD26" blockId="8.[151,1421,584,719]" box="[151,1134,693,719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">– anterior margin of PN strongly convex, distinctly longer than cephalolateral angles;</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="DE72B147FFE9D908FF6FFD4A7FA0FC6D" blockId="8.[151,1436,765,900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">
|
|||
|
|
However, many larval characters of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE9D908FDF6FD4A7D82FCFE" box="[606,718,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="421" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE9D908FDF6FD4A7D82FCFE" box="[606,718,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, especially features of chaetotaxy, taken separately appear to be relatively similar or overlapping within the subgenus (table 3). Thus, determination of the species becomes reliable only based on a complex of features: these are given in an updated key for larvae of the subgenus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="19CDCAC4FFE9D908FB5FFCF27A2BFCB6" box="[1271,1383,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cylindera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eugrapha">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="ECB96D55FFE9D908FB5FFCF27A2BFCB6" box="[1271,1383,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="420">Eugrapha</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(see below).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|