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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204" ID-GBIF-Dataset="69e3a7a3-d279-4b63-8070-be3b1c813968" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-133" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" ID-ZooBank="24DF15ADF8A04086AD8C60AD39C8A4AA" ModsDocID="2535-0730-7-1-133" checkinTime="1683131477234" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lehmann, Ingo &amp; Dalsgaard, Thure" docDate="2023" docId="4A09F31ACC4C5B70BE14139EDB4D472D" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 7(1): 133-182" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 7 (1)" docPubDate="2023-05-03" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204" docTitle="Saalmulleria stumpffi" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" lastPageNumber="133" masterDocId="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" masterDocTitle="Revision of Saalmulleria Mabille, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Metarbelidae) from Madagascar with the description of three new genera and fifteen new species" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1683132232210" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of Saalmulleria Mabille, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Metarbelidae) from Madagascar with the description of three new genera and fifteen new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lehmann, Ingo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, ztm, Museum der Natur, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lehmannshimoni@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dalsgaard, Thure</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, ztm, Museum der Natur, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">t.dalsgaard@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-05-03</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>133</mods:start>
<mods:end>182</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0730-1-133</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">24DF15ADF8A04086AD8C60AD39C8A4AA</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A09F31ACC4C5B70BE14139EDB4D472D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A09F31ACC4C5B70BE14139EDB4D472D" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="78YL6" LSID="4A09F31A-CC4C-5B70-BE14-139EDB4D472D" authority="(Saalmueller, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Saalmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">
Saalmulleria stumpffi (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saalmüller">Saalmueller</normalizedToken>
, 1884)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. a. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., holotype, male, Madagascar, Western Region, north of Morondava, Marofandilia Forest; b. M. mineti sp. nov., paratype, male, Madagascar, Western Region, north of Morondava, western part of Marofandilia Forest; c. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., holotype, female, Madagascar, Western Region, Diego Suarez (today Antsira ṅana) or areas nearby; d. E. husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female, Madagascar, Western Region, Diego Suarez (today Antsira ṅana) or areas nearby; e. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female, Madagascar, Sambirano Region, Nosy Be Island, Lokobe; f. S. analameranaensis sp. nov., holotype, female, Madagascar, Western Region, Analamerana Forest, ca. 10 km to 40 km west of the Indian Ocean coastline; g. S. ampandrandavaensis sp. nov., holotype, female, Madagascar, Central Region, Ampandrandava, ca. 50 km northeast of Bekily." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845634" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Figs 4e</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Wing venation: a. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female; b. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., holotype, male; c. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845635" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 5c</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female postabdominal structures and male genitalia in a not pressed condition: a. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female; b. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female; c. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; d. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., paratype, male, with aedeagus below; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), &quot; Type &quot;, male, with aedeagus below (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845637" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 7b</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Female postabdominal structures of a. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female, Madagascar, Sambirano Region, Nosy Be Island, Lokobe; b. S. analameranaensis sp. nov., holotype, female, Madagascar, Western Region, Analamerana Forest, ca. 10 km to 40 km west of the Indian Ocean coastline." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845643" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 14a</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saalmuller" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Cossus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cossus stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">Cossus stumpffi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saalmüller">Saalmueller</normalizedToken>
, 1884: In:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saalmüller">Saalmueller</normalizedToken>
, M. (Ed.) Lepidopteren von Madagaskar. Neue und wenig bekannte Arten. Zumeist aus der Sammlung der
<normalizedToken originalValue="Senckenberg’schen">Senckenberg'schen</normalizedToken>
naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. Erste Abtheilung:
<taxonomicName higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Rhopalocera">Rhopalocera</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Heterocera">Heterocera</taxonomicName>
. Shinges et Bombyces.
<taxonomicName family="Cossidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="family">Cossidae</taxonomicName>
: 210-211. Original combination.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1882-02-10" collectorName="I. Lehmann" country="Madagascar" location="Female" specimenCount="one" typeStatus="Type">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A09F31ACC4C5B70BE14139EDB4D472D:7B2307C6F938D05AB93A58CB0579AA76" country="Madagascar" name="Female">Female</location>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Type”">
&quot;
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Madag.”">&quot;Madag.&quot;</normalizedToken>
[
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
],
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Loucoubé”">&quot;Loucoube&quot;</normalizedToken>
[Lokobe, Nosy Be Island, Sambirano Region], &quot;Stumpff 82&quot; [1882],
<normalizedToken originalValue="“X-II-82”">&quot;X-II-82&quot;</normalizedToken>
[on another tiny label,
<collectingDate value="1882-02-10">10th February 1882</collectingDate>
] Stumpff [Anton Stumpff from
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Nossi-Bé”">&quot;Nossi-Be&quot;</normalizedToken>
leg.;
<specimenCount type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
only,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8759" author="Saalmueller, M" editor="Saalmueller, M" journalOrPublisher="Neue und wenig bekannte Arten. Zumeist aus der Sammlung der Senckenberg'schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. Erste Abtheilung: Rhopalocera. Heterocera. Shinges et Bombyces. Cossidae" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="210 - 211" refId="B91" refString="Saalmueller, M, 1884. Cossus stumpffi n. sp. In: Saalmueller, M, Ed., Lepidopteren von Madagaskar. Neue und wenig bekannte Arten. Zumeist aus der Sammlung der Senckenberg'schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. Erste Abtheilung: Rhopalocera. Heterocera. Shinges et Bombyces. Cossidae: 210 - 211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8759" title="Cossus stumpffi n. sp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8759" volumeTitle="Lepidopteren von Madagaskar." year="1884">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saalmüller">Saalmueller</normalizedToken>
1884
</bibRefCitation>
, pp. 210-211]; genitalia slide number 20/122008
<collectorName>I. Lehmann</collectorName>
(SNMF)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Re-description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
Female
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Head</emphasis>
</emphasis>
: Unusually small, 3.0 mm in diameter; rough-scaled; long hair-like scales of light brownish-olive mixed with sepia scales on fronto-clypeus, some with a light lilac and golden glint; eyes brownish-olive with small dark olive spots; a pair of pits is entirely absent on lower fronto-clypeus, a pair of conical projections absent, pits behind labial palpi absent; lower fronto-clypeus is broad, as broad as half of eye-diameter (viewed anteriorly) and smooth, without any structures; labial palpi dark olive-buff, very short, less than half of eye diameter, narrow, consisting of three segments, all segments are of almost equal length, 1st (basal) segment is very broad, at least 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
broader than central segment, rectangular. Antennae bipectinate, narrow and long branches 3.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than width of shaft, branches are widely separated at base with 2.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width of branch, dorsal and lateral sides of branches not scaled, but with many setae in pairs ventrally and laterally, dorsal and lateral sides of flagellum scaled deep olive-buff mixed with brownish-olive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Thorax</emphasis>
: Densely covered with hair-like scales and broader scales of olive-brown with dark olive or sepia tips on patagia and on tegulae, sepia scales on tegulae with a light lilac glint; scale crest on metathorax is pronounced with long olive-brown hair-like scales with a slightly broader sepia tip. Fore and mid legs olive-brown, dorsally sepia, with long dense hair-like structures and a light lilac glint. Epiphyses present, 2.5 mm long, medium broad and flat. Hind legs with two pairs of tibial spurs, upper pair narrower and longer, up to 2.1 mm long, spurs in lower pair broader, up to 1.4 mm long, all spurs with a claw-like tip. Wingspan is 70.5 mm. Forewing length is 32.0 mm (as long as abdomen), large, broad with a rounded apex, upperside without any geometric design, deep olive-buff and towards termen with a light golden glint, a simple scale pattern is present, with a lunule-like sepia patch at center of forewing from base of M2 to base of CuA1, the patch is edged inwards by a small transparent spot, various terminal, sub-terminal and post-medial patches and bands of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saccardo’s">Saccardo's</normalizedToken>
umber, with a prominent broad V-shaped band of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saccardo’s">Saccardo's</normalizedToken>
umber from apex and costa to near end of CuA2, the latter vein is not marked in a different colour, termen with weak triangular dark olive lunules, a sepia patch is present below 30% of length of 1A+2A. Hindwing rounded but with a prominent pointed apex, termen not bent inwards, largely with short scales of deep olive-buff with a light golden glint, with a sepia patch at center of hindwing from base of M2 to base of CuA1, but the patch is not edged inwards by a small transparent spot as in forewing. Underside with scales of deep olive-buff with a light golden glint. Cilia very short for such a large species, 1.1 mm long, deep olive-buff with a glint. Forewing venation with strongly sclerotized and broad veins, 1A+2A deeply forked at base, fork is 25% the length of 1A+2A; CuP absent, but represented by a fold, slightly sclerotized on first 2/3 of its length; CuA2 originating from near hind margin of posterior cell; CuA1, M3 and M2 separated and initiating from apical angle of posterior cell; M1 originating from distal margin of median cell and is broadly separated from its anterior angle; areole absent; R1+R2 originating from a long stalk (the stalk has the length of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
40% of R3) and initiating from near anterior angle of median cell; R3+R4+R5 are long stalked and originating from anterior angle of median cell, the basal point of this stalk is exactly opposite of the basal point of the stalk of R1+R2; Sc more or less parallel to R1. Hindwing venation with three anal veins, 3A present, 1A+2A present with a well sclerotized fork at base, CuP present and well sclerotized; CuA2 originating from near hind margin of posterior cell; CuA1, M3 and M2 originating from apical angle of posterior cell, separated, M2 has a tiny fork at base; M1 and Rs originating from anterior cell, broadly separated, with M1 at center of distal margin of anterior cell; a short bar from Rs to Sc+R1 is weak, a strongly sclerotized vein in discocellular cell on both fore- and hindwing is present and long forked distally in forewing (a very rare character in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Metarbelidae</taxonomicName>
). The discocellular cell on forewing and hindwing is small, only
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
15% of wing size. The discocellular cell on the hindwing is similar in shape like a fish-tail, with the upper and lower tip in opposite position, and the upper tip is strongly pointed and bent. Fringe scales short if compared to the large hindwing size, 2.0 mm long, deep olive-buff with a glint. Retinaculum and frenulum absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Very long with 32.0 mm in length and very broad at center with 9.0 mm, with hair-like scales of deep olive-buff, some with chestnut tips, and a strong light golden glint, upper part of abdomen broadly sepia, end of abdomen broadly sepia, abdominal tuft short with 5.0 mm length, sepia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
Female postabdominal structure with very large, pear-shaped lobes of papillae anales in horizontal position, one lobe 50% the size of papillae anales, lobes ventrally with long setae and few long setae along the edge, each lobe with a long and deep oblique graben-like structure that has no setae at center; papillae anales covered with many short and many long setae. Segment 8 represents a medium broad rectangular sclerotized band, more narrow ventrally, setose along its posterior margin with long setae but without any setae on dorsal part of posterior margin and on segment 8, a very narrow band is attached ventrally extending to the base of anterior apophysis, where the band is weakly attached and has a very broad rectangular-shaped base that fits like a segment into segment 8 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female postabdominal structures and male genitalia in a not pressed condition: a. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female; b. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), &quot; Type &quot;, female; c. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; d. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., paratype, male, with aedeagus below; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), &quot; Type &quot;, male, with aedeagus below (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845637" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">7b</figureCitation>
, only visible in fresh preparations); anterior apophysis slightly bent downwards, 3.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as segment 8 dorsally, on basal half of length 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as broad as at tip, within the first 30% of their length strongly knee-like shaped, on almost the whole length with a deep horizontal graben-like structure; posterior apophysis narrow but with four times broader base, 50% the length of anterior apophysis, with large sclerotized base that is 40% the size of papillae anales in lateral view, posterior apophysis equal in length of dorsal part of segment 8; ductus bursae and corpus bursae are unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Male</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Saalmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria stumpffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has by far the largest wing size in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Metarbelidae</taxonomicName>
worldwide and its small transparent spot in the forewing near base of M2 to base of CuA1 distinguishes it from all other species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The size of one lobe of the papillae anales is 50% of the size of the whole papillae anales and is at present the largest among
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Metarbelidae</taxonomicName>
. Remarkable differences to the other species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprise also the very long setae along the posterior margin of segment 8 that are absent from its dorsal part, the strongly knee-like shape of the anterior apophyses present on 30% of their length and the very large sclerotized base of posterior apophysis that is 40% the size of the papillae anales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Saalmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria stumpffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from Lokobe, including the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
Naturelle de Lokobe (740 hectare in size), located on the southeastern part of the small island of Nosy Be (320 km2 in size)
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
14 km off the northwestern coast of the main island of Madagascar. The whole area belongs to the &quot;Sambirano Region&quot; and to the &quot;Madagascar Subhumid Forests&quot; ecoregion.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Saalmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria stumpffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is classified herein as an endemic species to the &quot;Sambirano Region&quot; and might be restricted today to Nosy Be Island and scattered forest areas nearby located on the &quot;main island&quot; of northern Madagascar. Nosy Be Island has an altitude range of 5-419 m, average annual rainfall is among the highest along the west coast of Madagascar ranging from 2000-2356 mm at Lokobe, with highest rainfall in November-April (
<bibRefCitation author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="Unesco, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B104" refString="White, F, 1983. The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX. Unesco, Paris" title="The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco / AETFAT / UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX." year="1983">White 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276" author="Hijmans, R J" journalOrPublisher="International Journal for Climatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="1965 - 1978" refId="B32" refString="Hijmans, R J, Cameron, SE, Parra, JL, Jones, PG, Jarvis, A, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal for Climatology 25 (15): 1965 - 1978, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276" title="Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276" volume="25" year="2005">Hijmans et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" author="Reinhardt, AL" journalOrPublisher="Primate Report, 46 - 1, Special Issue, Berne" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B87" refString="Reinhardt, AL, Kasper, T, Lochner, M, Bliedtner, M, Krahn, KJ, Haberzettl, T, Shumilovskikh, L, Rahobisoa, J-J, Zech, R, Favier, C, Behling, H, Bremond, L, Daut, G, Montade, V, 2022. Rain forest fragmentation and environmental dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP is attributable to intensified human impact. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 783770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" title="Rain forest fragmentation and environmental dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP is attributable to intensified human impact. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 783770." url="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" year="2022">Reinhardt et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Prior to 1300 BP, Nosy Be Island was largely covered by lowland rain forest comprising also genera such as
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" genus="Podocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Podocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Hér">L'Her</normalizedToken>
. ex Pers., but became increasingly a mosaic of grassland, bushland and forest until present due to human activities including the use of fire to destroy forests for agriculture (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" author="Reinhardt, AL" journalOrPublisher="Primate Report, 46 - 1, Special Issue, Berne" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B87" refString="Reinhardt, AL, Kasper, T, Lochner, M, Bliedtner, M, Krahn, KJ, Haberzettl, T, Shumilovskikh, L, Rahobisoa, J-J, Zech, R, Favier, C, Behling, H, Bremond, L, Daut, G, Montade, V, 2022. Rain forest fragmentation and environmental dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP is attributable to intensified human impact. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 783770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" title="Rain forest fragmentation and environmental dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP is attributable to intensified human impact. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 783770." url="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.783770" year="2022">Reinhardt et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). The Lokobe forest comprises
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
tree species such as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Parkia madagascariensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Parkia madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Viguier (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Adenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adenanthera pavonina" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pavonina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Adenanthera pavonina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cordyla" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cordyla madagascariensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Cordyla madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R. Vig. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</taxonomicName>
); other tree species include,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Croton</taxonomicName>
loucoubensis
</emphasis>
Baill. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Macphersonia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Macphersonia madagascariensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Macphersonia madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Blume (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
), the extremely rare
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pandanus androcephalanthos" order="Pandanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="androcephalanthos">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Pandanus androcephalanthos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Martelli (
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pandanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Sorindeia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sorindeia madagascariensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Sorindeia madagascariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thouars (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Du Petit-Thouars" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
), one species of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Monimiaceae" genus="Tambourissa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tambourissa" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Tambourissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sonn. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Monimiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Laurales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Monimiaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Trilepisium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trilepisium madagascariense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Trilepisium madagascariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Du Petit-Thouars" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00201.x" author="Birkinshaw, C" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="478 - 486" refId="B5" refString="Birkinshaw, C, 2001. Fruit characteristics of species dispersed by the Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco) in the Lokobe Forest, Madagascar. Biotropica 33 (3): 478 - 486, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00201.x" title="Fruit characteristics of species dispersed by the Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco) in the Lokobe Forest, Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00201.x" volume="33" year="2001">Birkinshaw 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.90.20586" author="Berry, PE" journalOrPublisher="Phytokeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 87" refId="B4" refString="Berry, PE, Kainulainen, K, van Ee, BW, 2017. A Nomenclator of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Madagascar, the Comoros Archipelago, and the Mascarene Islands. Phytokeys 90: 1 - 87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.90.20586" title="A Nomenclator of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Madagascar, the Comoros Archipelago, and the Mascarene Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.90.20586" volume="90" year="2017">Berry et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Pierre Viette took one of the possibly oldest pictures published of this forest in November 1958 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Viette, P" journalOrPublisher="1, annee 1962" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B99" refString="Viette, P, 1962. Noctuelles Trifides de Madagascar, Ecologie, Biogeographie, Morphologie et Taxonomie (Lep.). Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de L'Universite de Nancy. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, tome 131, fasc. 1, annee 1962" title="Noctuelles Trifides de Madagascar, Ecologie, Biogeographie, Morphologie et Taxonomie (Lep.). Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de L'Universite de Nancy. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, tome 131, fasc." year="1962">Viette 1962</bibRefCitation>
, plate III, fig. 6).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="biological traits">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Biological traits.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
The biology of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Saalmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" genus="Saalmulleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saalmulleria stumpffi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stumpffi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Saalmulleria stumpffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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