treatments-xml/data/03/BC/87/03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329709" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2de37bc1-3782-435b-b655-0f9d77f7afe9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193873955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329709" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1646409764810" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Tepe, EJ &amp; Bohs, L" docDate="2011" docId="03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4" docLanguage="en" docName="SystBot.36.4.1068-1087.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Systematic Botany 36 (4)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074" docTitle="Solanum trifolium Dunal" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1085" masterDocId="FF85FFBDFFE08230FFFDFFB45C5B9424" masterDocTitle="A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum" masterLastPageNumber="1087" masterPageNumber="1068" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" updateTime="1646746551081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tepe, EJ</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, 257 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A.; Department of Biological Sciences, 614 Rieveschl Hall, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">eric.tepe@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bohs, L</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, 257 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Systematic Botany</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2011-12-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>36</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1068</mods:start>
<mods:end>1087</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1600/036364411X605074</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">2de37bc1-3782-435b-b655-0f9d77f7afe9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6327846</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329709" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193873955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329709" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1085" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">
<paragraph blockId="17.[824,1478,159,2003]" box="[824,1447,1034,1057]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">
<subSubSection box="[824,1150,1034,1056]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" type="nomenclature">
10. 
<taxonomicName authority="Dunalin" authorityName="Dunal" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[859,1150,1034,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
SOLANUM TRIFOLIUM 
<subSubSection box="[1154,1443,1034,1057]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" type="reference_group">
Dunalin 
<treatmentCitation author="Dunal" box="[1180,1443,1034,1057]" page="68" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" year="1852">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M. F." box="[1180,1443,1034,1057]" editor="A. P. de Candolle." journalOrPublisher="Paris: Victoris Masson" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" pagination="1 - 690" refId="ref28317" refString="Dunal, M. F. 1852. Solanaceae. Pp. 1 - 690 in Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis vol. 13 (1), ed. A. P. de Candolle. Paris: Victoris Masson." title="Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis vol. 13 (1)" year="1852">DC. Prodr. 13(1): 68. 1852</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</subSubSection>
</taxonomicName>
</subSubSection>
.
</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="17.[824,1478,159,2003]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">
— TYPE: 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3698005301" collectionCode="G" collectorName="H. Ruiz &amp; J. Pavon" country="Ecuador" location="In Peruviae provincia Huyaquil" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" specimenCode="G-G00080145" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry box="[950,1076,1064,1085]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. “ 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4:8ECA6008FFF18221FBB3FB9C59EA901A" box="[1102,1457,1064,1086]" country="Ecuador" name="In Peruviae provincia Huyaquil" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">In Peruviae provinciâ Huyaquil</location>
,” 1804 (fl), 
<emphasis box="[969,1207,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">
<collectorName box="[969,1159,1094,1115]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">H. Ruiz &amp; J. Pavón</collectorName>
s. n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus box="[1220,1318,1093,1115]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode box="[1327,1472,1093,1115]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">G–G00080145</specimenCode>
[scan!]; photos of holotype [F neg. 8591]: F–651206!, MO–1691471!, NY!;
</materialsCitation>
isotypes: MA–747193!; possible isotype: G-DC–G00144594 [scan!]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1085" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="17.[824,1478,159,2003]" lastBlockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1085" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084">
Herbaceous vine, terrestrial. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent with trichomes 
<quantity box="[1034,1152,1248,1270]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 mm</quantity>
long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves 3-pinnate, the blades 1–5 × 
<quantity box="[1244,1337,1277,1299]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="1.0">1–6.5 cm</quantity>
, chartaceous to slightly fleshy, pubescent adaxially with widely scattered, wide-diameter trichomes ca. 
<quantity box="[1139,1202,1336,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, the pubescence on veins adaxially of slender trichomes like those of the stem, the pubescence more dense abaxially and of slender (typical) trichomes, the margins entire, ciliate with short, fine hairs, the rachis with short, dense pubescence with trichomes like those of the stems; lateral leaflets 0.4–3 × 
<quantity box="[1221,1318,1483,1504]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="1.7" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.4">0.4–3 cm</quantity>
, rounded, the base oblique, rounded to cuneate, the apex rounded to truncate, minutely apiculate, the petiolules 
<quantity box="[1252,1341,1541,1563]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
, with short, dense pubescence; apical leaflet 0.6–3.5 × 
<quantity box="[1269,1364,1570,1592]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="2.3" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.6">0.6–4 cm</quantity>
, rounded, the base cuneate, the apex rounded to truncate to emarginate, minutely apiculate, the petiolule 
<quantity box="[1183,1272,1629,1651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
, with short, dense pubescence; petioles 
<quantity box="[1063,1195,1658,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="7.0" valueMax="13.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–13.5 cm</quantity>
, sparsely to moderately sand-punctate, with short, dense pubescence. Internodes 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="5.75" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5– 10 cm</quantity>
. Inflorescences 
<quantity box="[1059,1210,1717,1739]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–6 cmlong</quantity>
, unbranched, extra-axillary, with 2–3 flowers, the axes sparsely pubescent; peduncle 
<quantity box="[824,902,1776,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
, slender; rachis 
<quantity box="[1077,1172,1776,1798]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–4 cm</quantity>
; pedicels 
<quantity box="[1279,1389,1776,1798]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="15.0">15–60 mm</quantity>
in fruit and flower, slender, sparsely pubescent, spaced 
<quantity box="[1369,1472,1805,1827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">5–15 mm</quantity>
apart. Calyx 
<quantity box="[961,1084,1834,1856]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
, the tube 
<quantity box="[1189,1310,1834,1856]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
long, the lobes 1–1.2 × ca. 
<quantity box="[948,1013,1864,1885]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, deltoid, acute at tips, sparsely pubescent abaxially with short, slender hairs, more densely pubescent adaxially; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes ca. 2 × 
<quantity box="[900,964,1952,1973]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
. Corolla ca. 
<quantity box="[1096,1297,1952,1974]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cmindiameter</quantity>
, 
<quantity box="[1308,1411,1952,1974]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="7.75" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.5">7.5–8 mm</quantity>
long, rotate, violet, the tube 
<quantity box="[1075,1164,1981,2003]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 mm</quantity>
, the lobes ca. 2.5 × 
<quantity box="[1384,1468,1981,2003]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="1084" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
, acuminate at tips, glabrous abaxially, pubescent adaxially near the tips, the margins ciliate near the tips. Stamens with filaments 
<quantity box="[269,378,219,240]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.0">1–1.2 mm</quantity>
, glabrous; anthers 1–1.8 × ca. 
<quantity box="[719,805,219,240]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
. Ovary glabrous; style 3–3.5 × ca. 
<quantity box="[517,611,248,270]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
, clavate, papillose in middle; stigma capitate. Fruits 0.8–1 × 
<quantity box="[612,726,278,299]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 cm</quantity>
, ovoiddeltoid, flattened, pointed at apex, the color unknown, glabrous. Seeds ca. 
<quantity box="[341,403,336,358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter, lenticular, the color and surface unknown. 
<figureCitation box="[357,465,365,387]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[184,220,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[160,1504,158,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-10@2.[160,1504,158,1791]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG.1. Flowers fruits, and habit of Solanum sect. Herpystichum: A. Solanum limoncochaense, habit, flower, and bud. B. S. limoncochaense fruit in situ and C. in cross section (E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2627, QCNE). D. S. trifolium flower and leaf (E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2682, QCNE). E. S. phaseoloides habit, flower, and leaf (photo by W. H. Haber). F. S. crassinervium habit (E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2729, QCNE), and G. flowers (S. Stern &amp; E. J. Tepe 400, QCNE). H. S. evolvulifolium habit and flower, and I. fruit (immature) (E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2671, QCNE). J. S. pacificum inflorescence with flowers, buds, and fruit (immature), and K. habit (E. J. Tepe et al. 2696, QCNE). L. S. loxophyllum habit, note adventitious roots at nodes, and M. older stem with inflorescences, note figure eightshaped stem (E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2726, QCNE). Inflorescences emerge from the cleft between the two lobes of the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327848/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis box="[184,677,394,416]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,491,394,416]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Habitat and Distribution—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[491,677,395,416]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">Solanum trifolium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is endemic to 
<collectingCountry box="[191,280,424,446]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and is only known from the western slopes of the Andes in 
<collectingRegion box="[316,500,453,475]" country="Ecuador" name="Bolivar" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Bolívar Province</collectingRegion>
; 
<quantity box="[515,667,453,475]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2800.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="2600.0">
<geoCoordinate box="[515,569,453,475]" degrees="2,600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="2.6">2,600</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[569,635,453,475]" degrees="3,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="-3.0">–3,000</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
in elevation (
<figureCitation box="[167,231,483,505]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[152,188,904,923]" captionTargetBox="[128,776,158,879]" captionTargetId="figure-1216@17.[128,776,158,879]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG.9. Distribution of Solanum phaseoloides and S. trifolium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327864/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,322,512,534]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Phenology—</emphasis>
Flowering specimens have been collected in Feb., May, and Sept. to Nov. Fruiting specimens have been collected in Feb.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,429,600,621]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Conservation Status—</emphasis>
According to the IUCN red list categories (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[252,377,630,652]" firstAuthor="IUCN" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" publicationUrl="fromhttp://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf." refId="ref28409" refString="IUCN. 2010. Guidelines for Using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 8. 0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010. Downloadable fromhttp: // intranet. iucn. org / webfiles / doc / SSC / RedList / RedListGuidelines. pdf." title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 8. 0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010" type="book" year="2010">IUCN 2010</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[396,511,629,651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis box="[396,511,629,651]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">S. trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is classified as D2 (vulnerable). The nine known collections of this species are from two to three closely clustered localities within a narrow elevational band (
<quantity box="[324,476,717,739]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2750.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="2500.0">
<geoCoordinate box="[324,379,717,739]" degrees="2,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="2.5">2,500</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[378,445,717,739]" degrees="3,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="-3.0">–3,000</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
) between San José de Chimbo and Chillanes, 
<collectingRegion box="[326,508,747,769]" country="Ecuador" name="Bolivar" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Bolívar Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[522,612,747,769]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[625,808,747,768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis box="[625,808,747,768]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Solanum trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be well suited to the disturbed habitats in the area, and has been collected in disturbed forest fragments, along roadsides, and in cow pastures. Nevertheless, it seems prudent to list it as vulnerable, because of the extremely narrow distribution of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,325,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Etymology—</emphasis>
The epithet 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[467,554,923,944]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis box="[467,554,923,944]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the 3-foliate compound leaves, and their striking similarity in size and shape to the leaves of some species in the genus 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[717,808,981,1002]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis box="[717,808,981,1002]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindley &amp; John" authorityYear="1830" box="[194,295,1011,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis box="[184,453,1040,1061]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,271,1040,1061]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Notes—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[271,453,1040,1061]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">Solanum trifolium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, a ground-trailing species, is the only species in sect. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bitter" box="[374,513,1069,1090]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1086" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Herpystichum">
<emphasis box="[374,513,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Herpystichum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with compound leaves and rotate flowers. The other two species with compound leaves, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bitter" box="[160,321,1128,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentaphyllum">
<emphasis box="[160,321,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">S. pentaphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[373,518,1128,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phaseoloides">
<emphasis box="[373,518,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">S. phaseoloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both have stellate flowers, and the only other species with rotate or rotate-stellate flowers is 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="2011" box="[220,386,1187,1208]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dalibardiforme">
<emphasis box="[220,386,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">S. dalibardiforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has simple leaves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal's" box="[184,339,1216,1238]" editor="A. P. de Candolle." firstAuthor="Dunal's" journalOrPublisher="Paris: Victoris Masson" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" pagination="1 - 690" refId="ref28317" refString="Dunal, M. F. 1852. Solanaceae. Pp. 1 - 690 in Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis vol. 13 (1), ed. A. P. de Candolle. Paris: Victoris Masson." title="Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis vol. 13 (1)" year="1852">Dunal’s (1852)</bibRefCitation>
protologue lists a specimen in “h. Lambert et Boiss.”, and the Boissier herbarium is now held at G. A specimen at G-BOIS is labeled “ 
<taxonomicName authority="Dun." authorityName="Dun." baseAuthorityName="Dunal" box="[495,737,1275,1296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis box="[495,675,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Solanum trifolium</emphasis>
Dun.
</taxonomicName>
! in DC Prodr.” in Dunal’s hand, and this is interpreted as the 
<typeStatus pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">holotype</typeStatus>
. Apresumed duplicate of this collection exists at MA, but does not have Dunal’s annotation. It is interpreted as an isotype. Both specimens have “Fl. H. no. 449” on the labels, which has been interpreted by some as a collection number; however, the number refers to description No. 
<quantity box="[722,788,1451,1473]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14046" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="in" value="449.0">449 in</quantity>
a manuscript by J. A. Manzanilla (of 
<taxonomicName box="[549,668,1480,1502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ternatum">
<emphasis box="[549,668,1480,1502]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">S. ternatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the original determination of Ruiz and Pavón’s collection), which has only recently been published in Tafalla’s 
<emphasis box="[599,808,1539,1560]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Flora Huayaquilensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Tafalla and Estrella" box="[167,432,1568,1590]" firstAuthor="Tafalla" journalOrPublisher="Madrid: Matritii ICONA Real Jardin Botanico" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" refId="ref29063" refString="Tafalla, J. J. and E. Estrella. 1989. Flora Huayaquilensis: sive descriptiones et icones plantarum Huayaquilensium secundum systema Linnaeanum digestae, vol. 1. Madrid: Matritii ICONA Real Jardin Botanico." title="Flora Huayaquilensis: sive descriptiones et icones plantarum Huayaquilensium secundum systema Linnaeanum digestae, vol. 1." type="book" year="1989">Tafalla and Estrella 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Another possible isotype exists at G. This sterile specimen was found in the DC herbarium, but with no associated collection information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="18.[160,814,160,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,517,1653,1673]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">Additional Specimens Examined—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[517,622,1653,1672]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. Bolívar: Chillanes, Urcu-corral, 
<quantity box="[277,406,1677,1696]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2800.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="2600.0">
<geoCoordinate box="[277,322,1677,1696]" degrees="2,600" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="2.6">2,600</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[322,378,1677,1696]" degrees="3,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="55" value="-3.0">–3,000</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
, 
<date box="[420,529,1677,1696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" value="1943-11-03">3 Nov 1943</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis box="[580,768,1677,1696]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">M. Acosta Solís 6594</emphasis>
(F); Road Chimbo-Babahoyo, 
<quantity box="[392,448,1701,1720]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
from Chimbo, 
<geoCoordinate box="[588,642,1701,1720]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="925" value="-1.7166667">1°43’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[649,723,1701,1720]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="925" value="-79.1">79°06’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[733,804,1701,1720]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2800.0">2,800 m</quantity>
, 
<date box="[160,259,1725,1744]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" value="1983-11-03">3 Nov 1983</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis box="[300,495,1725,1744]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">B. Boysen Larsen 45527</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[506,556,1725,1744]" country="Ethiopia" name="Addis Ababa University, Department of Biology" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">AAU</collectionCode>
); Chillanes, Crecit in lugares sombríos silvestres interandinos pueblo Atenas et Chillanes, 
<date box="[727,808,1749,1768]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" value="1881-09">Sep 1881</date>
(infl), 
<emphasis box="[218,341,1773,1792]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">L. Sodiro /121</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[356,410,1773,1792]" country="Ecuador" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12658" name="Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Aurelio Espinosa Pólit" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">QPLS</collectionCode>
); Crecit in silvis inter Atenas et Chillanes, Prov. Riobamba, 1881 (infl), 
<emphasis box="[412,486,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">L. Sodiro</emphasis>
336 
<emphasis box="[521,546,1797,1816]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">/11</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[558,612,1797,1816]" country="Ecuador" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12658" name="Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Aurelio Espinosa Pólit" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">QPLS</collectionCode>
); in Quebrada Lanszi, ca. 
<quantity box="[192,240,1821,1840]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
Eof rd from La Magdalena to Balsapamba, 
<geoCoordinate box="[659,723,1821,1840]" degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="925" value="-1.65">01°39’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[731,805,1821,1840]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="925" value="-79.1">79°06’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[160,232,1845,1864]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2820.0">2,820 m</quantity>
, 
<date box="[245,362,1845,1864]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" value="1991-05-12">12 May 1991</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis box="[409,636,1845,1864]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">D. M. Spooner et al. 5073</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[650,683,1845,1864]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
); in Andibus, 1857 (fl, fr), 
<emphasis box="[267,393,1869,1888]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">R. Spruce 5535</emphasis>
(C, E, G, GH, GOET, P, NY, S, 
<collectionCode box="[665,687,1869,1888]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
); Magdalena- Balzapamba road, ca. 
<quantity box="[372,421,1893,1912]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
<collectionCode box="[431,479,1893,1912]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">Wof</collectionCode>
Magdalena, 
<geoCoordinate box="[605,691,1892,1912]" degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-1.6766667">1°40′36”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[701,807,1892,1912]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-79.104164">79°06′15″W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[160,231,1917,1936]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" unit="m" value="2800.0">2,800 m</quantity>
, 
<date box="[242,339,1917,1936]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" value="2009-02-02">2 Feb 2009</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis box="[412,636,1917,1936]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">E. J. Tepe &amp; S. Stern 2684</emphasis>
(MU, QCNE, 
<collectionCode box="[769,799,1917,1936]" country="Iran" name="University of Tehran" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">UT</collectionCode>
); Rivulet NE of Chillanes, 2,500, Sep-Oct 1995 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085">M. Weigend &amp; S. Horn 3820</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[212,265,1965,1984]" country="Ecuador" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15650" name="Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="1085" type="Herbarium">QCA</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>