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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e036b25d-83e3-4247-9c3b-41ad2a84b72a" ID-PMC="PMC9043006" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1097-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6593D2730A295F46B63A738B12E43A22" ID-PubMed="35837583" ID-ZooBank="66F17436DF364FFDB2D3021F14D40D62" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1097-1" checkinTime="1650371395093" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Antic, Dragan, Vagalinski, Boyan, Stoev, Pavel &amp; Akkari, Nesrine" docDate="2022" docId="D6426609EF945B1EB52AC6D2B943481A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1097: 1-46" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1097" docPubDate="2022-04-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916" docTitle="Balkanodesminus bulgaricus gen. nov., comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="6593D2730A295F46B63A738B12E43A22" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="6593D2730A295F46B63A738B12E43A22" masterDocTitle="A review of the cavernicolous Trichopolydesmidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and the Rhodope Mountains, with descriptions of two new genera and three new species" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151688527" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A review of the cavernicolous Trichopolydesmidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and the Rhodope Mountains, with descriptions of two new genera and three new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Antic, Dragan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1231-4213</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia &amp; Serbian Biospeleological Society, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">dragan.antic@bio.bg.ac.rs</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vagalinski, Boyan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Yurii Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Stoev, Pavel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5677</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd. 1, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria &amp; Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Akkari, Nesrine</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-4833</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>3</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-04-19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1097</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>46</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1097-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">66F17436DF364FFDB2D3021F14D40D62</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6593D2730A295F46B63A738B12E43A22</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194660821" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6426609EF945B1EB52AC6D2B943481A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6426609EF945B1EB52AC6D2B943481A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="D6426609-EF94-5B1E-B52A-C6D2B943481A" authority="(Strasser, 1962) gen. nov., comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmus" authorityName="gen. nov., comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmus" baseAuthorityName="Strasser" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Balkanodesminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Balkanodesminus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">Balkanodesminus bulgaricus (Strasser, 1962) gen. nov., comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Balkanodesminus bulgaricus (Strasser, 1962) gen. nov., comb. nov., ♂ from Ponora Cave, Bulgaria, left gonopod (NMNHS- 10813) A, B mesal views C antero-distal view D distal view E lateral view F anterior view. Abbreviations: a acropodite, ca cannula, cx coxa, dp distal projection of solenophore, dsp distal solenomeral process, ll lamella of solenophore, pf prefemorite, s solenomere, sb solenomeral branch, sf seminal fossa, sg seminal groove, sph solenophore. Scale bars: 0.02 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/674284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Gonopods of cavernicolous Trichopolydesmidae from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and Rhodopes A-C Bacillidesmus filiformis (Latzel, 1884) lectotype ♂ (NHWM MY 3754) A after Attems (1898) B? left gonopod,? mesal view, after Attems (1940) C? left gonopod,? mesal view, present study D Banatodesmus jeanneli (Tabacaru, 1980) syntype ♂, right gonopod, mesal view, after Tabacaru (1980) E, F Napocodesmus florentzae Tabacaru, 1975 holotype ♂, right gonopod, mesal and anterior views, respectively, after Tabacaru (1975) G, H Trichopolydesmus eremitis Verhoeff, 1898 ♂ from Closani cave, right gonopod, antero-mesal and mesal views, respectively, after Ceuca (1958) I Balkanodesminus bulgaricus (Strasser, 1962) gen. nov., comb. nov. ♂ from Ponora Cave (NMNHS- 10813), left gonopod, mesal view J Balkanodesminus serbicus gen. nov. et sp. nov. paratype ♂ (NHMW MY 10263), left gonopod, mesal view K Rhodopodesmus niveus gen. nov. et sp. nov. holotype ♂ (NMNHS- 10823), left gonopod, mesal view L Balkanodesminus dentatus (Strasser, 1966 a) gen. nov., comb. nov., stat. nov. syntype ♂, right gonopod, mesal view, after Strasser (1966 a) M Balkanodesminus dentatoides gen. nov. et sp. nov. paratype ♂ (NHMW MY 10258), right gonopod, mesal view N Balkanodesminus dentatoides gen. nov. et sp. nov. ♂ from Sopotska Cave (NHMW MY 10267), left gonopod, mesal view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/674295" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 17I</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of cavernicolous Trichopolydesmidae from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and the Rhodope Mountains." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/674296" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 18</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1898" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bacillidesmus</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</taxonomicName>
Strasser, 1962: 443, figs 7-10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="bulgaricus" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus subsp. bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="bulgaricus" subSpecies="bulgaricus">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus bulgaricus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 385" refId="B54" refString="Strasser, K, 1966a. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 23 (12): 325 - 385" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens." volume="23" year="1966 a">Strasser 1966a</bibRefCitation>
: 341, figs 13-15;
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="411 - 470" refId="B56" refString="Strasser, K, 1973. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III. Annales Zoologici 30 (15): 411 - 470" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III." volume="30" year="1973">Strasser 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 419;
<bibRefCitation author="Stoev, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="145 - 154" refId="B50" refString="Stoev, P, 2004. New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 56 (2): 145 - 154" title="New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)." volume="56" year="2004">Stoev 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 149;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" author="Stoev, P" editor="Fet, V" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 82. Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer, Dordrecht" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="379 - 404" refId="B51" refString="Stoev, P, 2007. Fauna and zoogeography of Myriapoda in Bulgaria. In: Fet, V, Popov, A, Eds., Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 82. Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer, Dordrecht: 379 - 404, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" title="Fauna and zoogeography of Myriapoda in Bulgaria." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" volumeTitle="Monographiae Biologicae." year="2007">Stoev 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 384;
<bibRefCitation author="Beron, P" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B10" refString="Beron, P, 2015. Cave Fauna of Bulgaria. East-West and National Museum of Natural History Publishers, 434 pp." title="Cave Fauna of Bulgaria. East-West and National Museum of Natural History Publishers, 434 pp." year="2015">Beron 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 80, 410;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" author="Bachvarova, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="507 - 526" refId="B9" refString="Bachvarova, D, Vagalinski, B, Doichinov, A, Stoev, P, 2017. New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods. Zootaxa 4263 (3): 507 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" title="New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" volume="4263" year="2017">Bachvarova et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 521.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation author="Ceuca, T" journalOrPublisher="Seria Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Ceuca, T, 1992. Quelques aspects sur la faunistique, l'ecologie et la zoogeographie des diplopodes de la Region Balkanique. Bericht des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, Supplementum, 411-429." title="Quelques aspects sur la faunistique, l'ecologie et la zoogeographie des diplopodes de la Region Balkanique. Bericht des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, Supplementum, 411 - 429." year="1992">Ceuca 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 416;
<bibRefCitation author="Kime, RD" journalOrPublisher="Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B35" refString="Kime, RD, Enghoff, H, 2011. Atlas of European millipedes (Class Diplopoda). Vol. 1. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow" title="Atlas of European millipedes (Class Diplopoda). Vol. 1." year="2011">Kime and Enghoff 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 71, 262.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. nov. et" authorityYear="2022" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Balkanodesminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Balkanodesminus dentatoides" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Balkanodesminus dentatoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. et sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. dentatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov., comb. nov., stat. nov. by the presence of longer (vs. shorter) metatergal setae and their smaller (vs. greater) number of rows, as well as by the presence of more simplified gonopods, with uniramous (vs. biramous) distal solenomeral process, and smaller and smooth (vs. larger and denticulated) lamella of solenophore. From
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. serbicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="serbicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. serbicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. et sp. nov., with which it shares similar habitus and similar gonopods, it differs by the presence of larger (vs. smaller) lamella of solenophore, slender, almost straight (vs. more robust and sigmoid) distal projection of solenophore, distal projection without (vs. with) basal lobe and slenderer (vs. stouter) solenomere and distal solenomeral process, where the solenomere exceeds the distal solenomeral process by
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
(vs.
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
) of its length.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/674284" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="gen. nov., comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmus" baseAuthorityName="Strasser" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Balkanodesminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Balkanodesminus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Balkanodesminus bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Strasser, 1962) gen. nov., comb. nov., ♂ from Ponora Cave, Bulgaria, left gonopod (NMNHS-10813)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
mesal views
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
antero-distal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
distal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
anterior view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
acropodite,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ca</emphasis>
cannula,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cx</emphasis>
coxa,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dp</emphasis>
distal projection of solenophore,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dsp</emphasis>
distal solenomeral process,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ll</emphasis>
lamella of solenophore,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pf</emphasis>
prefemorite,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">s</emphasis>
solenomere,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sb</emphasis>
solenomeral branch,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sf</emphasis>
seminal fossa,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
seminal groove,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sph</emphasis>
solenophore. Scale bars: 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1998-01-27" collectorName="B. Petrov, T. Ivanova." country="Bulgaria" location="Ponora Cave" municipality="Chiren" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Vratsa District">
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">6 ♀♀</specimenCount>
(NMNHS-10813),
<collectingCountry name="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion country="Bulgaria" name="Vratsa">Vratsa District</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Chiren</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6426609EF945B1EB52AC6D2B943481A:83E92CF0789F6E88859A8A3BCEF7B2B0" country="Bulgaria" municipality="Chiren" name="Ponora Cave" stateProvince="Vratsa District">Ponora Cave</location>
, clay,
<collectingDate value="1998-01-27">27.I.1998</collectingDate>
, leg.
<collectorName>B. Petrov</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>T. Ivanova.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species shows a somewhat scattered distribution (see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of cavernicolous Trichopolydesmidae from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and the Rhodope Mountains." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1097.83916.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/674296" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18</figureCitation>
). It is present in caves starting from Vidin Municipality, through Chuprene and Chiprovtsi municipalities all the way to Vratsa municipality. These are Varkan Cave, Vidin Municipality (
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="411 - 470" refId="B56" refString="Strasser, K, 1973. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III. Annales Zoologici 30 (15): 411 - 470" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III." volume="30" year="1973">Strasser 1973</bibRefCitation>
), Desni suhi pech Cave, Chuprene Municipality (
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="411 - 470" refId="B56" refString="Strasser, K, 1973. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III. Annales Zoologici 30 (15): 411 - 470" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens, III." volume="30" year="1973">Strasser 1973</bibRefCitation>
), Mishin kamik Cave (type locality) and Vreloto v seloto Cave, both Chiprovtsi Municipality (
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Biologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="437 - 470" refId="B53" refString="Strasser, K, 1962. Diplopoden aus Bulgarien und Jugoslawien. Senckenbergiana Biologica 43 (6): 437 - 470" title="Diplopoden aus Bulgarien und Jugoslawien." volume="43" year="1962">Strasser 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 385" refId="B54" refString="Strasser, K, 1966a. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 23 (12): 325 - 385" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens." volume="23" year="1966 a">1966a</bibRefCitation>
), as well as Mladenovata peshtera Cave and Ponora Cave, Vratsa Municipality (
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 385" refId="B54" refString="Strasser, K, 1966a. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 23 (12): 325 - 385" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens." volume="23" year="1966 a">Strasser 1966a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Stoev, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="145 - 154" refId="B50" refString="Stoev, P, 2004. New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 56 (2): 145 - 154" title="New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)." volume="56" year="2004">Stoev 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana Biologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="437 - 470" refId="B53" refString="Strasser, K, 1962. Diplopoden aus Bulgarien und Jugoslawien. Senckenbergiana Biologica 43 (6): 437 - 470" title="Diplopoden aus Bulgarien und Jugoslawien." volume="43" year="1962">Strasser (1962)</bibRefCitation>
described this species based on a poorly preserved female that he placed with uncertainty in the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1898" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He emphasized a very important difference in sensilla basiconica on 6th antennomere being partially exposed in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while they are completely enclosed in their pit in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latzel" authorityYear="1884" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Brachydesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachydesmus filiformis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brachydesmus filiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Four years later, when males became available,
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 385" refId="B54" refString="Strasser, K, 1966a. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 23 (12): 325 - 385" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens." volume="23" year="1966 a">Strasser (1966a)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belonged to the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1898" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on some similarities in gonopod structures, and identified two subspecies, viz.,
<taxonomicName authority="bulgaricus" lsidName="B. bulgaricus subsp. bulgaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="bulgaricus" subSpecies="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. bulgaricus bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. bulgaricus subsp. dentatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="bulgaricus" subSpecies="dentatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. bulgaricus dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Subsequently, both subspecies were recognized as such by
<bibRefCitation author="Stoev, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="145 - 154" refId="B50" refString="Stoev, P, 2004. New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 56 (2): 145 - 154" title="New distributional records of millipedes from Bulgarian caves (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)." volume="56" year="2004">Stoev (2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" author="Stoev, P" editor="Fet, V" journalOrPublisher="Vol. 82. Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer, Dordrecht" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="379 - 404" refId="B51" refString="Stoev, P, 2007. Fauna and zoogeography of Myriapoda in Bulgaria. In: Fet, V, Popov, A, Eds., Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 82. Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer, Dordrecht: 379 - 404, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" title="Fauna and zoogeography of Myriapoda in Bulgaria." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_11" volumeTitle="Monographiae Biologicae." year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation author="Beron, P" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B10" refString="Beron, P, 2015. Cave Fauna of Bulgaria. East-West and National Museum of Natural History Publishers, 434 pp." title="Cave Fauna of Bulgaria. East-West and National Museum of Natural History Publishers, 434 pp." year="2015">Beron (2015)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" author="Bachvarova, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="507 - 526" refId="B9" refString="Bachvarova, D, Vagalinski, B, Doichinov, A, Stoev, P, 2017. New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods. Zootaxa 4263 (3): 507 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" title="New records of millipedes and centipedes from Bulgaria, with an annotated checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.4" volume="4263" year="2017">Bachvarova et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. On the other hand,
<bibRefCitation author="Ceuca, T" journalOrPublisher="Seria Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Ceuca, T, 1992. Quelques aspects sur la faunistique, l'ecologie et la zoogeographie des diplopodes de la Region Balkanique. Bericht des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, Supplementum, 411-429." title="Quelques aspects sur la faunistique, l'ecologie et la zoogeographie des diplopodes de la Region Balkanique. Bericht des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, Supplementum, 411 - 429." year="1992">Ceuca (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Kime, RD" journalOrPublisher="Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B35" refString="Kime, RD, Enghoff, H, 2011. Atlas of European millipedes (Class Diplopoda). Vol. 1. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow" title="Atlas of European millipedes (Class Diplopoda). Vol. 1." year="2011">Kime and Enghoff (2011)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName authorityName="Antić &amp; Vagalinski &amp; Stoev &amp; Akkari" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Antić &amp; Vagalinski &amp; Stoev &amp; Akkari" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus dentatus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a separate species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. dentatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dentatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. dentatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Here, we treat both taxa as separate species (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on the distribution of the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Antić &amp; Vagalinski &amp; Stoev &amp; Akkari" authorityYear="2022" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Balkanodesminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Balkanodesminus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Balkanodesminus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov., and the scattered distribution of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. bulgaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov., comb. nov., we are not excluding the possibility that not all records of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strasser" authorityYear="1962" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" genus="Bacillidesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bacillidesmus bulgaricus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bacillidesmus bulgaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in fact of that species. Illustrations of gonopods are known only from the two easternmost populations, from the Mladenovata peshtera Cave (
<bibRefCitation author="Strasser, K" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 385" refId="B54" refString="Strasser, K, 1966a. Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 23 (12): 325 - 385" title="Ueber Diplopoden Bulgariens." volume="23" year="1966 a">Strasser 1966a</bibRefCitation>
) and Ponora Cave (present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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