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339 lines
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<document id="74E708A8B590DD44549EC3F09DC2F5D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="299690" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11512589" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d7a23684-9222-422b-868a-6c8712a4fd05" ID-ISSN="0068-547X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11512589" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1717719864538" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Leviton, Alan E., Siler, Cameron D., Weinell, Jeffrey L. & Brown, Rafe M." docDate="2018" docId="03B38B5C844BFFF9FFDCFB17FCFDFC3A" docLanguage="en" docName="ProcCalifAcadSci.64.14.399-568.pdf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Oxford, England) 64 (14)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512589" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B.2:ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B" docStyleName="ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Hydrophis curtus Latreille 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="462" masterDocId="FF8AF3248475FFC6FFA7FFACFFC3FFBA" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature" masterLastPageNumber="568" masterPageNumber="399" pageNumber="461" updateTime="1720709709257" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B99304C2FF737D6F2B820483EC41184B">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1F4F819AFDFACF725CBEE22A6DFB6633">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB2541D65DEFDA7E5482157035CE0775">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8F22A2B2D50C7A346D496CF9B9AB005B" type="email">aleviton@calacademy.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E99254B7733F821C28032C9CC377CF4F">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="481BB78DB73DDF4254F4E16220454CC1">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EF6D61254CF73C3626914B57DED9F766" type="email">camsiler@ou.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4ECDE58FAAA7537DCC02A75B20E31B85">Weinell, Jeffrey L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7A5600E3430BB98FD4F85DAA78354FD8">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D7E93817E4AB1198BAE754E3C14B4000" type="email">jweine2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="99662D17731CE19F5FD27368536948DF">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CCCA5AC856AAB63DB493017174E21C31">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="23FF10FCBE41C2E4F98DD9D4706F5921" type="email">rafe@ku.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="AE34E826631D6EDF4AD88E326BC9FE1A">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="CB4B61F16AB1BBA961FD5578131CAAF0">Oxford, England</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B38B5C844BFFF9FFDCFB17FCFDFC3A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724699" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235038025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724699" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C844BFFF9FFDCFB17FCFDFC3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38B5C844BFFF9FFDCFB17FCFDFC3A" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF8FFDCFB17FDFAFB69" box="[123,569,1211,1235]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FFDCFB17FDFAFB69" blockId="62.[123,1167,1211,1268]" box="[123,569,1211,1235]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FFDCFB17FDFAFB69" ID-CoL="CDCVY" authority="Shaw, 1802 Photo" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[123,569,1211,1235]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FFDCFB17FDFAFB69" bold="true" box="[123,569,1211,1235]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FFDCFB17FF2CFB69" bold="true" box="[123,239,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF59FB17FE98FB69" bold="true" box="[254,347,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Lapemis</emphasis>
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]
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FECBFB10FE71FB69" bold="true" box="[364,434,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">curtus</emphasis>
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Shaw, 1802
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF8FC78FB10FB4CFB69" box="[991,1167,1211,1236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FC78FB10FB4CFB69" blockId="62.[123,1167,1211,1268]" box="[991,1167,1211,1236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FC78FB10FB4CFB69" bold="true" box="[991,1167,1211,1236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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Photo
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<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FB8EFB17FB4CFB69" box="[1065,1167,1211,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="165.[689,701,1574,1593]" captionTargetPageId="165" captionText="FIGURE 96. Hydrophis [Lapemis] curtus. Photo © HV." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">figure 96</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF8FFDCFB70FE15FB4E" box="[123,470,1244,1268]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FFDCFB70FE15FB4E" blockId="62.[123,1167,1211,1268]" box="[123,470,1244,1268]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Short or Hardwicke’s Sea Snake</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF8FF7CFAA6FB94F9EA" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FF7CFAA6FCE8FAE1" blockId="62.[219,1174,1289,1617]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FF7CFAA6FDDBFAA5" authority="Shaw, 1802: 562" authorityName="Shaw" authorityPageNumber="562" authorityYear="1802" box="[219,536,1289,1311]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF7CFAA6FEB2FAA5" box="[219,369,1290,1311]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Lapemis curtus</emphasis>
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Shaw, 1802:562
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</taxonomicName>
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.— Zhao and Adler, 1993:269.— Gritis and Voris, 1990:1–11.— Whitaker and Captain, 2004:398, photo (p. 399).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FD48FA84FC07FA84" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[751,964,1320,1342]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" refId="ref68929" refString="MCCARTHY, COLIN. 1993 d. Lapemis Gray, 1834. Pages 243 - 245 in P. Golay, H. M. Smith, D. G. Broadley, J. R. Dixon, C. McCarthy, J. - C. Rage, B. Schatti, and M. Toriba, eds., Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. Azemiops S. A., Aire-Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">McCarthy, 1993d:244</bibRefCitation>
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.— David and Ineich, 1999:121.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:354.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FF7CFAC9FEA3FA69" blockId="62.[219,1174,1289,1617]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D64844BFFF8FF7CFAC9FEA3FA69" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FF7CFAC9FE13FAC3" ID-CoL="3S8VL" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[219,464,1380,1402]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF7CFAC9FE5AFAC3" box="[219,409,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Lapemis hardwickii</emphasis>
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Gray
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FE71FAC9FE2AFAC0" box="[470,489,1381,1402]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">in</emphasis>
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Hardwicke and Gray, 1835, vol. 2, pl. 87.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FC05FAC8FB87FAC0" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[930,1092,1380,1402]" page="108" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="1926">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FC05FAC8FB87FAC0" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[930,1092,1380,1402]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith, 1926:108</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FBF7FAC8FB52FAC3" box="[1104,1169,1380,1402]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="155.[687,699,1566,1585]" captionTargetBox="[652,1176,964,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-31@155.[652,1177,966,1322]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="FIGURE 32. Boiga dendrophila latifasciata (hunting) (West Mindanao Id.). Photo © RMB." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">fig. 32</figureCitation>
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, pl. 1,
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<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FEE9FA2FFE4AFA22" box="[334,393,1411,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="150.[687,699,1478,1497]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="FIGURE 3. Malayotyphlops ruficaudus (Camarines Sur Prov., Luzon Id.) (TNHC 62474). Photo © RMB." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">fig. 3</figureCitation>
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; 1943:468, figs. 148–149.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FD12FA2FFE9AFA0C" author="BROWN, RAFE & W. FERNER & ROGELIO & V. SISON & PEDRO & C. GONZALES & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" page="14" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="1996">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FD12FA2FFE9AFA0C" author="BROWN, RAFE & W. FERNER & ROGELIO & V. SISON & PEDRO & C. GONZALES & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref59801" refString="BROWN, RAFE M., JOHN W. FERNER, ROGELIO V. SISON, PEDRO C. GONZALES, AND ROBERT S. KENNEDY. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of the Zambales Mountains of Luzon Island, Republic of the Philippines. Herpetological Natural History 4 (1): 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1996">Brown, Ferner, Sison, Gonzales, and Kennedy, 1996:14</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FEDAFA0DFC92FA0F" author="FERNER, JOHN & M. BROWN & ROGELIO & V. SISON & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" box="[381,849,1439,1462]" page="54" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="2001">
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|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FEDAFA0DFC92FA0F" author="FERNER, JOHN & M. BROWN & ROGELIO & V. SISON & AND ROBERT & S. KENNEDY" box="[381,849,1439,1462]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" pagination="34 - 70" refId="ref62858" refString="FERNER, JOHN W., RAFE M. BROWN, ROGELIO V. SISON, AND ROBERT S. KENNEDY. 2001. The amphibians and reptiles of Panay Island, Philippines. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 34 - 70." type="journal article" year="2001">Ferner, Brown, Sison, and Kennedy, 2001:54</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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[21].— Devan-Song and
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FBE9FA0DFE9FFA69" author="BROWN, RAFE & H. OLIVEROS & CAMERON & D. SILER & JASON & B. FERNANDEZ & LUKE & J. WELTON & PERRY ARCHIVAL & C. BUENAVENTE & MAE LOWE & L. DIESMOS & AND ARVIN & C. DIESMOS" page="14" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="2012">
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|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FBE9FA0DFE9FFA69" author="BROWN, RAFE & H. OLIVEROS & CAMERON & D. SILER & JASON & B. FERNANDEZ & LUKE & J. WELTON & PERRY ARCHIVAL & C. BUENAVENTE & MAE LOWE & L. DIESMOS & AND ARVIN & C. DIESMOS" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" pagination="469 - 490" refId="ref60090" refString="BROWN, RAFE M., CARL H. OLIVEROS, CAMERON D. SILER, JASON B. FERNANDEZ, LUKE J. WELTON, PERRY ARCHIVAL C. BUENAVENTE, MAE LOWE L. DIESMOS, AND ARVIN C. DIESMOS. 2012. Amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island (Philippines), VII: Herpetofauna of Ilocos Norte Province, Northern Cordillera Mountain Range. Check List 8 (3): 469 - 490." type="journal article" year="2012">Brown, 2012:14</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FF7CFA71FD02FA49" blockId="62.[219,1174,1289,1617]" box="[219,705,1501,1523]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D64844BFFF8FF7CFA71FD02FA49" box="[219,705,1501,1523]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FF7CFA71FD7DFA49" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[219,702,1501,1523]" page="244" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="1993">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FF7CFA71FD7DFA49" ID-CoL="3S8VL" authority=", McCarthy, 1993 d: 244" authorityName=", McCarthy" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="1993" box="[219,702,1501,1523]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="curtus" subSpecies="hardwickii">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF7CFA71FE18FA48" box="[219,475,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Lapemis curtus hardwickii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FE4FFA71FD7DFA49" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[488,702,1501,1523]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" refId="ref68929" refString="MCCARTHY, COLIN. 1993 d. Lapemis Gray, 1834. Pages 243 - 245 in P. Golay, H. M. Smith, D. G. Broadley, J. R. Dixon, C. McCarthy, J. - C. Rage, B. Schatti, and M. Toriba, eds., Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. Azemiops S. A., Aire-Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">McCarthy, 1993d:244</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FF7CFA51FD42F98B" blockId="62.[219,1174,1289,1617]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0A1D64844BFFF8FF7CFA51FD42F98B" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FF7CFA51FC2DF9A9" authority=", Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi, and Rasmussen, 2013: 579" authorityName="Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi, and Rasmussen" authorityPageNumber="579" authorityYear="2013" box="[219,1006,1533,1555]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtis">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF7CFA51FEBCF9A9" box="[219,383,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Hydrophis curtis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
, Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi, and Rasmussen, 2013:579
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FC50FA52FBF1F9A9" box="[1015,1074,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">et seq</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.—
|
|||
|
|
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FBF1FA52FDF3F98B" author="PYRON, R. & ALEXANDER, FRANK & T. BURBRINK & AND JOHN & J. WIENS" page="28" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="2013">
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FBF1FA52FDF3F98B" author="PYRON, R. & ALEXANDER, FRANK & T. BURBRINK & AND JOHN & J. WIENS" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref71760" refString="PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, FRANK T. BURBRINK, AND JOHN J. WIENS. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (93): 26 - 53." type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron, Burbrink, and Wiens, 2013:28</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FD9CF9B0FDBEF98B" box="[571,637,1564,1586]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="154.[687,699,1044,1063]" captionTargetBox="[651,1176,259,613]" captionTargetId="figure-19@154.[652,1176,259,616]" captionTargetPageId="154" captionText="FIGURE 24. Calamaria gervaisii gervaisii (Ilocos Norte Prov., Luzon Id.) ([KU 329684). Photo © RMB." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FF7CF997FB94F9EA" blockId="62.[219,1174,1289,1617]" box="[219,1111,1594,1617]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844BFFF8FF7CF997FC99F9EB" ID-CoL="636MV" authority=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler, 2014: 504" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="504" authorityYear="1801" box="[219,858,1594,1617]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FF7CF997FEFCF9EA" box="[219,319,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FEE9F997FE5CF9EA" box="[334,415,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Lapemis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
<treatmentCitation id="0ABB1C5B844BFFF8FE09F997FC99F9EB" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[430,858,1595,1617]" page="504" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" year="2014">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FE09F997FE29F9EA" box="[430,490,1595,1616]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">curtus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FE51F997FC99F9EB" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[502,858,1595,1617]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" refId="ref67937" refString="LEVITON, ALAN E., RAFE M. BROWN, AND CAMERON D. SILER. 2014. The dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipelago. Pages 473 - 530 in G. C. Williams and T. M. Gosliner, eds., The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Philippine Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA." type="book" year="2014">Leviton, Brown, and Siler, 2014:504</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</treatmentCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FCC2F997FC02F9EA" box="[869,961,1595,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="154.[687,699,1197,1216]" captionTargetBox="[120,649,987,1344]" captionTargetId="figure-28@154.[120,644,988,1344]" captionTargetPageId="154" captionText="FIGURE 27. Pseudorabdion ater (male) (Zamboanga City Prov., Mindanao Id.) (KU 315197). Photo © RMB." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">figs. 27D</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FC6CF997FBC9F9EA" box="[971,1034,1595,1616]" captionStart-0="FIGURE" captionStart-1="FIGURE" captionStartId-0="155.[687,699,1336,1355]" captionStartId-1="155.[687,699,1387,1406]" captionTargetBox-0="[120,647,259,600]" captionTargetBox-1="[651,1173,259,960]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@155.[120,645,258,600]" captionTargetId-1="figure-22@155.[648,1179,256,961]" captionTargetPageId-0="155" captionTargetPageId-1="155" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Boiga angulata (Laguna Prov., Luzon Id.) (KU uncat.; field no. RMB 19777). Photo © RMB." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. Boiga cynodon (Sorsogon Prov., Luzon Id.) (TNHC 62721). Photo © RMB." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512618" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11512618/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">28–29</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FBB3F997FB94F9EA" box="[1044,1111,1595,1616]" captionStart-0="FIGURE" captionStart-1="FIGURE" captionStartId-0="156.[687,699,1451,1470]" captionStartId-1="156.[687,699,1503,1522]" captionTargetBox-0="[120,644,931,1285]" captionTargetBox-1="[649,1176,927,1284]" captionTargetId-0="figure-117@156.[120,645,930,1287]" captionTargetId-1="figure-120@156.[652,1176,931,1287]" captionTargetPageId-0="156" captionTargetPageId-1="156" captionText-0="FIGURE 37. Coelognathus erythrurus erythrurus (Eastern Samar Prov., Samar Id.) (KU 344143). Photo © RMB." captionText-1="FIGURE 38. Coelognathus erythrurus manillensis (Isabella Prov., Luzon Id.) (PNM uncat.; field no. ACD 3092). Photo © ACD/KH." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512620" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11512620/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">37–38.</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF8FFDCF9C9FD51F927" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF8FFDCF9C9FD51F927" blockId="62.[123,1174,1636,1726]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FFDCF9C9FD87F9C6" bold="true" box="[123,580,1636,1661]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FFDCF9C9FF77F9C1" baselines="1655,1654" box="[123,180,1637,1661]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FF63F9C4FEECF9C1" baselines="1654" box="[196,303,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="locality" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">LOCALITY</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FE9AF9C4FEABF9C1" baselines="1654" box="[317,360,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">AND</smallCapsWord>
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|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FEDFF9C4FE6EF9C1" baselines="1654" box="[376,429,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="type" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">TYPE</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FE1AF9C4FDE4F9C1" baselines="1654" box="[445,551,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="specimen" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">SPECIMEN</smallCapsWord>
|
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(
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FD97F9C4FDF8F9C1" baselines="1654" box="[560,571,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="s" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">S</smallCapsWord>
|
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|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.—
|
|||
|
|
<materialsCitation id="3B723017844BFFF8FDCBF9C8FD51F927" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4905143337" collectionCode="BMNH" country="India" location="India" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1.17.59, BMNH III.2.2.a" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844BFFF8FDCBF9C8FD65F9C6" box="[620,678,1636,1660]" name="India" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A184E8844BFFF8FD1EF9C8FCE3F9C6" box="[697,800,1636,1660]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
|||
|
|
:
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode id="DBBC9231844BFFF8FC94F9C9FBDCF9C6" box="[819,1055,1636,1660]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">BMNH 1946.1.17.59</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
(formerly
|
|||
|
|
<specimenCode id="DBBC9231844BFFF8FF7CF929FE49F927" box="[219,394,1669,1693]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">BMNH III.2.2.a</specimenCode>
|
|||
|
|
;
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FE31F929FE7DF927" box="[406,446,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">fide</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844BFFF8FE62F929FD45F927" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[453,646,1669,1693]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith [1926:110]</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C1844BFFF9FFDCF90AFB56FE0D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="62" pageNumber="461" type="distribution">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844BFFF9FFDCF90AFE50FEEF" blockId="62.[123,1174,1636,1726]" lastBlockId="63.[123,1174,219,896]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844BFFF8FFDCF90AFE55F906" bold="true" box="[123,406,1702,1726]" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FFDCF90AFF30F906" baselines="1720,1719" box="[123,243,1702,1726]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Philippine" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">PHILIPPINE</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844BFFF8FEA5F905FE55F906" baselines="1719" box="[258,406,1705,1724]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<figureCitation id="132126CF844BFFF8FE0AF90AFDD1F904" box="[429,530,1702,1726]" captionStart="A B C D" captionStartId="127.[181,208,234,267]" captionText="A B C D MAPS 17A–D. Geographic range maps for Philippine records of (A) Hydrophis belcheri; (B) Hydrophis curtus; (C) Hydrophis cyanocinctus; (D) Hydrophis inornatus." pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Map 17B</figureCitation>
|
|||
|
|
[p. 128]).— Luzon (Prov.:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844BFFF8FCEFF909FC4DF907" box="[840,910,1701,1725]" country="Philippines" name="Cavite" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Cavite</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844BFFF8FC04F909FC32F907" box="[931,1009,1701,1725]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Manila</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Bay],
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844BFFF8FBEDF909FB55F907" box="[1098,1174,1701,1725]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="62" pageNumber="461">Manila</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844AFFF9FF46FF77FEECFF49" box="[225,303,219,243]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Manila</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
Bay], Pangasian [Lingayen Gulf],
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844AFFF9FD03FF77FC96FF49" box="[676,853,219,243]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Rizal, Zambales</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
), Mindanao (Prov.:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844AFFF9FB8FFF77FE85FEAE" country="Philippines" name="Zamboanga del Sur" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Zamboanga del Sur</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
[
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844AFFF9FEF5FF50FE10FEAE" box="[338,467,252,276]" country="Philippines" name="Zamboanga" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Zamboanga</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
City]), Negros (Prov.:
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A8844AFFF9FD61FF50FC52FEAE" box="[710,913,252,276]" country="Philippines" name="Negros Occidental" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Negros Occidental</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
), (also reported from the Visayan Sea [
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FECAFEB0FE56FE8E" box="[365,405,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">fide</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Alcala {1986:170}], and listed from Negros and Panay [
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FC51FEB0FBDDFE8E" box="[1014,1054,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">fide</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Wallach et al. {2014:355}]).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844AFFF9FFDCFEF1FB56FE0D" blockId="63.[123,1174,219,896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FFDCFEF1FD6FFECF" bold="true" box="[123,684,349,374]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
|||
|
|
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|
|||
|
|
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|
|||
|
|
(
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844AFFF9FE29FECDFE15FECE" baselines="367" box="[398,470,353,372]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="other" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">OTHER</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
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|||
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|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FDB8FEF2FD67FECE" box="[543,676,350,374]" name="Philippines" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.— Widely distributed, from the Persian Gulf to Austrakalia, along the southeast coast of India to Straits of Malacca, Indonesia, Australia, and north to China, Taiwan, and Japan. (See
|
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|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844AFFF9FCA5FE33FBD1FE0D" author="WALLACH, VAN & KENNETH L. & WILLIAMS, AND" box="[770,1042,415,439]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" refId="ref78804" refString="WALLACH, VAN, KENNETH L. WILLIAMS, AND JEFF BOUNDY. 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">Wallach et al. [2014:354]</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
for details.)
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C1844AFFF9FFDCFE6CFD93FCE5" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" type="discussion">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844AFFF9FFDCFE6CFD93FCE5" blockId="63.[123,1174,219,896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844AFFF9FFDCFE6CFF25FE6C" baselines="466,465" box="[123,230,448,472]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
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|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FFDCFE6CFF25FE6C" bold="true" box="[123,230,448,472]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
.— Gritis and Voris (1990) do not recognize
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FD6DFE6CFC5EFE6D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[714,925,447,471]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwickii">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FD6DFE6CFC5EFE6D" box="[714,925,447,471]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Lapemis hardwickii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
[now
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FC43FE13FED0FE42" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hardwicki">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FC43FE13FED0FE42" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Hydrophis hardwicki</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
] as a distinct species, placing it in the synonymy of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FCE7FE4DFC5CFE42" authorityName=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler" authorityYear="2014" box="[832,927,481,504]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FCE7FE4DFC5CFE42" box="[832,927,481,504]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">L. curtus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. McCarthy (1993) recognized it as a subspecies of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FDBEFDAEFDB9FDA3" authorityName=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler" authorityYear="2014" box="[537,634,514,537]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FDBEFDAEFDB9FDA3" box="[537,634,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">L. curtus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, allowing that the nominate form inhabits coastal waters from the Persian Gulf to the shores of western
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FC98FD8DFCBBFD83" box="[831,888,545,569]" name="India" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FC10FD8EFB56FD83" authorityName=", McCarthy" authorityYear="1993" box="[951,1173,545,569]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="curtus" subSpecies="hardwickii">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FC10FD8EFB56FD83" box="[951,1173,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">L. curtus hardwickii</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
ranges from the coastal waters of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FDE8FDEEFD79FDE0" box="[591,698,578,602]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and eastern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FCE1FDEEFCBEFDE0" box="[838,893,578,602]" name="India" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
to New
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FC79FDEEFBE8FDE0" box="[990,1067,578,602]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FBC6FDEEFED1FDC1" name="Australia" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
and north to the coast of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FD83FDCFFDA5FDC1" box="[548,614,611,635]" name="China" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">China</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, the
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FD3EFDCFFCD7FDC1" box="[665,788,611,635]" name="Philippines" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FCEAFDCFFC49FDC0" box="[845,906,611,634]" name="Japan" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
(see also David and Ineich [1999:121–122]).
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844AFFF9FE60FD2FFDBDFD21" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[455,638,643,667]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith (1926:113</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
, 1943:471) argued that
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FC25FD28FC20FD21" authorityName=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler" authorityYear="2014" box="[898,995,644,667]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curtus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FC25FD28FC20FD21" box="[898,995,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">L. curtus</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
ranges from the Persian Gulf to the west coast of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FD9CFD08FDB1FD06" box="[571,626,676,700]" name="India" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
as far as
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FD71FD08FCFDFD06" box="[726,830,676,700]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
but that it is unknown along the east coast of
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA844AFFF9FEC1FD69FE63FD67" box="[358,416,709,733]" name="India" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. We follow Gritis and Voris inasmuch as theirs is the most comprehensive analysis of character variation done so far, and based on their study there are no mophological features that justify recognizing two species although we emphasize that recent phylogenetic studies (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB844AFFF9FDAEFC8AFD24FC85" author="SANDERS, KATE & S. Y & LEE, MUMPUNI & TERRY BERTOZZI, AND" box="[521,743,806,831]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" pagination="575 - 591" refId="ref72853" refString="SANDERS, KATE L., MICHAEL S. Y. LEE, MUMPUNI, TERRY BERTOZZI, AND ARNE REDSTED RASMUSSEN. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 575 - 591, 4 figs., 1 table, Appendices A and B." type="book chapter" year="2013">Sanders et al. [2013]</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) place the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FC39FC8BFC3BFC84" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[926,1016,807,830]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Lapemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FC39FC8BFC3BFC84" box="[926,1016,807,830]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Lapemis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and its included species in the genus
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C9844AFFF9FE7EFCEBFD8AFCE5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[473,585,839,863]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FE7EFCEBFD8AFCE5" box="[473,585,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30069C1844AFFF9FFDCFCC4FCFDFC3A" box="[123,830,871,896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A844AFFF9FFDCFCC4FCFDFC3A" blockId="63.[123,1174,219,896]" box="[123,830,871,896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis id="B96EE658844AFFF9FFDCFCC4FE0DFCC5" bold="true" box="[123,462,871,896]" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844AFFF9FFDCFCC4FEDDFCC4" baselines="890,889" box="[123,286,872,896]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Conservation" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">CONSERVATION</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC96844AFFF9FE82FCC7FEB3FCC4" baselines="889" box="[293,368,875,894]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="status" pageId="63" pageNumber="462">STATUS</smallCapsWord>
|
|||
|
|
[IUCN]
|
|||
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
.— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|