<mods:affiliationid="FE5918E2C6CE126223D362D190597FB4">El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Departamento de Ecología Acuática, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77010, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="B881EDE27CF6F21F5A2F04F87C533D8B">Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="DD4F98E258D34BF7661B227EA360FC68">El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Departamento de Ecología Acuática, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77010, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFFFFFCD2045F114FA0DDE27"ID-CoL="3QY9Z"authority="(Wu and Sun, 1979)"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[879,1423,860,886]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra">
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFFFFFCD278BF114FA05DE27"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP"box="[1185,1415,860,886]"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"pagination="95 - 112"refId="ref16921"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP. 1979. Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Ocean Sel 2 (2): 95 - 112."type="journal article"year="1979">Wu and Sun, 1979</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="1328C5DFFFFFFFCD2730F1D4FBEFDEE7"box="[1050,1133,925,950]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="6.[174,208,1814,1834]"captionTargetBox="[187,1445,619,1789]"captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[174,1451,615,1796]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Fig. 2. Drawings from parapodia of Kainonereis species. K. alata A, B (USNM 19386); K. chamberlini sp. n. C (UMML 22.1126), D (USNM 1422199); K. elytrocirra comb. n. E, F (MBMCAS A-44); K. peltifera sp. n. G, H (LACM-AHF 7400p); K. polaris comb. n. I, J (USNM 55514). (A) parapodium 11, anterior view; (B) parapodium 40, anterior view; (C) parapodium 11, anterior view; (D) parapodium 25, anterior view; (E) parapodium 12, anterior view; (F) parapodium 20, anterior view; (G) parapodium10, anterior view; (H) parapodium 22, anterior view; (I) parapodium 13, posterior view; (J) parapodium 30, posterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C-H = 0.1 mm; I-J = 0.2 mm. E redrawn from Wu and Sun (1979:109). All chaetae omitted."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825319"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825319/files/figure.png"pageId="10"pageNumber="11">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0AB2FF4BFFFFFFCD2078F191FABBDEBD"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP"box="[850,1337,983,1004]"page="111"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"year="1979">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFFFFFCD2078F191FABBDEBD"ID-CoL="799DN"authority="Wu and Sun 1979: 108 - 111"authorityName="Wu and Sun"authorityPageNumber="108 - 111"authorityYear="1979"box="[850,1337,983,1004]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Rullierinereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra">
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFFFFFCD2712F191FABBDEBD"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP"box="[1080,1337,983,1004]"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"pagination="95 - 112"refId="ref16921"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP. 1979. Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Ocean Sel 2 (2): 95 - 112."type="journal article"year="1979">Wu and Sun 1979:108-111</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0AB2FF4BFFFFFFCD20ADF1BBFBD2D957"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[903,1104,1010,1030]"page="61"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"year="1985">
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFFFFFCD20ADF1BBFBD2D957"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[903,1104,1010,1030]"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"refId="ref16961"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP, Yang DJ. 1985. Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 234."type="journal volume"year="1985">Wu et al. 1985:61-63</bibRefCitation>
<treatmentCitationid="0AB2FF4BFFFFFFCD2078F644FAA3D970"author="Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[850,1313,1037,1057]"page="73"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"year="2004">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFFFFFCD2078F644FAA3D970"ID-CoL="3QY9X"authority="Sun and Yang 2004: 72 - 73"authorityName="Sun and Yang"authorityPageNumber="72 - 73"authorityYear="2004"box="[850,1313,1037,1057]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="alata">
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFFFFFCD2725F644FAA3D970"author="Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[1039,1313,1037,1057]"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"refId="ref16772"refString="Sun RP, Yang DJ. 2004. Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata, Vol. 33. Annelida, Polychaeta II. Nereididae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Pilargidae, Nephtyidae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 520."type="journal volume"year="2004">Sun and Yang 2004:72-73</bibRefCitation>
<materialsCitationid="3B7BD307FFFFFFCD2763F62AFC74D9AD"collectingDate="1959-04-28"collectionCode="MBMCAS"collectorName="V Handan & Collection No. H & St. & SW Yellow Sea"country="China"elevation="20"latitude="34.5"location="Yellow Sea"longLatPrecision="1198"longitude="121.5"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"specimenCount="44"specimenCount-male="44"typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingDateid="EFE90672FFFFFFCD2078F6AAFC71D9AD"box="[850,1011,1251,1276]"pageId="10"pageNumber="11"value="1959-04-28">28 April 1959</collectingDate>
). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles faintly articulated, tips eroded, longest one reaching chaetigers 4-5 (
<paragraphid="8BACD95AFFFEFFCC23EFF2B4FEB5DC27"blockId="11.[136,737,253,374]"pageId="11"pageNumber="12">Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory regions include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</paragraph>
), cirrophore of dorsal cirrus swollen basally, ovate, tips narrow, digitate, distinctly separated from bases. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one, notopodial dorsal ligule absent in chaetiger 3; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, postchaetal lobe longer and narrower than acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, swollen basally and medially, distinctly larger than notopodial ligules. Ventral cirrus pyriform, longer than notopodial and neuropodial lobes.
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFFEFFCC23FEF578FDF0DA14"authority="(Wu and Sun, 1979)"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[212,626,1840,1861]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="11"pageNumber="12"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra"status="comb. nov.">
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFFEFFCC229CF578FDEEDA14"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP"box="[438,620,1840,1861]"pageId="11"pageNumber="12"pagination="95 - 112"refId="ref16921"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP. 1979. Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Ocean Sel 2 (2): 95 - 112."type="journal article"year="1979">Wu and Sun, 1979</bibRefCitation>
H-I), dorsal discs elytriform, cirrostyle short, indistinctly separated. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, slightly longer than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, subequal to neuropodial ventral ligule.
<figureCitationid="1328C5DFFFF9FFCB22DCF1D4FDDDDEE7"box="[502,607,925,950]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="6.[174,208,1814,1834]"captionTargetBox="[187,1445,619,1789]"captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[174,1451,615,1796]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Fig. 2. Drawings from parapodia of Kainonereis species. K. alata A, B (USNM 19386); K. chamberlini sp. n. C (UMML 22.1126), D (USNM 1422199); K. elytrocirra comb. n. E, F (MBMCAS A-44); K. peltifera sp. n. G, H (LACM-AHF 7400p); K. polaris comb. n. I, J (USNM 55514). (A) parapodium 11, anterior view; (B) parapodium 40, anterior view; (C) parapodium 11, anterior view; (D) parapodium 25, anterior view; (E) parapodium 12, anterior view; (F) parapodium 20, anterior view; (G) parapodium10, anterior view; (H) parapodium 22, anterior view; (I) parapodium 13, posterior view; (J) parapodium 30, posterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C-H = 0.1 mm; I-J = 0.2 mm. E redrawn from Wu and Sun (1979:109). All chaetae omitted."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825319"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825319/files/figure.png"pageId="12"pageNumber="13">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
), dorsal and ventral cirri slender, cirriform; dorsal cirrus slightly longer than notopodial dorsal ligule, ventral cirrus shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule. Notopodial and neuropodial lobes resembling to those present in chaetigers 5-7.
<figureCitationid="1328C5DFFFF9FFCB239FF634FEA1D9C7"box="[181,291,1149,1174]"captionStart="Fig"captionStartId="6.[174,208,1814,1834]"captionTargetBox="[187,1445,619,1789]"captionTargetId="figure-5@6.[174,1451,615,1796]"captionTargetPageId="6"captionText="Fig. 2. Drawings from parapodia of Kainonereis species. K. alata A, B (USNM 19386); K. chamberlini sp. n. C (UMML 22.1126), D (USNM 1422199); K. elytrocirra comb. n. E, F (MBMCAS A-44); K. peltifera sp. n. G, H (LACM-AHF 7400p); K. polaris comb. n. I, J (USNM 55514). (A) parapodium 11, anterior view; (B) parapodium 40, anterior view; (C) parapodium 11, anterior view; (D) parapodium 25, anterior view; (E) parapodium 12, anterior view; (F) parapodium 20, anterior view; (G) parapodium10, anterior view; (H) parapodium 22, anterior view; (I) parapodium 13, posterior view; (J) parapodium 30, posterior view. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C-H = 0.1 mm; I-J = 0.2 mm. E redrawn from Wu and Sun (1979:109). All chaetae omitted."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825319"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825319/files/figure.png"pageId="12"pageNumber="13">Figs. 2F</figureCitation>
J-K). Dorsal cirrus smooth, slender, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule, with two small lateral, basal lamellae, and one large, dorsal lamella. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate to tapering, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule enlarged, subconical; postchaetal lobe becoming into a lamella, shorter and as wide as acicular neuropodial ligule, tip bilobate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate to tapering, medially inserted to acicular neuropodial ligule, as long as it. Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule, with two basal, lateral lamellae.
</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8BACD95AFFF9FFCB23C0F474FE02DBA7"blockId="12.[174,775,253,1974]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13">Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="8BACD95AFFF9FFCB20A5F314FC65DCC7"blockId="12.[850,1452,253,1974]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13">Pygidium not modified, with two lobes; anal cirri missing.</paragraph>
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFF9FFCB2726F3D4FB7EDCE7"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP"box="[1036,1276,413,439]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"pagination="95 - 112"refId="ref16921"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP. 1979. Revision of the genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, with description of a new genus Sinonereis (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Ocean Sel 2 (2): 95 - 112."type="journal article"year="1979">Wu and Sun (1979)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFF9FFCB2078F394FB8DDCA7"author="Pettibone MH"box="[850,1039,477,502]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"pagination="1 - 53"refId="ref16382"refString="Pettibone MH. 1971. Revision of some species referred to Leptonereis, Nicon, and Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Smithson Contrib Zool 104: 1 - 53."type="journal article"year="1971">Pettibone, 1971</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB27B5F3B4FA9DDF47"authorityName="Wu & Sun"authorityYear="1979"box="[1183,1311,509,534]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Sinonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="genus">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB20F3F074FBDBDF07"authorityName="Wu & Sun"authorityYear="1979"box="[985,1113,573,598]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Sinonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="genus">
was extended to include species with elytriform dorsal cirri in anterior chaetigers, and one or two notopodial ligules in posterior chaetigers. Later,
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFF9FFCB2078F174FBA3DE07"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[850,1057,829,854]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"refId="ref16961"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP, Yang DJ. 1985. Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 234."type="journal volume"year="1985">Wu et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
made an improved description of
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB205EF114FB94DE27"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[884,1046,861,886]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra">
) was a female based on the absence of papillae (p. 63), but they did not explain which papillae they referred to. These papillae presumably are those found commonly in dorsal cirri of natatory parapodia of males, as they described for
: “basalia of dorsal and ventral cirri of transformed parapodia inflated, dorsal cirri with 9-10 papillae” (
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFF9FFCB2728F634FB59D9C7"author="Wu B-L & Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[1026,1243,1149,1174]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"refId="ref16961"refString="Wu B-L, Sun RP, Yang DJ. 1985. Nereidae (Polychaetous annelids) of the Chinese coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 234."type="journal volume"year="1985">Wu et al. 1985:71</bibRefCitation>
). However, males of
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB2059F6D4FC50D9E7"authorityName="Sun and Yang"authorityYear="2004"box="[883,978,1181,1206]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="alata">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB273EF6D4FB1BD9E7"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"box="[1044,1177,1181,1206]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="peltifera"status="sp. n.">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB2797F6B4FADAD847"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[1213,1368,1277,1302]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra"status="comb. n.">
have other sex-related features as presence of notopodial homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7 and the appearing of notopodial dorsal ligules since chaetiger 4, as well as the presence of sperm in the body, these type specimens were regarded as males.
<bibRefCitationid="EF82A4ABFFF9FFCB20A5F794FB12D8A7"author="Sun RP & Yang DJ"box="[911,1168,1501,1527]"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"refId="ref16772"refString="Sun RP, Yang DJ. 2004. Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata, Vol. 33. Annelida, Polychaeta II. Nereididae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Pilargidae, Nephtyidae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 520."type="journal volume"year="2004">Sun and Yang (2004)</bibRefCitation>
noted the resemblance between the modified dorsal cirri in
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB2624F7B4FA2EDB47"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[1294,1452,1533,1558]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB20ACF454FC63DB67"authorityName="Sun and Yang"authorityYear="2004"box="[902,993,1565,1590]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="alata">
, and consequently synonymized them. However, we disagree with these authors on this synonymy. The males of the latter species have basally fused antennae, articulate anterior cirri, palps are directed ventrally, notopodial ligules are as long as acicular neuropodial ones in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial homogomph falcigers with long teeth (half as long as blade width); whilst in males of
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB205BF554FB8ADA67"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[881,1032,1821,1846]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra"status="comb. n.">
, antennae are separated, palps are directed forwards, notopodial ligules are twice longer than acicular neuropodial ones in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial homogomph falcigers have minute teeth;
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF9FFCB278FF5D4FAB9DAE7"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"baseAuthorityName="Wu and Sun"baseAuthorityYear="1979"box="[1189,1339,1949,1974]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="12"pageNumber="13"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="elytrocirra"status="comb. n.">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF8FFCA2220F2B4FE31DC47"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"box="[266,435,253,278]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="13"pageNumber="14"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="chamberlini"status="sp. n.">
<taxonomicNameid="4C13A2D9FFF8FFCA211DF2B4FD34DC47"authorityName="Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo"authorityYear="2018"box="[567,694,253,278]"class="Polychaeta"family="Nereididae"genus="Kainonereis"kingdom="Animalia"order="Phyllodocida"pageId="13"pageNumber="14"phylum="Annelida"rank="species"species="peltifera"status="sp. n.">
, but the former can be recognized by the shape of notopodial dorsal ligules and large neuropodial postchaetal lobes at chaetiger 10, and also by the shape of discs in chaetigers 5-7.
