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<document id="DAE305AE2406F3A74E95DAB975FE22B2" ID-CLB-Dataset="8839" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="308129a3-a99f-4012-bb41-d3220692c398" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4434000" ID-ZooBank="09383AAD-8E30-4E50-A533-C6DA4D00E33C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1610443640918" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lobato-Vila, Irene &amp; Pujade-Villar, Juli" docDate="2021" docId="03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4906.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4906 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Synergus bicolor Ashmead 1885" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FF8608529505FFC2FD72FF84736DFE73" masterDocTitle="The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species" masterLastPageNumber="121" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1701082448047" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:title id="A4FB14B5E62F5C5399793565378CCC38">The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D425B01E72EBF3582F17104FB06CF81">Lobato-Vila, Irene</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="02351E19BD971744BCA549616C957260">Pujade-Villar, Juli</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="AE1F42D5822FE150B94256D592109617" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7798-2717</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9DADE183FF9C0FF4531B0C676CEF33E2" type="email">jpujade@ub.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="F4B207AC58B551D6893C095D9864817F">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D727DA3A995B4C570E4053961DD826C">4906</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CE675632D4190DCE0D13B16C9E985C4B" type="CLB-Dataset">8839</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3AC0D28CED07F56E253028F10D839E72" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4447516" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177005171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4447516" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFDBFDE5FDC37147FC13" box="[151,554,582,609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDE5FDC37147FC13" blockId="25.[151,554,582,645]" box="[151,554,582,609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="D0E17650951CFFDBFDE5FDC37147FC13" bold="true" box="[151,554,582,609]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFDE5FDC37147FC13" authority="Ashmead, 1885" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,554,582,609]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDE5FDC37147FC13" bold="true" box="[151,554,582,609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDE5FDC37209FC12" bold="true" box="[151,356,582,609]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951CFFDBFC19FDC27147FC13" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[363,554,582,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFDBFDE5FDEF7265FCF6" box="[151,264,619,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDE5FDEF7265FCF6" blockId="25.[151,554,582,645]" box="[151,264,619,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
(
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBFDEDFDEF726DFCF6" box="[159,256,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFDBFDE5FD2B7729FCB4" box="[151,1092,687,712]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDE5FD2B7729FCB4" blockId="25.[151,1092,687,712]" box="[151,1092,687,712]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFDE5FD2B7286FCB4" authority="Ashmead, 1885" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,491,687,711]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDE5FD2B722FFCB4" box="[151,322,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B7ECB61951CFFDBFC3BFD2B7286FCB4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3019422387" box="[329,491,687,711]" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951CFFDBFC3BFD2B7286FCB4" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[329,491,687,711]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectorName id="26E3A4EA951CFFDBFC86FD347191FCB4" box="[500,764,687,711]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc.</collectorName>
12: 302.
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBFE28FD3470E1FCBB" box="[858,908,688,712]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Type</typeStatus>
material: USNM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFDBFDE5FD717732FA7D" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDE5FD717732FA7D" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDE5FD7172A4FD7C" bold="true" box="[151,457,757,783]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Type material (examined)</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBFCA4FD71711BFD7C" box="[470,630,757,783]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
ϐ with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’(white label) / ‘Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFE17FC9E771EFD40" authority="Ashm." authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[869,1139,793,820]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFE17FC9E774EFD40" box="[869,1059,793,820]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
Ashm.
</taxonomicName>
ϐ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779925’ (white label, QR code) / ‘
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBFE70FCB9701AFD24" box="[770,887,829,855]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
ϐ
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFEE8FCBA7662FD2B" authority="Ashmead, 1885" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[922,1295,829,856]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFEE8FCBA773AFD24" box="[922,1111,829,856]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951CFFDBF92FFCB97662FD2B" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[1117,1295,829,856]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, IL-V desig- 2017’ (red label).
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBFC29FCE5713FFD08" box="[347,594,865,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="paralectotype">PARALECTOTYPES</typeStatus>
(2ϐ) with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’(white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘July, C. succinipes’ / ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFFCBFC0270D9FDEC" authority="Ash." authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[697,948,901,928]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFFCBFC02701AFDEC" box="[697,887,901,928]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
Ash.
</taxonomicName>
’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBF98DFC0176F0FDEC" box="[1279,1437,901,927]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
ϐ
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFDC4FC2E7159FDB7" authority="Ashmead, 1885" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[182,564,937,964]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDC4FC2E721BFDB0" box="[182,374,937,964]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951CFFDBFC0DFC2D7159FDB7" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[383,564,937,964]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1ϐ); ‘Jacksnville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960112’ (white label, QR code) / ‘
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951CFFDBFDE9FC757254FA78" box="[155,313,1009,1035]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
ϐ
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFC2EFC7671BEFA7F" authority="Ashmead, 1885" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[348,723,1009,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFC2EFC767174FA78" box="[348,537,1009,1036]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951CFFDBFF52FC7571BEFA7F" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[544,723,1009,1036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1ϐ).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFDBFDB5FB91705EF85B" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDB5FB91705EF85B" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5FB917257FA5C" bold="true" box="[199,314,1045,1071]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFC38FB927167FA5C" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[330,522,1045,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFC38FB927167FA5C" box="[330,522,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, which has no smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL but less than 2.0 times; F1 longer than F2 and female antenna with 13 segments; lateral pronotum with carinae or wrinkles, at least ventrally; pronotum swollen aside seen from above; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete and well defined in their entire length, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; metasoma, at least in females, longer than high in lateral view; and syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a posterodorsal patch not laterally extended, not dorsodistally incised in females.
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFE65FA9670BAFB58" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[791,983,1297,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFE65FA9670BAFB58" box="[791,983,1297,1324]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keys out near
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBF9F1FA967665FB58" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[1155,1288,1297,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medullae">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBF9F1FA967665FB58" box="[1155,1288,1297,1324]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. medullae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below), from which differs by having the transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBF94CFAB177E2FB23" box="[1086,1167,1333,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
) (equal in
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBF87AFAB276E6FB3C" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[1288,1419,1333,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medullae">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBF87AFAB276E6FB3C" box="[1288,1419,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. medullae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); frons finely wrinkled and with sparse, small piliferous punctures, frontal carinae inconspicuous to absent (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBF830FADD76F9FB07" box="[1346,1428,1369,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
) and vertex coriaceous, with some small punctures (frons and vertex with broad punctures and frontal carinae very narrow, slightly branched and not reaching lateral ocelli in
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFE36FA2670A7FBC8" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[836,970,1441,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medullae">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFE36FA2670A7FBC8" box="[836,970,1441,1468]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. medullae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); margins of pronotum strongly swollen aside and somewhat sharp seen from above (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBFFFCFA4171B3FB93" box="[654,734,1477,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
) (slightly swollen but rounded in
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBF92EFA42778DFBAC" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[1116,1248,1477,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medullae">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBF92EFA42778DFBAC" box="[1116,1248,1477,1504]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. medullae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and mesopleuron covered with irregular, non-parallel, transversal striae (anteriorly coriaceous, the rest of its surface more or less regularly and parallel, transversely striated, in
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951CFFDBFFD2F98A704EF854" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[672,803,1549,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medullae">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFFD2F98A704EF854" box="[672,803,1549,1576]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. medullae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951CFFD8FDB5F9B57001F8A5" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDB5F9B57200F838" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" box="[199,365,1585,1611]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5F9B57200F838" bold="true" box="[199,365,1585,1611]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Redescription</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDB5F9D17115F803" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" box="[199,632,1621,1648]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5F9D1722BF81C" bold="true" box="[199,326,1621,1647]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FEMALE.</emphasis>
Not found (not examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDB5F9FD7193F8E0" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" box="[199,766,1657,1684]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5F9FD7212F8E0" bold="true" box="[199,383,1657,1683]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MALE. Length</emphasis>
. Body length 3.0–
<quantity id="4CEE6CD9951CFFDBFF3DF9FD71C9F8E7" box="[591,676,1657,1684]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
(n = 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFDBFDB5F9197051F88C" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5F9197266F8C4" bold="true" box="[199,267,1693,1719]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Color</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBFC69F919720CF8CB" box="[283,353,1693,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Black and yellowish orange. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma yellowish orange, mesoscutum with some dark surfaces anteriorly; tegulae yellow. Metasoma chestnut to black. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951CFFD8FDB5F88D766EFEA6" blockId="25.[151,1439,757,2008]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951CFFDBFDB5F88D726AF950" bold="true" box="[199,263,1801,1827]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Head</emphasis>
. In frontal view subtrapezoid to rounded, about as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951CFFDBFCCCF839717CF9AB" box="[446,529,1981,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
) finely wrinkled and with some small punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8FE09FF1370A3FEC1" box="[891,974,151,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
) coriaceous, with some small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 10: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5FF5A71F8FF16" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5FF5A7243FE8B" bold="true" box="[199,302,222,248]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Antenna</emphasis>
. 15-segmented according to the original description (tips are broken in all the examined specimens); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel longer than F1; pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2 and strongly curved, kidney-shaped; F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5FEEB70FFFC82" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5FEEB7228FFFA" bold="true" box="[199,325,367,393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mesosoma</emphasis>
. Just slightly longer than high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8FDD2FE17739CFFDE" box="[160,241,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled dorsally, carinated basally; lateral margins of pronotum swollen seen from dorsal view, but without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8FC41FE5F72ECFF86" box="[307,385,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
) about as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum and sometimes interrupted by carinae; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8FF66FDC3710EFC12" box="[532,611,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles, almost inconspicuous; scutellar foveae almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8FCD9FD0B7293FCD9" box="[427,510,655,682]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
) irregularly striated, striae non-parallel and somewhat branched. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae just slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6991B4951FFFD8FDE5FAD27291FBE1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" targetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDE5FAD27291FBE1" blockId="26.[151,1436,1366,1426]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDE5FAD27278FB1D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1366,1390]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951FFFD8FC6FFAD372A6FB1D" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[285,459,1366,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FC6FFAD372A6FB1D" box="[285,459,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5FA4571CAFBA9" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" box="[199,679,1472,1499]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5FA457392FBA8" bold="true" box="[199,255,1473,1499]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Legs</emphasis>
. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5FA607115F834" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5FA60727EFB8D" bold="true" box="[199,275,1508,1534]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Wings</emphasis>
. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but veins pale. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5F9D57001F8A5" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5F9D5722EF818" bold="true" box="[199,323,1617,1643]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Metasoma</emphasis>
. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="132DDDB9951FFFD8F81DF9D473D9F8FC" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1366,1390]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-288@26.[184,1404,777,1343]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 7. Synergus bicolor (lectotype, USNMENT 00779925): a) lateral habitus; b) mesopleuron; c) mesosoma in dorsal view; d) head in anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4434020/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
). First metasomal segment usually with striae reaching only the half of its length, the anterior half smooth. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures, or at least with a small and almost inconspicuous posterodorsal patch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951FFFD8FDB5F96471A4F888" box="[199,713,1760,1787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5F96471A4F888" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" box="[199,713,1760,1787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5F9647234F889" bold="true" box="[199,345,1760,1786]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F30181AC951FFFD8FC15F96572CEF888" box="[359,419,1761,1787]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D20FDE951FFFD8FCDCF9647292F889" box="[430,511,1760,1786]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Florida</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951FFFD8FF7CF96471D1F888" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[526,700,1760,1787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead 1885</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951FFFD8FDB5F880764EF96C" box="[199,1315,1796,1823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5F880764EF96C" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" box="[199,1315,1796,1823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5F880724CF96D" bold="true" box="[199,289,1796,1822]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Biology</emphasis>
. Reared from asexual galls of
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951FFFD8FF0AF8807672F96C" authority="(Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885)" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[632,1311,1796,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusfoliatus">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FF0AF88070FDF96D" box="[632,912,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Andricus quercusfoliatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951FFFD8FEEDF880773CF96C" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[927,1105,1796,1823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="9 - 15" refId="ref101470" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1881) On the cynipidous galls of Florida [Paper No. 1]. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 9 (3 - 4), 9 - 15." type="journal article" year="1881">Ashmead, 1881</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951FFFD8F91AF880767AF96C" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[1128,1303,1796,1823]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead 1885</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C92B7951FFFD9FDB5F8AD7299FF6E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD8FDB5F8AD7675F915" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FDB5F8AD7259F930" bold="true" box="[199,308,1833,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951FFFD8FC37F8AD7168F931" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" box="[325,517,1832,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951FFFD8FC37F8AD7168F931" box="[325,517,1832,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Synergus bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from ‘several specimens’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951FFFD8FE9AF8AC77B8F930" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[1000,1237,1832,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref101510" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1885) A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 12 (3 - 4), 291 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076460" type="journal article" year="1885">Ashmead 1885: 302</bibRefCitation>
). We located and examined 3ϐ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951FFFD8FE04F8C870B0F915" box="[886,989,1868,1894]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
has herein been designated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951FFFD9FDB5F8F477DAFEA6" blockId="26.[151,1437,1472,2039]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Since Ashmead mentions the number of segments of female antenna (13), we assume he found females of this species as well. However, we have not found any female belonging to the
<typeStatus id="54AD7F9E951FFFD8FEAEF8117761F9DC" box="[988,1036,1941,1967]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
series. In his description, Ashmead does not mention the existence of distinctive traits between females and males but the number of antennomeres (
<quantity id="4CEE6CD9951FFFD8F8F2F83D73C0F985" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
females and
<quantity id="4CEE6CD9951FFFD8FC37F8587212F985" box="[325,383,2012,2039]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
males). Then, we consider females and males show no morphological differences except for the sexual ones. According to the original description, metasoma of both females and males is black. In most of the examined specimens, however, it appears brownish or amber probably due to the pass of time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9C13C951EFFD9FDB5FF5B7299FF6E" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951EFFD9FEEAFF5B77DFFE8A" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[920,1202,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercusfoliatus">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951EFFD9FEEAFF5B77DFFE8A" box="[920,1202,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Andricus quercusfoliatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is collected from
<taxonomicName id="4C16BABF951EFFD9F8F3FF5B7282FF6E" authority="(Burks 1979: 1104)" baseAuthorityName="Burks 1979:" baseAuthorityPageNumber="1104" baseAuthorityYear="1104" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis id="B9621D2E951EFFD9F8F3FF5B7266FF6F" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Q. virginiana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF87BCCD951EFFD9FC6BFE877285FF6E" author="Burks, B. D." box="[281,488,259,285]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref102011" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. &amp; Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107" type="book" year="1979">Burks 1979: 1104</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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