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<mods:title id="1C60318E39178FD3030EA99C07FA6A3F">Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D87E6FF43FAF8FF53" blockId="11.[994,1285,230,255]" box="[994,1285,230,255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">
<heading id="D0806F1FFF80ED2D87E6FF43FAF8FF53" box="[994,1285,230,255]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D87E6FF43FBBAFF53" ID-CoL="625M7" ID-ENA="3318" authorityName="SPRENG. ex F. RUDOLPHI" authorityYear="1830" box="[994,1095,230,254]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. indet.
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<figureCitation id="134CC4F6FF80ED2D802FFEA2FB41FEB2" box="[1067,1212,263,287]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="6.[147,228,965,986]" captionTargetBox="[147,1463,151,949]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter&gt;60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167803/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Text-fig. 6c–f</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFE92FC0AFDA2" blockId="11.[820,1460,310,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">M a t e r i a l. Fossil wood specimen MGPT-PU141107, in part permineralized, collected by P. Damarco (Repository: MGPT-PU), small part of MGPT-PU141107 specimen and 3 slides. The sampling place was indicated in the area where the plant-rich bed GLA19 crops out. The presence of permineralized wood within this bed was recently verified by the first author.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFD82FA5BFDD2" blockId="11.[820,1459,550,639]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">M a c r o s c o p i c d e s c r i p t i o n. The slides come from a permineralized wood fragment of very variable greyish color; approximate dimensions in cm: 15 × 10 × 5.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFD32FBC0FC82" blockId="11.[820,1459,662,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">M i c r o s c o p i c d e s c r i p t i o n. Transverse section: Distinct growth ring boundaries, axial tracheids of polygonal section. Axial parenchyma observed. Large, thick-walled axial resin canal (normal or traumatic?) with more than 9 epithelial cells observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFC92FA61FC22" blockId="11.[820,1459,662,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Axial resin canal diameter&gt;60 μm. Intercellular spaces observed. Tangential section: Rays 1–10 cells high, uniseriate, partly bi-seriate. Intercellular spaces observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFC3DFAC4FBBD" blockId="11.[820,1459,662,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Radial section: Absence of ray tracheids, bordered pits (tracheid pitting in radial walls) not observed, cross field pits not observed, smooth (and possibly pitted) horizontal walls of ray parenchyma. Spiral thickenings observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF80ED2D875EFB8DFA80FA4F" blockId="11.[820,1460,1063,1506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">
B o t a n i c a l a f f i n i t i e s. The observation of resin canals in transverse section is of taxonomic importance. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D87CDFBCDFB51FB2D" author="Esteban, L. G. &amp; De Palacios, P. &amp; Casasus, A. G. &amp; Fernandez, G." box="[969,1196,1128,1152]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="452 - 478" refId="ref18620" refString="Esteban, L. G., De Palacios, P., Casasus, A. G., Fernandez, G. (2004): Characterization of the xylem of 352 conifers. - Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 13: 452 - 478." type="journal article" year="2004">Esteban et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, this 
<typeStatus id="54CC66D1FF80ED2D80E1FBCDFAEEFB2D" box="[1253,1299,1128,1152]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">type</typeStatus>
of axial thickwalled resin canal with a diameter&gt;60 μm and more than 9 epithelial cells can be found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D80A5FB0CFA50FB13" authority="MORELET" authorityName="MORELET" box="[1185,1453,1192,1216]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caribaea">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D80A5FB0CFAB8FB6D" box="[1185,1349,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Pinus caribaea</emphasis>
MORELET
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D8730FB6CFC22FB4D" box="[820,991,1224,1248]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D8730FB6CFC22FB4D" box="[820,991,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Picea orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) PETERM., 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D8079FB6CFC74FAAD" authority="(FRANCH.) E. PRITZ." authorityName="E. PRITZ." baseAuthorityName="FRANCH." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="likiangensis">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D8079FB6CFABCFB4D" box="[1149,1345,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Picea likiangensis</emphasis>
(FRANCH.) E.PRITZ.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D87A0FB4CFB3EFAAD" authority="NUTT." authorityName="NUTT." box="[932,1219,1256,1280]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D87A0FB4CFB8CFAAD" box="[932,1137,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Larix occidentalis</emphasis>
NUTT.
</taxonomicName>
(also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D8140FB4DFC6BFA8D" authority="CARRIERE" authorityName="CARRIERE" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Keteleeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D8140FB4DFA4EFAAD" box="[1348,1459,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Keteleeria</emphasis>
CARRIÈRE
</taxonomicName>
, although the size of the resin canals does not match with the ones referred to this genus, but this difference in size could be also assigned to ecological/environmental conditions). If the occurrence of the resin canals were of traumatic origin, the taxonomic selection would be wider, including also 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D87DAFA0CFB9CFA6C" authority="MILL." authorityName="MILL." box="[990,1121,1449,1473]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D87DAFA0CFBE4FA6C" box="[990,1049,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Abies</emphasis>
MILL.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D8072FA0FFA82FA6C" authority="(ENDL.) CARRIERE" authorityName="CARRIERE" baseAuthorityName="ENDL." box="[1142,1407,1449,1473]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D8072FA0FFB48FA6C" box="[1142,1205,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Tsuga</emphasis>
(ENDL.) CARRIÈRE
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C77A3F0FF80ED2D8730FA6FFA84FA4F" authority="ENDL. (IAWA Committee 2004)" authorityName="ENDL. (IAWA Committee" authorityYear="2004" box="[820,1401,1481,1506]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Sequoia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sempervirens">
<emphasis id="B9030461FF80ED2D8730FA6FFBE3FA4C" box="[820,1054,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="168">Sequoia sempervirens</emphasis>
ENDL. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D806BFA6FFA8CFA4F" author="IAWA Committee" box="[1135,1393,1481,1506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref19823" refString="IAWA Committee (2004): IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. - IAWA Journal, 25: 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000349" type="journal article" year="2004">IAWA Committee 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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R e m a r k s. In coniferous woods, 
<specimenCount id="9D7113FAFF80ED2D80DAFA5CFAA8F9BC" box="[1246,1365,1529,1553]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
of axial parenchyma are found (a) marginal, (b) fusiform (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D815FF9BCFC2FF9FC" author="Noshiro, S. &amp; Fujii, T." pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="399 - 406" refId="ref22372" refString="Noshiro, S., Fujii, T. (1994): Fusiform parenchyma cells in the young wood of Pinaceae, and their distinction from marginal parenchyma. - IAWA Journal, 15: 399 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90001374" type="journal article" year="1994">Noshiro and Fujii 1994</bibRefCitation>
) and (c) the one related to the epithelial cells surrounding the resin canals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D8062F9FCFADCF9DC" author="Hacke, U. G. &amp; Lachenbruch, B. &amp; Pittermann, J. &amp; Mayr, S. &amp; Domec, J. - C. &amp; Schulte, P. J." box="[1126,1313,1625,1649]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="39 - 75" refId="ref19533" refString="Hacke, U. G., Lachenbruch, B., Pittermann, J., Mayr, S., Domec, J. - C., Schulte, P. J. (2015): The hydraulic architecture of conifers. - In: Hacke, U. G. (ed.), Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Cham, pp. 39 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 15783 - 2 _ 2" type="book chapter" year="2015">Hacke et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), as discussed also in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D8781F9DCFB81F93F" author="Dolezych, M. &amp; Mantzouka, D. &amp; Kunzmann, L." box="[901,1148,1657,1682]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="136 - 163" refId="ref18399" refString="Dolezych, M., Mantzouka, D., Kunzmann, L. (2021): Cedroxylon shakhtnaense (Blokhina 2010) Dolezych, Mantzouka et L. Kunzmann comb. nov.; A fossil Abies wood from the late early Miocene Mastixioideae flora of Wiesa (east Germany). - IAWA Journal, 43 (1 - 2): 136 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - bja 10074" type="journal article" year="2021">Dolezych et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D808CF9DCFAD5F93C" author="Kuroda, K." box="[1160,1320,1657,1681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="67 - 118" refId="ref20342" refString="Kuroda, K. (1986): Wound effects on cytodifferentiation in the secondary xylem of woody plants. - Wood research, 72: 67 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000922" type="journal article" year="1986">Kuroda (1986)</bibRefCitation>
refers to the epithelial cells as “septated cells”, while the term used for the same character in Mesozoic fossil woods is “septate tracheids” (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D87F3F97FFB65F95F" author="Philippe, M." box="[1015,1176,1754,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="74 - 80" refId="ref22612" refString="Philippe, M. (1993): Nomenclature generique des tracheidoxyles fossiles mesozoiques a champs araucarioides [Generic nomenclature of Mesozoic fossil tracheidoxyls with araucarioid fields]. - Taxon, 42: 74 - 80. (in French) https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1223305" type="journal article" year="1993">Philippe 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D80A9F97FFA55F95F" author="Iamandei, E. &amp; Iamandei, S. &amp; Codrea, V." box="[1197,1448,1754,1778]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="41 - 52" refId="ref19757" refString="Iamandei, E., Iamandei, S., Codrea, V. (2005): Telephragmoxylon transsylvanicum sp. nov. (Cheirolepidiaceae), in Latest Cretaceous from Oarda - Lancram and Rapa Rosie, Romania. - Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Geologia, 50: 41 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1937 - 8602.50.1.5" type="journal article" year="2005">Iamandei et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D8730F95FFC0FF8BF" author="Lin, J. &amp; Hu, Y. &amp; He, X. &amp; Ceulemans, R." box="[820,1010,1786,1810]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="3 - 14" refId="ref20531" refString="Lin, J., Hu, Y., He, X., Ceulemans, R. (2002): Systematic survey of resin canals in Pinaceae. - Belgian Journal of Botany, 135: 3 - 14." type="journal article" year="2002">Lin et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
described the structure of resin canals, stating that the epithelium surrounding the canals consists of parenchyma cells, and that the outer parenchyma cells surrounding the epithelium can be partly parenchymatous and partly tracheary or completely tracheary with septa and small pits. The marginal parenchyma (sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D8159F83EFC29F87E" author="Noshiro, S. &amp; Fujii, T." pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="399 - 406" refId="ref22372" refString="Noshiro, S., Fujii, T. (1994): Fusiform parenchyma cells in the young wood of Pinaceae, and their distinction from marginal parenchyma. - IAWA Journal, 15: 399 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90001374" type="journal article" year="1994">Noshiro and Fujii 1994</bibRefCitation>
) associated with the (traumatic and normal) axial resin canals is named “subsidiary parenchyma cells” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D875DF859FB4BF7B9" author="Wiedenhoeft, A. C. &amp; Miller, R. B." box="[857,1206,2044,2068]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="299 - 303" refId="ref24453" refString="Wiedenhoeft, A. C., Miller, R. B. (2002): Brief comments on the nomenclature of softwood axial resin canals and their associated cells. - IAWA Journal, 23: 299 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000305" type="journal article" year="2002">Wiedenhoeft and Miller (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, which is followed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF80ED2D8730F7B9FBEAF799" author="Esteban, L. G. &amp; Gasson, P. &amp; Climent, J. M. &amp; De Palacios, P. &amp; Guindeo, A." box="[820,1047,2076,2100]" pageId="11" pageNumber="168" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref18671" refString="Esteban, L. G., Gasson, P., Climent, J. M., De Palacios, P., Guindeo, A. (2005): The wood of Pinus canariensis and its resinous heartwood. - IAWA Journal, 26: 69 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90001602" type="journal article" year="2005">Esteban et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Unfortunately, the descriptions of the fossil record regarding the axial parenchyma are limited to its existence and not on the detailed identification of the axial parenchyma 
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(or 
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). The identification of the 
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of the axial parenchyma can help to distinguish genera within 
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Pinaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A853CFEBDFDCBFE9D" author="Noshiro, S. &amp; Fujii, T." box="[312,566,280,304]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" pagination="399 - 406" refId="ref22372" refString="Noshiro, S., Fujii, T. (1994): Fusiform parenchyma cells in the young wood of Pinaceae, and their distinction from marginal parenchyma. - IAWA Journal, 15: 399 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90001374" type="journal article" year="1994">Noshiro and Fujii 1994</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8D873FF87ED2A84A2FE9DFD11FCFD" blockId="12.[129,768,151,848]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169">
The occurrence of spiral thickenings, roundish tracheids and partly biseriate rays may be related either to specific genera or to compression wood sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A862AFEDDFD35FE3D" author="Timell, T. E." box="[558,712,376,400]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" refId="ref23875" refString="Timell, T. E. (1986): Compression wood in gymnosperms, Vol. 1 - 3. - Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2150 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 61616 - 7 _ 1" type="book" year="1986">Timell (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. The occurrence of relatively large resin canals is also observed in compression wood as in our MGPT-PU141107 sample but could be also of taxonomic importance. Ecological disruptions by biotic, e.g., aphid infection and/or fungi, and abiotic factors can cause the above-discussed abnormalities (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A848CFD9DFEE8FDFD" author="Timell, T. E." box="[136,277,568,592]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" refId="ref23875" refString="Timell, T. E. (1986): Compression wood in gymnosperms, Vol. 1 - 3. - Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2150 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 61616 - 7 _ 1" type="book" year="1986">Timell 1986</bibRefCitation>
), as well as the occurrence of intercellular spaces (or interstitial spaces sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A85EAFDFDFD50FDDD" author="Bolton, A. J. &amp; Jardine, P. &amp; Jones, G. L." box="[494,685,600,624]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" pagination="3 - 12" refId="ref17557" refString="Bolton, A. J., Jardine, P., Jones, G. L. (1975): Interstitial spaces. A Review and Observations on Some Araucariaceae. - IAWA Bulletin, 1975 (1): 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1975">Bolton et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
), which were also observed in this sample. The observed abnormal discoloration (white and black) could be related to wood shrinkage caused by several factors discussed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A867BFD1DFF37FD5D" author="Rossler, R. &amp; Trumper, S. &amp; Noll, R. &amp; Hellwig, A. &amp; Niemirowska, S." pageId="12" pageNumber="169" refId="ref22796" refString="Rossler, R., Trumper, S., Noll, R., Hellwig, A., Niemirowska, S. (2021): Wood shrinkage during fossilisation and its significance for studying deep-time lignophytes. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 292: 104455 (22 pp.). https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2021.104455" type="book" year="2021">Rössler et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, among which are the mineralization and the decay caused by bacteria and fungi. The latter case is presented also in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A84CEFCBDFE8AFC9D" author="Wei, H. - B. &amp; Gou, X. - D. &amp; Yang, J. - Y. &amp; Feng, Z." box="[202,375,792,816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" refId="ref24366" refString="Wei, H. - B., Gou, X. - D., Yang, J. - Y., Feng, Z. (2019): Fungi - plant - arthropods interactions in a new conifer wood from the uppermost Permian of China reveal complex ecological relationships and trophic networks. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 271: 104100 (14 pp.). https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2019.07.005" type="book" year="2019">Wei et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE6A582FF87ED2A85ACFCBDFD8AFC9D" author="Morris, H. &amp; Smith, K. T. &amp; Robinson, S. C. &amp; Gottelmann, M. &amp; Fink, S. &amp; Schwarze, F. W. M. R." box="[424,631,792,816]" pageId="12" pageNumber="169" refId="ref21773" refString="Morris, H., Smith, K. T., Robinson, S. C., Gottelmann, M., Fink, S., Schwarze, F. W. M. R. (2021): The dark side of fungal competition and resource capture in wood: Zone line spalting from science to application. - Materials and Design, 201 (2021): 109480 (20 pp.). https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. matdes. 2021.109480" type="book" year="2021">Morris et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. The specific reason of the discoloration of our specimen remains open.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>