treatments-xml/data/FB/70/5F/FB705FE0C721C3A393B51DD0057635C3.xml

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<mods:title id="63935B6E6C21272EE486CFC842AC11AA">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="FB705FE0C721C3A393B51DD0057635C3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875723" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB705FE0C721C3A393B51DD0057635C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB705FE0C721C3A393B51DD0057635C3" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<subSubSection id="5670D5A14564AC8D417C0FD15282D50C" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="3BDFAC21B2D1252690CD706B6FB76DFC" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79229A40AA091F3ECC0AE1BEB9E5DF10" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A1A9F84E314D3A3A6CEA723336E718CC" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="0D5BD935054637CAD8EE425627835342" ID-CoL="47Y3" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus Fabricius, 1793</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4B166E67D071FA74CC9A62FBE1A0BECF" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7E799113AAC0FF5B179C6EA943921285" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="561AF2DB9279C6ECBA39C275AD191D81" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Alaopone" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alaopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Alaopone</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1881, syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D480472C1994EEBA3EB6C57881651B6C" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="D55D53BABD72F96A631A634D579200FE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Anomma</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c, syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D09577AC818607AA98A392838F1F9BBA" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="F93AB4D596ACE5AB1CBE76787E6EBD43" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cosmaecetes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cosmaecetes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Cosmaecetes</taxonomicName>
Spinola, 1851
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F14638DD74930ACB342D743E336616BE" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="7B339D13FC53C10BAD388E4EEDA571A3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dichthadia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichthadia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Dichthadia</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="17016323F2B24BF01469199DCE78DF8D" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1863, syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3449B25592888D3FE84206874F265E8A" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="A35A06F33E41040E912082238B5FB240" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rhogmus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhogmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Rhogmus</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c, syn. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D4234F2B4EC038AAAFF4621F10FEEF9E" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="775F50107FDF706F0A72888B010DDF40" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Shuckardia" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shuckardia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Shuckardia</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B30AA911735EEE5A98360D9192AFF032" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="6FEBE289408F0B51BA41E40D578650A2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphecomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Sphecomyrmex</taxonomicName>
Schulz, 1906
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE19EF585D0AC094EA5B82763B922629" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="BF311B4CC599BE9A301C052FA12869BD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphegomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphegomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Sphegomyrmex</taxonomicName>
Imhoff, 1852
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3B7CCCF2A37F4FE7E5FAA1B831476A4" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="73CE3045609494691A4844F00CFFE760" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Typhlopone</taxonomicName>
Westwood, 1839, syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8550F8E58E683355FF1F494EE2EC23D" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="type-species">
<paragraph id="02E61973CD60BFB801AF9AA0FDEDFB98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Type-species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79725A8FA42FABD462EB9FECB457A76F" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="E45D95A18DF7C2833143ED2B62EA30E1" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespa helvola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvola">Vespa helvola</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3676419780F439BAF6966F362CE94051" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
The Afrotropical 'driver 
<normalizedToken id="608D1C8F301CB2ED767DD234D2B032A1" originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
of this genus epitomize the army ant lifestyle, but they represent only a fraction of the diversity of 
<taxonomicName id="2D6EF5780F8D56B1034EF778BCCF1840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
. Most species are much less commonly observed, and forage underground or in leaf litter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4FEF9F54765C4323596DE504DE62848" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D0B0F8D262CE361BD109A4F7385E43DE" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1923F426B6526E9FF0345CF9199D47E8" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Worker. The workers of 
<taxonomicName id="49D2F68F7AA77EEA937404F8F54D6746" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
are readily recognized by a combination of well-developed promesonotal Pronotomesopleural suture, propodeal spiracle positioned high on the propodeum and lack of propodeal lobes, single waist segment, pygidium large and with a flattened surface and armed with two cuticular projections, and pretarsal claws simple. Other army ants of the Old World, 
<taxonomicName id="40A4A20BE0B3D04B13BB9FF43EF37610" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="48F2C4134D06C20CB792C1636FAAB320" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
, are not easily confused with 
<taxonomicName id="A5BE7BA014EB213AA211C1CE6FBE8742" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
as the former always has a well-differentiated second waist segment (postpetiole) and in 
<taxonomicName id="AB5CD1CD4D2A9131781667031DEB727E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
the gaster has more developed constrictions between gastral pre- and post-sclerites, resulting in apparent constriction between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI. 
<taxonomicName id="DA972EC335491DAFFDA5454320E70E6D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Yunodorylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Yunodorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yunodorylus</taxonomicName>
is superficially similar but is easily distinguished from all army ants by the propodeal spiracle situated low and presence of propodeal 
<pageBreakToken id="34D32FB26BC83DE40C4BA17AA1DDA184" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" start="start">lobes</pageBreakToken>
. Among the New World army ants only 
<taxonomicName id="0B0B12DBC474E6147CEC0BBDB1E53090" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
has one-segmented waist but 
<taxonomicName id="926CD6E10DA1C63966DD46C9F980BF1E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cheliomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cheliomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cheliomyrmex</taxonomicName>
does not have a promesonotal Pronotomesopleural suture, its pygidium is reduced and never armed with cuticular projections, and its pretarsal claws are armed with a tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56D8FA8B433B5377B1797EE2A4B61401" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Male. In general appearance 
<taxonomicName id="FF347223ED0DA4FD23655EFF21F0F93B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
males are similar to other army ant genera but possess flattened femora that are much broader and more compressed than the tibiae and tarsi. This trait alone is sufficient to separate them from all other male dorylines, but a combination of single-segmented waist, M·f1 vein of fore wing arising from M+Cu at about 45° and situated near to cu-a, Rs·f2-3 lost, pterostigma narrow and inconspicuous can also be used to recognize 
<taxonomicName id="17F0C31417244479AC0D562CDF96874F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
. The Old World army ant genera 
<taxonomicName id="0239AB29542368DE45FFB08FC3D45834" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="21D1CA7FBDF0068BFA099D1B4B498D5B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
have similar fore wing venation but both have a well-developed and broad pterostigma and the latter has a 
<normalizedToken id="F695A13CE150C79B27B7114423EAFDC0" originalValue="‘free-hanging’">'free-hanging'</normalizedToken>
Rs·f3 vein. In the New World army ants M·f1 arises at a lower angle and is conspicuously proximal to cu-a, and Rs·f2-3 are present, forming two submarginal cells. 
<taxonomicName id="E4016BD2373EEED15F3146CA0A9ED853" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
males also possess unique genital capsule morphology, where a tiny diamond-shaped structure is formed from a fragment of the basimeres and visible dorsally over the aedeagus (
<normalizedToken id="4436F00D6BE20DA5A0D613D5800D9F98" originalValue="‘patella’">'patella'</normalizedToken>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="DBB96272E7D05B085916BECBB101961A" author="Birket-Smith, SJR" journalOrPublisher="Supplementum" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="377 - 397" title="The male genitalia of Hymenoptera - a review based on morphology in Dorylidae (Formicoidea). Entomologica Scandinavica." volume="15" year="1981">Birket-Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Brendon Boudinot pers. comm.). The telomeres in lateral view do not conceal inner valves of the genital capsule as in most dorylines but instead form a characteristic shape of a spiral arm folding first proximally and then projecting distally over the rest of genital capsule thus concealing it from above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C87776B1255DF280BA20FC8A6A5567FB" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="description">
<paragraph id="96B5C93501B96898AF50E7BA73A9FB73" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D949BC64E3B99C28244ADBC92814487E" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Worker.Head: Antennae with 8, 9, 11, or 12 segments. Apical antennal segment not enlarged, not broader and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent. 
<taxonomicName id="AB9D22674F9F0616FDD8E1CD625AD231" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum without median notch or concavity. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, concealing prementum when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 2- or 1-segmented. Labial palps 2-segmented. Mandibles elongately triangular to falcate, with teeth on elongated masticatory margin. Eyes absent. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen entirely absent, including ventrally. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture conspicuous and complete, but immobile. 
<taxonomicName id="4B78EF8ACFB606D8F028A7C1B2C36FB7" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
complete, continuous with promesonotal Pronotomesopleural suture. 
<taxonomicName id="D31F3E6DF3C49F9AB86291330D170105" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
deeply impressed, conspicuous. Transverse 
<taxonomicName id="C4D1F1A10B4231C609479FD4886C4877" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron absent. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or 
<taxonomicName id="02D7422DCC7BB7CDA29661B6DDC972B8" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
on mesosoma absent. Propodeal spiracle situated high on sclerite. Propodeal declivity without distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland with bulla visible through cuticle in smaller workers, mostly obscured in large workers. Propodeal lobes absent. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin. Spiracle openings of ab 
<pageBreakToken id="E87A401486CA456C515B6A9579F13BE4" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" start="start">dominal</pageBreakToken>
segments 
<normalizedToken id="760CB92EA44E8DD7676D8F59A8243EA7" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
circular. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV, which is weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and sculptured but not cross-ribbed. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Pygidium large, with impressed medial field, and armed with cuticular spines. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Polymorphism: Highly polymorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="129B7AA3FEBB9F47BA459205AB28A2CE" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
Male.Head: Antennae with 13 segments. Clypeus without cuticular apron. 
<taxonomicName id="963DC1D4AF0AEF6BBAEBA16072DD4D6C" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical, carinae separated by broad flat or convex area between exposed antennal sockets. Maxillary palps 2- or 1-segmented. Labial palps 1-segmented. Mandibles falcate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge. 
<taxonomicName id="C272E24F5223EC408C15FD3FCD01D7FA" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
absent. Transverse 
<taxonomicName id="1F1BE7B404317BA4736B81E04FD9CCAE" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron absent. Propodeal declivity reduced, without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes absent. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora simple, not delimited by carina. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments 
<normalizedToken id="EA16C8EB494459A033F22D7AF938A110" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
slit-shaped. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV absent, i.e. pre- and postsclerites indistinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV absent, not impressed. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines, with lateral apodemes short, directed sideways. Genitalia: Cupula short relative to rest of genital capsule and shorter ventrally than dorsally. Basimere fused basally, with a fragment reduced to tiny, plate-like sclerite. Telomere folding backwards and then over rest of genital capsule, concealing it dorsally. 
<taxonomicName id="C6EC9EED53FAFA89D52BE4FFFE4848B2" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
gradually tapering toward apex. Penisvalva laterally compressed, rounded at apex. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present. Pterostigma narrow. Abscissa R·f3 absent. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 absent. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, connected to Rs·f2-3&amp;Rs·f4. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 differentiated into Rs·f4 
<pageBreakToken id="96018B9CD7248CD98B830D5AB2376DCA" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
Rs·f5 by 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing contiguous with Rs+M. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from Cu and distal to, at or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with only Cu1 branch prominent. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with both branches Cu1 and Cu2. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing unknown. Vein C in hind wing present. Vein R in hind wing present, extending past Sc+R but not reaching distal wing margin. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing present, shorter than M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04CE095C9B3B643A23EFD081CD7AE27" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Gyne. Dichthadiiform, blind, with median ocellus (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EC1C3322E840DC8E9CFBF8D6BDB29AF4" author="Barr, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 10" title="Phenetic studies of African army ant queens of the genus Dorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00560.x" volume="10" year="1985">Barr et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27D91BDF9A84C5FD37F57BCA9179235E" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Larva. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="58C90A92B30EB4C48AD5B6B27D6F97BF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
have been described in 
<bibRefCitation id="007E45A789C18DCF786C62B2544AD09C" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="319 - 332" title="The larvae of the army ants." url="10.1093/aesa/36.2.319" volume="36" year="1943">Wheeler (1943)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="6C0728994445E741BF7489378D9E2789" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="263 - 275" title="The larvae of the army ants: a revision." volume="57" year="1984">Wheeler and Wheeler (1984)</bibRefCitation>
. Cocoons are absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3ABD06B0033C8A49AB9AA15B8FCF2431" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3B7570E642D007851147EE34A192395B" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9386F8A625A6527E6171D1BB5B3C1A9" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="8319B015C89F2A94367EA2A03842CA78" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
ranges from Sub-Saharan Africa throughout North Africa and Asia Minor to Borneo in Southeast Asia. The Afrotropics harbor the highest number of species and are the home of the surface- and leaf litter-foraging species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6FBC64306C7507A77E7D9BD6DAABBDE" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
<paragraph id="F65C4A6DA333C709EA858976A065D679" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40861DD523D86B29D7041219AB1D5D3C" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
The long and confusing taxonomic history of the genus begins with a male ant from South Africa, described as 
<taxonomicName id="F983E45C05BD4A56A5B561580115FDA7" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespa helvola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvola">Vespa helvola</taxonomicName>
by Linnaeus in 1764. Later 
<bibRefCitation id="95FC89BDF1D52A9A2E3ADE671D0EA416" author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="C. G. Proft, Hafniae [= Copenhagen]" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" title="Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonimis, locis observationibus, descriptionibus" year="1793">Fabricius (1793)</bibRefCitation>
created the genus 
<taxonomicName id="69DCBA668F8FCA04D39679401B26FF38" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
for that species. Similarly to 
<taxonomicName id="8E3A92231859EDACD11545668331FC3A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
, for a time the males and females were known under different generic names, with 
<taxonomicName id="C8EE1312ED268617047D841F333A40DF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
being applied to males and 
<taxonomicName id="45E8355F6DBF838C5848225190ABBC09" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D07796429C34AA50FC3F2694E7AEFB05" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Typhlopone</taxonomicName>
to the workers. 85 years after the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="E46CD2EFDE1C6AB3B8E0B85F52AC31D6" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespa helvola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvola">Vespa helvola</taxonomicName>
, T. S. Savage observed males and workers together in the field and recognized that they belonged to one species (
<bibRefCitation id="36D01DE355CE81C9C9B72F083A92B46D" author="Savage, TS" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="211" pageNumber="212" pagination="195 - 200" title="The driver ants of western Africa." volume="4" year="1849">Savage 1849</bibRefCitation>
). A very readable overview of the early taxonomic history of 
<taxonomicName id="80289D1AAAE27D4C7CE5F900219D41A0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
can be found in 
<bibRefCitation id="2A52E575BBEDD309DD35E9F1A33DFD27" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald (1995</bibRefCitation>
: 13). The modern subgeneric division of 
<taxonomicName id="F1F847827281F89F5E9D5EB76CE1DBCE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
was stabilized by 
<bibRefCitation id="D05DD4FAF67F2AE67044A38981517314" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" pagination="685 - 778" title="Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbuecher." volume="8" year="1895 b">Emery (1895b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B751B5C067289EA2106A9C06ABE38773" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 35" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae." volume="102" year="1910">1910</bibRefCitation>
). This classification has come under scrutiny using molecular data in the recent decades, and two of the most speciose subgenera of 
<taxonomicName id="E82E7D84C0C03FB8F9FCFBBA8EC1F931" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FDBB451BF90E078422D3C3F10DD549C3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="873675B2830D4D2ED8CDE78DB8A2FB68" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
s. str. were found to be not monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="1252A2A1DBF95EA188BC20569EAFA892" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Because of these phylogenetic considerations, also backed up by morphological study (Caspar 
<normalizedToken id="E99DA556E31F00BF997CF64D7334B16C" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
pers. comm.), I propose to abandon the traditional subgeneric classification. Although the surface-foraging (as opposed to leaf litter) species of 
<taxonomicName id="9EB2F6F3F1360F2D6095259381C15848" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
species form a clade and it is even possible to differentiate it based on apomorphic morphological characters from other 
<taxonomicName id="76EEA16B78507920C588661BDBD16184" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="83A550D4D6447C96701DC90DE03EFD0D" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. in preparation), recognizing 
<taxonomicName id="B13ECB9BF26EE8C96738D3624D8ADF62" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
would likely leave the large 
<taxonomicName id="D3EE34519DB0E095AA633CB2F2040B9D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
s. str. paraphyletic. Other 
<taxonomicName id="3789B3A55F17B2ED6B77CABF4733BDD2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
subgenera are likely monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="B5F863E701CA0840AFEE94DC5366E1D5" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Subgeneric classification is not currently adopted for any other doryline genus, and I propose the following informal species-groups to be recognized instead of the subgenera (for species known from the worker caste):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="731DB15C72E3E51E850B6FBB031FE0C0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="92A42B943F56D61BB0B6B72CB3CD7F01" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Dorylus orientalis</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="E3AD1272D597F6AC2764CFFA4B2E0145" class="Insecta" genus="Alaopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alaopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alaopone</taxonomicName>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="6160645981C840FA3E2CEAD5E2DDA80F" class="Insecta" lsidName="acutus" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">acutus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="414659FD170AC11CA809FDA6E161F498" class="Insecta" lsidName="aethiopicus" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">aethiopicus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F580EF7F663DD9E91B322AB378AF6F86" class="Insecta" lsidName="atriceps" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atriceps">atriceps</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A94CA1BCFCEDC61509492D029E48BD2C" class="Insecta" lsidName="attenuatus" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuatus">attenuatus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CBA29EC7781F1DC61C41650F34368357" class="Insecta" lsidName="brevis" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">brevis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="92DE174F600C8D24CC39267CDB17A025" class="Insecta" lsidName="buyssoni" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buyssoni">buyssoni</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F95B311D0CE43BEC8E65C6C3ED1331D4" class="Insecta" lsidName="conradti" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">conradti</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B3171A7C149366011CEDECEC21EAEF97" class="Insecta" lsidName="diadema" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diadema">diadema</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9C58BEB1C17EA4FE57CEA2395BED5363" class="Insecta" lsidName="distinctus" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinctus">distinctus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="214A9B6B124B6ACA3EBEA3DB1E0414C7" class="Insecta" lsidName="ductor" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ductor">ductor</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1EA33735C29D2D27840D75A52AAF74B8" class="Insecta" lsidName="katanensis" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katanensis">katanensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BB45B8EADCDBC2473885B5BBCC0CDA69" class="Insecta" lsidName="montanus" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">montanus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BADF202354F06E5A1053314844CF4118" class="Insecta" lsidName="orientalis" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">orientalis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C9909EAC2C0B2226C0DF3A2BEA50F6E2" class="Insecta" lsidName="vishnui" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vishnui">vishnui</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="408992F69D656A93F7B6BDAE67852C97" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="D153C3FEEEE4A1F3D3A9FC81F927E5C1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<pageBreakToken id="175DF72D8078062B9740CF82DA0AEDCF" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" start="start">Dorylus</pageBreakToken>
nigricans
</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="4594C35534A8553E0AD7863B5DDA34CC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
excluding 
<taxonomicName id="AD502ED9CF307BA3D497560EF5DDADF5" class="Insecta" lsidName="emeryi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">emeryi</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="0337641F8E9B6E637722324699E458CF" class="Insecta" lsidName="kohli" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohli">kohli</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AD5A1185FA89583481F878495CCD3E6D" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="85 - 93" title="Prey spectra of two swarm-raiding army ant species in East Africa." volume="274" year="2008">
<normalizedToken id="A2E68CED41A3E6C445C47AAF7162B490" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
)), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="3712AD24BDB83CEB80E7ECB6874BEE19" class="Insecta" lsidName="atratus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">atratus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BE02D368E0A12EF26DBFA902AB9F842A" class="Insecta" lsidName="erraticus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">erraticus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F32B997935958872260292654CD7D5EE" class="Insecta" lsidName="funereus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funereus">funereus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="52D53A982D2C0546932AEF1FCCE68959" class="Insecta" lsidName="mayri" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">mayri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B3B07E1F209C60231AA6FAD15076AC41" class="Insecta" lsidName="niarembensis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niarembensis">niarembensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3E729CF0E177DD2727BF4828C4E53F32" class="Insecta" lsidName="nigricans" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">nigricans</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DE7CC7EC526F856C4E76E3920F499146" class="Insecta" lsidName="rufescens" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="AB79CF60891A939C876BB6F0E474ECEC" class="Insecta" lsidName="stanleyi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyi">stanleyi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CC046B79F8B0918204B8AE49C9F415C5" class="Insecta" lsidName="wilverthi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">wilverthi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5145A5BA25CFA6991FDB1D7AC014176D" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="17F3D1D29B9ACF80F9563B9D0FCF4E9C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Dorylus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="582A10F817ACF7359CC1E331E02D4B8D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dichthadia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichthadia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichthadia</taxonomicName>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="E7A16E930C760753314F09E6A887B09D" class="Insecta" lsidName="laevigatus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">laevigatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7DB77D764565CBF4540EDB31B14A2853" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="6A06C503B7E45F2F4BFBA2B41A1FE0B5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus politus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">Dorylus politus</taxonomicName>
-group (species excluded from 
<taxonomicName id="78F67134848D1300F2386A7EB45FA936" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
s. str. based on phylogeny in 
<bibRefCitation id="1FBDC511CA52BC6554C01933E15653C4" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="C04F4B4D04A6506C3A1C0C569AF50C8B" class="Insecta" lsidName="politus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">politus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="32FC434074363CE98E89C54512B764F0" class="Insecta" lsidName="spininodis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spininodis">spininodis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6377400D5B01A89D7604C60AF889979A" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="C58EFC2C694F446D0F0162349BBDD0E5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus helvolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvolus">Dorylus helvolus</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="00D28AD4EEBBBF0166B5C2A3B0A41BB9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
s. str. but excluding species of 
<taxonomicName id="BA5DB89A90DD1B428C572D7904568D3E" class="Insecta" lsidName="politus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">politus</taxonomicName>
-group and including two species previously assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="EC4EF7B70624110203A5438966F110CE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="16BEED4DCD4C4BBF2BB1476DE4BB1978" class="Insecta" lsidName="affinis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E983C61B7F970863A6FEFBBC72B575E1" class="Insecta" lsidName="agressor" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agressor">agressor</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DC56F068890D3C5315DFE93EAD238794" class="Insecta" lsidName="alluaudi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">alluaudi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7FF2B6FB29BFAD80A9DCA61BFF078B58" class="Insecta" lsidName="bequaerti" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">bequaerti</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08363D09400A7B7E12109E11B2AA727F" class="Insecta" lsidName="bishyiganus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bishyiganus">bishyiganus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8F485B285BD6998E408EDBA16B18CD3A" class="Insecta" lsidName="braunsi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">braunsi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="91B7DD429ADCB9B888C1524586A545EA" class="Insecta" lsidName="brevipennis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennis">brevipennis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="239CA185CDE328D796D229A3EA6D2D70" class="Insecta" lsidName="congolensis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congolensis">congolensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="5EBD185867081BB0C00589B9B6DA9884" class="Insecta" lsidName="depilis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depilis">depilis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="89AEA54AB0FBED012C1D681565228E02" class="Insecta" lsidName="emeryi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">emeryi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="77F56106CF44CC9157BFD605CDCAC63D" class="Insecta" lsidName="faurei" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faurei">faurei</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A329BC4307835F476FD34FC798287B56" class="Insecta" lsidName="furcatus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">furcatus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7D1883B9D3B3D03905E68CBE92E8CA86" class="Insecta" lsidName="gaudens" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudens">gaudens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7AE3C5103D6CD2BF9D8B50A375892676" class="Insecta" lsidName="ghanensis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghanensis">ghanensis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="592814D40225158392C0BDB68AE25A8F" class="Insecta" lsidName="gribodoi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gribodoi">gribodoi</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="191CB5660076A695D94EA7F1C4A39F4A" class="Insecta" lsidName="helvolus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvolus">helvolus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="36B21EEF6E5AC87F152A693AB7D83F88" class="Insecta" lsidName="kohli" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohli">kohli</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="97BC684F5871B8508BD8B695026A4EDC" class="Insecta" lsidName="mandibularis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">mandibularis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B40C1113EA41E4B66ECFF65699A3F0E3" class="Insecta" lsidName="moestus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moestus">moestus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7698AC66FF79160CFED7975081ABB193" class="Insecta" lsidName="schoutedeni" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoutedeni">schoutedeni</taxonomicName>
, stadelmani, 
<taxonomicName id="5799ED017E34076B086FE90E6E106E90" class="Insecta" lsidName="staudingeri" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">staudingeri</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2FAF921EFA39F0BF392BF4FECB46517A" class="Insecta" lsidName="striatidens" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatidens">striatidens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4403B56C213E81D8CE1AD8A6B1255B42" class="Insecta" lsidName="titan" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titan">titan</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B69F9FC702ACE781B2620D73E72007A" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="C308E8A5BF6A15E4DEC5A3CD78A7CC0A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fimbriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">Dorylus fimbriatus</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="34D962DBC3D5FC9DBACD68B1F0FE529D" class="Insecta" genus="Rhogmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhogmus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhogmus</taxonomicName>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="891170CB2BA87417C7F5F12D6BE597B9" class="Insecta" lsidName="fimbriatus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">fimbriatus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="0DFBF828EB0E422B0017AD3DCF8E584C" class="Insecta" lsidName="fuscipennis" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">fuscipennis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="0ABECE2C24C33678C321D10F14E9C6E2" class="Insecta" lsidName="leo" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leo">leo</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C3F8E025073BD1FB812C3847FDDC9893" class="Insecta" lsidName="ocellatus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">ocellatus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4FDE896380ECCA2A30D5C8344FC51858" class="Insecta" lsidName="savagei" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="savagei">savagei</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2360CA2A3D8D7CFB9EA8D2FB76F94B5C" class="Insecta" lsidName="termitarius" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitarius">termitarius</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D84DDFA86C55D600157DFBCE134CA64E" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="D09EC3061872DC9883C8C4F7919A9259" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">Dorylus fulvus</taxonomicName>
-group (equivalent of 
<taxonomicName id="39B6E4A8935E62472256A9C8D6080B35" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhlopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Typhlopone</taxonomicName>
), comprising species 
<taxonomicName id="E74E248A71F06C418EFF1E51EC1179FF" class="Insecta" lsidName="fulvus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">fulvus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="93CCB0C59AD4AB0271B3DF0BCE7B3C02" class="Insecta" lsidName="labiatus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labiatus">labiatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F84A2137E7AFAD1E958B2653351D6650" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Species unassigned to species-groups: 
<taxonomicName id="FC53E80BBE6F67B4C11BE6D665159236" class="Insecta" lsidName="atratus" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">atratus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="110C2974AFE3141CD609BC4F36E3B42F" class="Insecta" lsidName="westwoodii" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">westwoodii</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DBFAC65EBCE4038C434F4710265B29A0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="DC7CECDF49E811FB7816237A3BD0771B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
is the sister taxon to 
<taxonomicName id="742F7294E51C729D541B8ACECB03ACC9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="52F1C564CF898F198F5A3FA39FC35C0E" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="18172 - 18177" title="Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants." url="10.1073/pnas.0605858103" volume="103" year="2006">Brady et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0628DB6D9283DB074EE0E5724E00831D" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
, Borowiec, in prep.). As explained above, the internal phylogeny of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EACDCACF0A0C3527393ED39197B30169" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) shows that the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="F397C1BCF23FCD0423CE2D6A945084BC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="354E0F5E1329AAB1FC66F74FB75901CB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
as they were traditionally defined are not monophyletic. The Asian species 
<taxonomicName id="3A2D5E09A68EB50DC6391FBE625152DB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Dorylus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
represents the earliest-branching lineage of the genus. The time-calibrated phylogeny of 
<bibRefCitation id="FAFD5E16FACFD90F2F232ACCCFED68F0" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
estimated crown group age of 
<taxonomicName id="2A56D32933D7EFD465DD01AE4E0CAF33" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
to be between 30 and 64 million years, but more recent studies suggest much younger ages at about 22 million years (
<bibRefCitation id="4AB7F23C087BF4F3A5792378A760DF0E" author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
) or even younger than 20 million years (Borowiec, in prep.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2C015466FDF90227A2F18AF9729258D0" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D6B33578639ABC51ECAE7EC4E4CAF8B3" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABF45FFB3C8ED2A272A50E7BC70C5B38" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Because some species of this lineage are so conspicuous and are the most important arthropod predators of the Afrotropics, this group has attracted considerable attention.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F4F91728A369E0F8003BE67F4AF2E11" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
The best studied species include the Afrotropical species that forage above ground (
<bibRefCitation id="6AF4987BF78F55FBFEC31241E933B989" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven 1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="4AE27E7565B604A60AA58FF4AFB9DE3A" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="153 - 170" title="Sur l'origine des nouvelles societes des Fourmis voyageuses africaines (Hymenopteres formicidae, Dorylinae)." url="10.1007/BF02226624" volume="19" year="1972">Raignier 1972</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="CFEFA5A9EA94B45D748D436DE5222003" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
), but one subterranean species, 
<taxonomicName id="7BB904F712B08E7717450C68BDD29738" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Dorylus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
has been the subject of some work (
<bibRefCitation id="FAEFF0CF30E7C95233470D690AF9A10B" author="Berghoff, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="133 - 141" title="Foraging of a hypogaeic army ant: a long neglected majority." url="10.1007/s00040-002-8292-0" volume="49" year="2002 a">Berghoff et al. 2002a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="490082BCEACC294043313E4AFC480884" author="Berghoff, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 8" title="Nesting habits and colony com-position of the hypogaeic army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus Fr. Smith." url="10.1007/PL00012662" volume="49" year="2002 b">b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="9F9BBCD9B30A38D87BF79B025DD8119D" author="Berghoff, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="139 - 147" title="Sociobiology of hypogaeic army ants: characterization of two sympatric Dorylus species on Borneo and their colony conflicts." url="10.1007/s00040-003-0642-z" volume="50" year="2003 a">2003a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="AF8899B2D1C656A873737B16D3E5460D" author="Berghoff, SM" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="149 - 157" title="Influence of the hypogaeic army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus on tropical arthropod communities." url="10.1007/s00442-002-1173-4" volume="135" year="2003 b">b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="AAD078993E627E74559AB6F4BC6F4006" author="Weissflog, A" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="317 - 324" title="How to study subterranean army ants: a novel method for locating and monitoring field populations of the South East Asian army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus Smith, 1857 (Formicidae, Dorylinae) with observations on their ecology." url="10.1007/PL00001723" volume="47" year="2000">Weissflog et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Good overviews of 
<taxonomicName id="3BCA09725E6DFA4A685F89E936175184" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
biology can be found in 
<bibRefCitation id="1A5D68E8458FE0A10A85224FDD3F5208" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven (1955)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="6635F5A6E511FD33821EAE4B801B99EA" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. The surface- and leaf litter-foraging species have been collectively referred to as 'driver 
<normalizedToken id="B1FAF8899591D4A1027DCAF5B256CC74" originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A8995ED284B3587B8446B06D0E0DCD99" author="Savage, TS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="211" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 15" title="On the habits of the ' Drivers' or visiting ants of West Africa." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.1847.tb01686.x" volume="5" year="1847">Savage 1847</bibRefCitation>
), and traditionally classified in the polyphyletic subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="247F4F4F4CE5A01751BB7BE64D904D9A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomma</taxonomicName>
(see Taxonomy and phylogeny above). Here I follow this convention and use the terms 'driver 
<normalizedToken id="90A2A1F6230F450E1FB587EBA25ACA5E" originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken id="7189CE73305E2A84F84591DE92BF7455" originalValue="‘surface-‘">'surface-'</normalizedToken>
or 'epigaeically-foraging 
<normalizedToken id="AB82E10626D9DC46462A4A9DF0CBA720" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
interchangeably.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30CCD04A126CFDB61B823BAA1F86612E" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
The life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="B8074DD6483C48017980C48C13FB4E32" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
colony is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="C76597971C189B13F6C81C1397204E02" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
and many other army ants but there are no pronounced nomadic and statary phases. The brood production is not synchronized (
<bibRefCitation id="AB0924FEAF669C949C0B30C5D4FA4510" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="33D3DD3E59A783AE8A2ED98885774FF2" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="532 - 540" title="Temporal and spatial patterns in the emigrations of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus at Mt Kenya." url="10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00720.x" volume="30" year="2005 b">
<normalizedToken id="DC1AD372F71FA4B9DCEEC071D0110FDB" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005b
</bibRefCitation>
), and the colonies move from old to new nesting sites at irregular intervals (Gotwald and Cunningham van Sommeren 1990, 
<bibRefCitation id="AC92C39FADA10B882703D52FB5EA3C11" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="532 - 540" title="Temporal and spatial patterns in the emigrations of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus at Mt Kenya." url="10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00720.x" volume="30" year="2005 b">
<normalizedToken id="7E0E60034AEE541303A3A469D151C65A" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005b
</bibRefCitation>
). A mature colony will produce about a dozen virgin queens and eventually undergo fission. About half of the worker force will depart with the old, fertilized queen, while the other half will remain with the virgin queens. Ul 
<pageBreakToken id="ECFD83B0D1B3DBBAF56F80DBA8194AAE" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" start="start">timately</pageBreakToken>
, all except one of the new queens are cannibalized (
<bibRefCitation id="5F2D748E648A5BB27D86FDA52BAB2E84" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="153 - 170" title="Sur l'origine des nouvelles societes des Fourmis voyageuses africaines (Hymenopteres formicidae, Dorylinae)." url="10.1007/BF02226624" volume="19" year="1972">Raignier 1972</bibRefCitation>
). The new colony does not produce sexual brood until the workers mothered by the old queen have died (
<bibRefCitation id="BECE0373E2788ACAF90F25CC33F536A1" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="2381 - 2388" title="Extreme queen-mating frequency and colony fission in African army ants." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02262.x" volume="13" year="2004">Kronauer et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B3825CF47E754286B6D75F1AB5B2989" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Copulation in 
<taxonomicName id="ED67BBE081F8D762C5ECF35135666999" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
has been observed only once (
<bibRefCitation id="3E6BC54EEABDFD1716950E458809491B" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="20 - 28" title="Do army ant queens re-mate later in life?" url="10.1007/s00040-007-0904-2" volume="54" year="2007 a">Kronauer and Boomsma 2007a</bibRefCitation>
). Males collected at lights and two inseminated queens from established 
<taxonomicName id="8FC521C9F6B80956DD12C3B0A8D3B5CA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus molestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">Dorylus molestus</taxonomicName>
bivouacs were coupled under laboratory conditions. The male first uses his sickle-shaped mandibles to grasp the queen behind her petiole and performs bending movements, searching the tip of the 
<normalizedToken id="01A8D3707715AB6041C76E074DAF22F2" originalValue="queen’s">queen's</normalizedToken>
abdomen. Once engaged, the pairs remained in copulation for five to ten hours. After this period, the male relaxes his grip on 
<normalizedToken id="2CD08E57A5F63060D1075F55899E7FEA" originalValue="queen’s">queen's</normalizedToken>
petiole but remains connected to the queen. Twenty hours after the copulations, the two pairs were killed and dissected, both males remaining attached to the queens. The males apparently succeeded in transferring sperm to the queens, and the dissections confirmed that the male accessory testes were empty after the copulations. Despite these observations, 
<bibRefCitation id="5B9C1226DF7632D2C154D378E7AB9B70" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="20 - 28" title="Do army ant queens re-mate later in life?" url="10.1007/s00040-007-0904-2" volume="54" year="2007 a">Kronauer and Boomsma (2007a)</bibRefCitation>
find little evidence for army ant queens re-mating later in life and point out that the males were not attracted to old queens in most trials.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5E2509296857EDE293EE9714DDA2C67" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
The reproductive potential of 
<taxonomicName id="72D023B3807EC9E48D7C779419BDE0D5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
queens is impressive, at least in the surface-foraging species studied thus far. The queen mates between 15-20 times (
<bibRefCitation id="73C1FF6896748F4F575672419529FF8F" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="2381 - 2388" title="Extreme queen-mating frequency and colony fission in African army ants." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02262.x" volume="13" year="2004">Kronauer et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="5CB21ED73C9A0A343DC09E22D85DCF60" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="402 - 406" title="A reassessment of the mating system characteristics of the army ant Ecitonburchellii." url="10.1007/s00114-006-0121-2" volume="93" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
) early in her life and stores up to 880 million spermatozoa (
<bibRefCitation id="779DF1BD806EA3F797AFD8B0AD72FB96" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="20 - 28" title="Do army ant queens re-mate later in life?" url="10.1007/s00040-007-0904-2" volume="54" year="2007 a">Kronauer and Boomsma 2007a</bibRefCitation>
). A 
<taxonomicName id="616847FDCDCC3BF2F4699C5C9B27B438" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
queen can produce an estimated 3-4 million eggs per month, for a total over 250 million eggs during her lifetime (
<bibRefCitation id="F77EDC647A6822029874EE0987A5DBF9" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven 1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E938E8E331708E21DF921DEFB87EA28E" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="R 753 - R 755" title="Multiple queens means fewer mates." url="10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.057" volume="17" year="2007 b">Kronauer and Boomsma 2007b</bibRefCitation>
). This is even more than 
<taxonomicName id="49F2E4BA80026ED7A3FD2363B21D17CA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
queens (see under 
<taxonomicName id="37744A9E205702F04C0870BE92929177" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3F10464884773444122F2585161EB168" author="Schneirla, TC" journalOrPublisher="W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco" pageId="211" pageNumber="212" title="Army ants. A study in social organization." year="1971">Schneirla 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2A20E7100BCE0DAF603F9151814FDE5A" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="R 753 - R 755" title="Multiple queens means fewer mates." url="10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.057" volume="17" year="2007 b">Kronauer and Boomsma 2007b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FC93355B9D438A008FB9C287DAE2D47" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
These army ants always occupy subterranean nests, either constructed by excavating large amounts of soil and/or taking advantage of a preexisting cavity (
<bibRefCitation id="41116D982FF130547CDE65D811C74D6B" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="532 - 540" title="Temporal and spatial patterns in the emigrations of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus at Mt Kenya." url="10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00720.x" volume="30" year="2005 b">
<normalizedToken id="208001F0C45E6E58AB66470047558258" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005b
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="05C1F7B85F7DC9B5D33CCD54B18E5C50" author="Boven, JKA" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Universite de l'Abidjan (Sciences), series E," pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="351 - 358" title="Les Dorylinae de la savane de Lamto (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1968">
Boven and 
<normalizedToken id="503EE9E360B5AB73E3E12FC6B611BB67" originalValue="Lévieux">Levieux</normalizedToken>
1968
</bibRefCitation>
). Because of these underground habits, colony size estimates are rare. A single excavated colony of 
<taxonomicName id="F56A9D80522176AB771BD05805C22E5A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Dorylus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
contained about 300,000 workers (Berghoff et al. 2002), and estimates of colony size for the surface foragers 
<taxonomicName id="B139E29B5EAA7BB82A26D33B382DC994" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E0FDC4D017024B4998EF372B89087CAD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
range from 1 million to over 20 million workers (
<bibRefCitation id="C887EC26EA13C4D795C538EE6E09545F" author="Voessler, J" journalOrPublisher="Pflanzer" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" pagination="289 - 302" title="Die ostafrikanische Treiberameise (Siafu)." volume="1" year="1905">Voessler 1905</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2D9828696AC3130A27202820F2FCEA0E" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven 1955</bibRefCitation>
). The dry mass of 
<taxonomicName id="3D1503253B99B4E28E9E3A908B547294" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
colonies has been estimated to be 9-15 kg (
<bibRefCitation id="1FC1F76D1D755AEF096A52723B974E2D" author="Leroux, JM" journalOrPublisher="- Ecole Nor-male Superieure, Paris" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" title="Ecologie des populations de dorylines Anommanigricans dans la region de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Pub-lications du Laboratoire de Zoologie, No. 22." year="1982">Leroux 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The underground nests of 
<taxonomicName id="7A702ED2F910391CDFEE2F23D5850253" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
are quite different from the above-ground bivouacs of 
<taxonomicName id="C703CEA0E5B4B99FF608C512C111F7F8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3EFFDC808A967890C721149886B6B0F3" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="624F0036B807DD5CE5609ACE91126C40" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven (1955)</bibRefCitation>
categorized them as either occupying a single large chamber or dispersed among subterranean galleries and chambers. The first type is exemplified by 
<taxonomicName id="DF6C987481B6E522EE8A73C2951AB0E8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
and the second by 
<taxonomicName id="DC7BBFDBBA2F9408EB60C632C2FFA269" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
. Both nest types are often found among root systems of trees. These ants actively excavate soil and one estimate gives 20 kg of soil per day removed in the first week of a 
<taxonomicName id="BDF7088FEBD75517365D642D8ADD2B42" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
colony settling into a new site (
<bibRefCitation id="E91963AF0744DA9124DB10D8E5E6205F" author="Leroux, JM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="51 - 62" title="Densite des colonies et observations sur les nids de dorylines Anommanigricans Illiger (Hym. Formicidae) dans la region de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire)." volume="102" year="1977">Leroux 1977</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CA9A198F5B97C0051BBB854D22DEDF5" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="99E082FF35DEF23A5AB577702AAEBA1B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
emigrate irregularly and the colony often returns to the same nesting spot. 
<bibRefCitation id="E8370054BFE26D4F3FF8DB11E1369AE6" author="Gotwald, WH" editor="Veeresh, GK" journalOrPublisher="Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" pagination="714 - 715" title="A year in the life of an Old World army ant colony: spatial patterns in raiding and emigration" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Eleventh IUSSI Congress" year="1990">Gotwald and Cunningham van Sommeren (1990)</bibRefCitation>
followed a single colony of 
<taxonomicName id="F3A04E743876164DA2243DEBE9B37213" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus molestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">Dorylus molestus</taxonomicName>
for 432 days and observed 38 emigrations during that time, spanning an area of about 5 hectares. One colony of 
<taxonomicName id="CD6B586D13BAACFBF9CC34DE4E4605D7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
has been recorded to remain in one bivouac site for 125 consecutive days (
<bibRefCitation id="DF3DCC68B723FC2EB58424D6F6BA4314" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge. Nouvelle Serie in Quarto. Sciences Zoologiques" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 359" title="Etude taxonomique, biologique et biometrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (HymenopteraFormicidae)." volume="2" year="1955">Raignier and Boven 1955</bibRefCitation>
). The adaptive significance of the cycles in brood production and colony activity remains unclear, but it 
<pageBreakToken id="CFDEB0C937C9BFE8A81F306A15E89466" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" start="start">seems</pageBreakToken>
to be correlated with highly variable food availability (
<bibRefCitation id="D4436A998A700D8FBB6C9032EE8847FF" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="51 - 65" title="Recent advances in army ant biology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="12" year="2009">Kronauer 2009</bibRefCitation>
). While phasic species of 
<taxonomicName id="38846633795D6B5E071F0938FF4EC476" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="14112EBEA1C7C8F1871B34A9E331E71A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
, and other New World army ants rely heavily on brood of other social insects, 
<taxonomicName id="F3DD8363823612918F18FE62367AF4E4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
are more generalist (
<bibRefCitation id="30219665906E49BC858B439E73BE7607" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96CAD6A944A759BCA64EEB27E610E9A2" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="7B9034CED2877E15763B50DCFD3F4921" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
gynes may or may not be able to move on their own during nest emigration. All queen specimens known so far are missing tarsal segments (
<bibRefCitation id="F00448DAD3B2C4F4511F809627F13B14" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="153 - 170" title="Sur l'origine des nouvelles societes des Fourmis voyageuses africaines (Hymenopteres formicidae, Dorylinae)." url="10.1007/BF02226624" volume="19" year="1972">Raignier 1972</bibRefCitation>
, Berghoff et al. 2002), so that they are assisted to a new site by the entourage of workers (Berghoff et al. 2002). 
<bibRefCitation id="C79D12A85CA77B3A139538617F2AA5DD" author="Raignier, A" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="153 - 170" title="Sur l'origine des nouvelles societes des Fourmis voyageuses africaines (Hymenopteres formicidae, Dorylinae)." url="10.1007/BF02226624" volume="19" year="1972">Raignier (1972)</bibRefCitation>
observed missing tarsal segments in very young queens of 
<taxonomicName id="14177D6C21FC61F542421AF1EF79EFD3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
, prior to their first emigration. The causes and significance of this tarsal mutilation are not known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CC491951AE12F37820848B22664559A" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
A diversity of foraging habits and prey preferences has been documented for 
<taxonomicName id="962872989DE1DEA0022559995C2D10D0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F1E0D939DFA74808CA549DC7CC3295B7" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
). According to the most popular classification (
<bibRefCitation id="886B12F2E9C3EF6B711D10ACC94B68CE" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Oikos" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="231 - 240" title="Evolution of allometries in the worker caste of Dorylus army ants." url="10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13672.x" volume="110" year="2005 a">
<normalizedToken id="024CF2F4B15A8A768B1871EECAA753D3" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D2F3DA525161C331FA6112BA75C51760" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), three major foraging strategies can be distinguished: subterranean, leaf litter, or surface foragers. The surface-swarming driver ants are generalist predators that will take any kind of prey, ranging from immatures of other insects to vertebrate carrion (
<bibRefCitation id="079AC12B48228BC7A8F40410355850EF" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="663 - 667" title="Driver ants invading a termite nest - why do the most catholic predators of all seldom take this abundant prey?" url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00296.x" volume="39" year="2007">
<normalizedToken id="3FC07153772DA2CCD7ABCD6DE18308C7" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
and Moffett 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Seasonal, habitat, and intraspecific differences can be seen in prey composition and intake in these ants, but the proportion of social insect prey is small (
<bibRefCitation id="3F4AFAB2A8BB8EA67BFCA35A3D25246B" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="85 - 93" title="Prey spectra of two swarm-raiding army ant species in East Africa." volume="274" year="2008">
<normalizedToken id="F29EE5F7B2519B9B1182E9E07BE8013C" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). This is in contrast to 
<taxonomicName id="1A66E79219C71FE7F0FCD48016FF948C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton burchellii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">Eciton burchellii</taxonomicName>
, whose diet is general but it still relies heavily on this kind of prey (
<bibRefCitation id="8FE8AA9917B451B6DB58EE23B407EFF9" author="Rettenmeyer, CW" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Science Bulletin" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="281 - 465" title="Behavioral studies of army ants." volume="44" year="1963">Rettenmeyer 1963</bibRefCitation>
). The few subterranean species of 
<taxonomicName id="9477FFDF39B5C1563EBEBE3AA0778D4B" class="Insecta" genus="Dorylys" lsidName="Dorylys" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylys</taxonomicName>
that have been studied have also been recorded to be generalist predators but additionally often feeding on termites (
<bibRefCitation id="AA65FB1CF1F5F9BC719A34B5628A8509" author="Darlington, JPEC" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" pagination="189 - 200" title="Attacks by doryline ants and termite nest defences (Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Isoptera; Termitidae)." volume="11" year="1985">Darlington 1985</bibRefCitation>
, Berghoff et al. 2002). 
<taxonomicName id="FCB300E04E815ACEC840E5AEF2D93519" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Dorylus orientalis</taxonomicName>
is recognized as a vegetable crop pest, apparently being mainly or exclusively herbivorous (
<bibRefCitation id="73A48318E8351A4B8CD96FF23E1AC3E0" author="Roonwal, ML" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Naural History Society" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="305 - 313" title="Plant-pest status of root-eating ant, Dorylusorientalis, with notes on taxonomy, distribution and habits (Insecta: Hymenoptera)." volume="72" year="1975">Roonwal 1975</bibRefCitation>
). Variation in foraging can also be seen within the general foraging strategies. 
<bibRefCitation id="AE00E7FDF1CD820C6AF07852FFE4EFD2" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="85 - 93" title="Prey spectra of two swarm-raiding army ant species in East Africa." volume="274" year="2008">
<normalizedToken id="EF8680DD97262FE7C5189A37B36E6F62" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that two surface-swarming species, 
<taxonomicName id="7AECF08B8D7E5629828E6E5D953FD200" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="5FBCDB2BB14210560045617575F645BC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus molestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">Dorylus molestus</taxonomicName>
, differ in their diets and raiding behavior. 
<taxonomicName id="49BB5FD922DA78C77EBBF8B630A96217" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus molestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">Dorylus molestus</taxonomicName>
is often seen capturing earthworms and exhibits digging behavior, while earthworms are rarely a major component of the diet for 
<taxonomicName id="CEB03617D9969FA7CB434AB53091536B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
, whose workers have not been observed digging. Two sympatric, subterranean species of 
<taxonomicName id="4AD874F0667DAB00E01F94B7C22C17DE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
from Asia have also been compared and shown to differ in their foraging behavior and prey preference (Berghoff et al. 2003).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E18EB223BDE9AAB0B0F65090F29B2AB6" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<bibRefCitation id="4E28E4294762A976C7993CABA3828942" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
used molecular phylogenetics and ancestral state reconstruction to address the evolution of the foraging niche in 
<taxonomicName id="DCE7C7DAED04FCD3C0D21082DCE134C7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
. They categorized species as either subterranean, leaf litter, or surface foragers and inferred that subterranean foraging was the ancestral state for the genus. Both surface and leaf litter foraging strategies likely evolved once within 
<taxonomicName id="53CE6B5C647BFD2A4DD849890B745FA1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
. The descendants of a leaf litter-dwelling ancestor gave rise to both surface foragers and species that reverted to subterranean foraging. An earlier study (
<bibRefCitation id="5DEB92899083E1E1CA9CC99FF28A996B" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Oikos" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="231 - 240" title="Evolution of allometries in the worker caste of Dorylus army ants." url="10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13672.x" volume="110" year="2005 a">
<normalizedToken id="D0BEE48611BA68185BD47657A1051524" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2005a
</bibRefCitation>
) showed how allometry in the worker caste is correlated with the foraging niche, although the authors did not examine this in a phylogenetic framework (
<bibRefCitation id="CEFC21F4737C11C3EC853514430B3F6B" author="Felsenstein, J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" title="American Naturalist" url="10.1086/284325" year="1985">Felsenstein 1985</bibRefCitation>
). These authors demonstrated that surface-adapted species possess appendages and mandibles that are longer relatively to their body size than in the leaf-litter and in the subterranean foragers. 
<bibRefCitation id="2BC9ADC91115629F18847DED2E974C33" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="A molecular phylogeny of Dorylus army ants provides evidence for multiple evolutionary transitions in foraging niche." url="10.1186/1471-2148-7-56" volume="7" year="2007">Kronauer et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
further assessed allometry in the context of 
<taxonomicName id="8435E249AA388B3720E5C3FCB22257E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
phylogeny and concluded that the species that reverted to underground foraging re-evolved morphology similar to the ancestral, short-limbed condition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5034D7100EC225016185FAD7A0F81F14" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<pageBreakToken id="7120E99763309F9EA4B8FFEEB6B2736B" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" start="start">Similarly</pageBreakToken>
to New World army ants, 
<taxonomicName id="04598820F2B585FA6F53816F4E28C971" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
colonies have numerous invertebrate and vertebrate associates, although these companion faunas are not as well described (
<bibRefCitation id="D83C168F473BD1187B45C4509E3516C8" author="Gotwald, WH" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York" pageId="201" pageNumber="202" title="Army ants: the biology of social predation" year="1995">Gotwald 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Remarkably, the foragers of African driver ants are followed by several species of birds specializing on prey flushed by the ants, much like the swarms of 
<taxonomicName id="35BDADE736F42AB03784D2FE4AA5B908" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton burchellii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">Eciton burchellii</taxonomicName>
in the New World (
<bibRefCitation id="698025A551FD44857BDBA9F5C9775A92" author="Peters, MK" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Applications" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="847 - 858" title="Effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation on flocks of African ant-following birds." url="10.1890/07-1295.1" volume="18" year="2008">Peters et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Other vertebrates, such as chimpanzees are known to rely on 
<taxonomicName id="8A11570E9D787E950388220A9DCBBBC9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
for food (
<bibRefCitation id="D4EB36BCCE9AD1078F8BD30E42C50E7B" author="Kingdon, J" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="The Kingdon field guide to African mammals" year="1997">Kingdon 1997</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D624C3674D3A79AD5A227E6CC81AE72A" author="Schoening, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" pagination="125 - 133" title="Army ant availability and consumption by chimpanzees (Pantroglodytesvellerosus) at Gashaka / Nigeria." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00177.x" volume="271" year="2007">
<normalizedToken id="539C7BDBF88B3EAE794852257AAEBA10" originalValue="Schöning">Schoening</normalizedToken>
et al. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="B15DFCD81501AC84A538B5BA70326FAF" author="Sanz, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="211" pageNumber="212" pagination="17 - 24" title="Chimpanzees prey on army ants with specialized tool set." url="10.1002/ajp.20744" volume="72" year="2010">Sanz et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Because the apes utilize sticks and plant stems to extract the ants, this is an important study system in the primate culture and tool use (
<bibRefCitation id="D88E12F7938DED659E0CF58B3B1D1315" author="Humle, T" editor="Matsuzawa, T" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" title="Primatology Monographs. Springer, Japan" url="10.1007/978-4-431-53921-6_10" year="2011">Humle 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AAD19D3CD33F09352B884BB0D69DD305" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
A variety of other research has been carried out on 
<taxonomicName id="A44847122885F91BEDF474C4065F4C3D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
, but most of these studies are isolated in nature. 
<bibRefCitation id="A6263DDDA764007573C16D5153E6853C" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Frontiers in Zoology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" title="Hybridization in East African swarm-raiding army ants." volume="8" year="2011">Kronauer et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
documented significant amounts of hybridization between the driver ants 
<taxonomicName id="1B938A33079334CF5F95CDE19BAE5D79" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="94AFDE74B0BEB3979AFAE188AEB0DACA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus molestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestus">Dorylus molestus</taxonomicName>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="FC8C4EF5D35CCF160D69D4892772E042" author="Barth, MB" journalOrPublisher="Population Ecology" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="523 - 533" title="Male-biased dispersal promotes large scale gene flow in a subterranean army ant, Dorylus (Typhlopone) fulvus." url="10.1007/s10144-013-0383-4" volume="55" year="2013">Barth et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
undertook a population genetics study on 
<taxonomicName id="96D230AA66B1889283B111A750138B9A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">Dorylus fulvus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2CAA0CFFB604D18B637CCEDB7E71A07F" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="species of dorylus">
<paragraph id="AA136A7136902F3AD1C2DB70A4715E57" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
Species of 
<taxonomicName id="37A6EC76CA4D2A8AA5D4418B7FBA87E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E8F4D2EB77D53F14D90E1E75C696B65" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="DB10FA004C2C67A8A9290134502D52BD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus acutus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">Dorylus acutus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1937a: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F7417448263ED9214463BFFD2F0DBB5" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="89C00411DA16247D3A47300E3FF5CBD6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus aethiopicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">Dorylus aethiopicus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: 'Sudan, Abessinien, 
<normalizedToken id="AB8CA74089BC7DE50C6C0E9BF17F255F" originalValue="Tunis’">Tunis'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD21B23AB83DCBF0CFD1E4F202101931" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="EDB52222A1DCED248E1D4625F8FBFA3E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">Dorylus affinis</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: Gambia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A26927A29C24505E437344B188972D9" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="DA5D60B7BC4980109290D8EE29378662" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="aegyptiacus">Dorylus affinis aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
Mayr, 1865: Egypt
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C33D7D98A1A8B4FA66A6FB6977A87ABD" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="8655ECF41B0CBD0133583DD5546115D8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="denudatus">Dorylus affinis denudatus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Niger
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="939140AA5ACDDD0BE2F8C337655673CE" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="CFE2854B03E6A460F37CEC73430584C2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="exilis">Dorylus affinis exilis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1914a: Tanzania
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B28467F50CC7A65121A10ADB45AFFD91" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="C08335C3542072880A8F8D4833F33B33" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="hirsutus">Dorylus affinis hirsutus</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1922a: Egypt, Ethiopia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="41D11F357F8500D08ED1FA0320E9CE25" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="19174DF366B1AA14A59226808541D648" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="loewyi">Dorylus affinis loewyi</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1907b: Tanzania
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4111A2CF1EEB7F4C6A6A1429B10466BB" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="4397CD8F054D8C4857AD6104D9EA37BD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="parapsidalis">Dorylus affinis parapsidalis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1917: Malawi
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A49FBAF93B1C4008D9066F759485178" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="86D30C9637C0635F896159B522443FE7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="pulliceps">Dorylus affinis pulliceps</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1917: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34753AC81E84433952A708D364810DBF" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="A9331425EE7C63B6B34813C6242E9705" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="sudanicus">Dorylus affinis sudanicus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1917: Chad
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C91AA934B27220DB6CE5FC8427010FD7" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="6F825CEEC57928E37155E13F60042B08" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus affinis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="affinis" subspecies="ugandensis">Dorylus affinis ugandensis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1914a: Uganda
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9DFA1FB0B902DBBBC63CF0DE16478FB" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="A4B5E8525C5613AFBB9A56A46F5A46AB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus agressor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agressor">Dorylus agressor</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1923b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD836BFD5DD9A1B946B13739C909DE2D" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="43240A813EEE49F26BAC8498811A6CC8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus alluaudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">Dorylus alluaudi</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1914a: Uganda
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FAB1BF6D320A7B7AB86076D8DDBC5D5E" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="3E01B40C7F0FA6E6491595ED293A432B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus alluaudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="alluaudi" subspecies="lobatus">Dorylus alluaudi lobatus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A8E925CD0EA6422EB1DB72B0EBE84BCF" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="9A1BBED51B8B2235F1CB6EBA15C1DDBD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus atratus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atratus">Dorylus atratus</taxonomicName>
Smith, F., 1859: Nigeria
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE21B2F0AEAEAEC40DB6F38817E4FED3" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="B2B6E968F5071CB9BF6A07E9F8945527" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus atriceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atriceps">Dorylus atriceps</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: Gambia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82DBCF394772AD3B6A5277FCE6C784B5" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="530B2BECC8A51FDD17C9855BE106E889" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus attenuatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuatus">Dorylus attenuatus</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: Gambia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB725D3F80C91DFD578BBCACDD3EB093" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="99EA6066116A715E393CD3F2A9138444" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus attenuatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="attenuatus" subspecies="acuminatus">Dorylus attenuatus acuminatus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1899b: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="489ECB80723B5F9C819AE37C981FF228" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="534E3971EFC5772D210BBA979CEDE372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus attenuatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="attenuatus" subspecies="australis">Dorylus attenuatus australis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF9D7B45C084C52819C8C23146D7DA84" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="DE960F49435CAFAECD639997A704AD24" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus attenuatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="attenuatus" subspecies="bondroiti">Dorylus attenuatus bondroiti</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1912: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="601CCDE482008E1859613BBFADF6F54D" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="8C5CFF70473938E2EAB8A749F2996C2E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus attenuatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="attenuatus" subspecies="latinodis">Dorylus attenuatus latinodis</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1920: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F5E61975CB0C23719F578AFD8ABC7629" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="503929DDE11904C879B52BA2F11D27F6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus bequaerti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">Dorylus bequaerti</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1913a: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19E9AA27632EDD899FE09C071D5D55FC" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="79A105FDBA5D670FEC7B68DA788297BA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus bishyiganus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bishyiganus">Dorylus bishyiganus</taxonomicName>
(Boven, 1972): Rwanda
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDE72AE89B5CA57F229291CFC3C7E827" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="54A19231103EF0357CDD2140DAA37CBF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus braunsi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunsi">Dorylus braunsi</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Liberia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="688DF5F280DE6B81C1DB32D8E45A85C9" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="0ADC4CA003B56A363C428818A3AFCDE9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus braunsi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="braunsi" subspecies="anceps">Dorylus braunsi anceps</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1914: Zimbabwe
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A6D10151F96B9B8BD9105934F3EB18A" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="D37E3DF1FD5B4E5B3434D39C42A71586" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus brevipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennis">Dorylus brevipennis</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Tanzania
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A2AF24100D7604801749D0EB88C07A6" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="D4208DACEB1D7E04B250DA77D9A9347B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus brevipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="brevipennis" subspecies="marshalli">Dorylus brevipennis marshalli</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1901d: Zimbabwe
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1D1E5399093BBD85BEF3D1A07507EC3" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="CD9B3CCC0E5D182A246782BCAE49AF61" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus brevipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="brevipennis" subspecies="zimmermanni">
<pageBreakToken id="CAA88573935E96D041EA54D571132947" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" start="start">Dorylus</pageBreakToken>
brevipennis zimmermanni
</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D4721A9ED1E85EEDF5909A10A25E34B9" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="CAF8D88E43644EAC32DD9BF9C745B185" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus brevis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevis">Dorylus brevis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC02BBE82519EFAB3DFE4918422CD560" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="F3150B0AC6C971DE67A4D74B89A6FA2B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus buyssoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buyssoni">Dorylus buyssoni</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Kenya
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E98E33C23358055968D8511AC342FE9" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="05391ECCB0D6F43D9D73CFC5C5715D6D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus buyssoni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="buyssoni" subspecies="conjugens">Dorylus buyssoni conjugens</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Kenya
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45D6C61ED878B407C8C38F0FC9086CB0" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="AE5A3FF2E0B35FA2E4E5BB1F37551FDC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus congolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congolensis">Dorylus congolensis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910: Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DFDC01EEC074BC24C18E85BB54343AC8" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="16DBED7D7BC4DBA00A7BC21CDB5EC266" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus conradti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">Dorylus conradti</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Togo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="88F3000D3FB2C6622F8FF1880863E63B" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="CE1C54F3C785776407B5A3CD3D067F8B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus conradti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="conradti" subspecies="berlandi">Dorylus conradti berlandi</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926a: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03A77E4E9E1BC00829BAB7B11B27A855" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="6B6C139972E8D3ECD9431D52FB0DA0E6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus depilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depilis">Dorylus depilis</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD523C7AA25A60A2BB0872868CCFDA91" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="482D02C5B970664C14185BED567B2632" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus depilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="depilis" subspecies="clarior">Dorylus depilis clarior</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1917: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39230C62F469248437AB193E0F079131" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="A6CE06C74C5808880601A760C2C9FF6C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus diadema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diadema">Dorylus diadema</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="67A8757F8253F0CBBE7CD67C6290AC4B" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1859: Mozambique
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="08D39A9B4B591B52323C93A43EA597DA" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="3BD0FF489367519888B276E749065EE8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus diadema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="diadema" subspecies="arnoldi">Dorylus diadema arnoldi</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1914: Zimbabwe
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECC1C25A7BFF4262159D4CE86F443D03" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="EF5A4A952BBCA34C62D2B89DFDB61825" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus diadema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="diadema" subspecies="fusciceps">Dorylus diadema fusciceps</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1899b: Malawi
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1ED273E6D5CCBDBD622CC3A181AE5EE" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="B786C46BB6A8BC1A3193887E4F4A5E40" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus distinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distinctus">Dorylus distinctus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Guinea
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="110532DF2FAFEBB071DA8B2A40557802" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="9C32F5EEBDE5FEE30C27591985A87062" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus ductor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ductor">Dorylus ductor</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1939: 
<normalizedToken id="2E86E82C111C9E59562EA2A94E76CD33" originalValue="‘Congo’">'Congo'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F217809011ED0804F2CDA2F901EFE357" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="42F360794EA80B53596181632BE15E8C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus emeryi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Dorylus emeryi</taxonomicName>
Mayr, 1896: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFD0BECE59E9AB79E00A4CE1EC946F15" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="BCF0AF9B3A360D41C74D00FB23B6DD8C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus emeryi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="emeryi" subspecies="opacus">Dorylus emeryi opacus</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1909b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="87DB7A19D4C532BB1F8BDCFB695D1B30" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="FFCF9B215B9801608D67C98E0F8C5E10" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus emeryi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="emeryi" subspecies="pulsi">Dorylus emeryi pulsi</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1904): 'Afrique 
<normalizedToken id="CC021A5A15C85E7560928DC1C37ED89B" originalValue="occidentale’">occidentale'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9111518D8D3A9B685301C105D3DA8BB" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="906DCA22845AB125DF725075A7367C10" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus erraticus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">Dorylus erraticus</taxonomicName>
(Smith, F., 1865): 'New 
<normalizedToken id="E56687915164C6D1F3D62F68A5DEF6A0" originalValue="Guinea’">Guinea'</normalizedToken>
(labeling error: 
<bibRefCitation id="74675842FEEECEF5B72DCE9C319F9192" author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" pagination="427 - 483" title="The true army ants of the Indo-Australian area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)." volume="6" year="1964">Wilson 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 443)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E9B19397CDC5878F0EFF014820429E0" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="4FE89BBA7D8A1082B27D98848A508BD6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus faurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faurei">Dorylus faurei</taxonomicName>
Arnold, 1946: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3441C0CF3BC7DF01AEE985E92EE3DC02" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="CDA14A3A22D7D1DB67DD055470080F09" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fimbriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">Dorylus fimbriatus</taxonomicName>
(Shuckard, 1840c): Gambia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A173A6CB6966AA0DCA72314E036B19C" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="F3E2DD6BC9D949AD7968AEB741FB3987" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fimbriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fimbriatus" subspecies="crampeli">Dorylus fimbriatus crampeli</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: Central African Republic
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18F29287ADBAE775CD00CE9CF3E3D0C9" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="C6D51D108AE29FD6E59451935EB61A93" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fimbriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fimbriatus" subspecies="laevipodex">Dorylus fimbriatus laevipodex</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: Kenya
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0190621A3EDD7AA4ABFD10A33E67CDC5" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="6C8FFA51276052C3999CBF435AFE81D8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fimbriatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fimbriatus" subspecies="poweri">Dorylus fimbriatus poweri</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1914: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90FFBB2C93193593D02D3181C9E948EC" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="93FC16339E706FDF3F75FE28BD4F712B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvus">Dorylus fulvus</taxonomicName>
(Westwood, 1839): 'North 
<normalizedToken id="80A5001D2AD517C6BB58BBE8BF39AC19" originalValue="Africa’">Africa'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E484F9B8883E5522B5D1633814602DAB" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="7B52D2DE7276BAD8A53DBEDF37BC924E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="badius">Dorylus fulvus badius</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="E423F226F9536C498BFF360E395845B6" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1859: Mozambique
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E1FEEA3AA786F7975233D8ACE418579" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="5401BF4031EA582583D6868A1B70874D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="crosi">Dorylus fulvus crosi</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926b: Algeria
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03F67916C16D3B1F074F214D95161624" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="AD492DBD04837F1C5CF27A775DA1478F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="dentifrons">Dorylus fulvus dentifrons</taxonomicName>
Wasmann, 1904: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A32FAC530D3082B29EF747240D982A14" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="1B95C739ECEEA1FE45C3D2DC83926661" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="eurous">Dorylus fulvus eurous</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1915b: Ethiopia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="95594DED237533B00CFB8DD8A371D31A" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="C9E736C4CC2EB9463115037BF87D7D75" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="glabratus">Dorylus fulvus glabratus</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: Gambia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFADDBD4D61B885BFEAA08F1D4645B87" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="8C4608004AA4F7226333590AB5B9460E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="juvenculus">Dorylus fulvus juvenculus</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: Morocco
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1448ADFDD804E38B1A81FB693E38419E" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="9D31D22098556DD76D5853BDE6979D82" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="mordax">Dorylus fulvus mordax</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1931: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3272A8BC1D29235AC861538D0C6D226D" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="7313648F4173AE00BD9E13F765071A2D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="obscurior">Dorylus fulvus obscurior</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1925a: Guinea
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82DE34B532F56FB7B253FCFCA2AD3911" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="5AC3EA3B9431A1B910716E212C0515C1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="punicus">Dorylus fulvus punicus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926b: Tunisia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ACF7717D0DE7C9E04AC99DCEA1095750" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="C3FB388454D229AA50877AA41CC151FC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="ruficeps">Dorylus fulvus ruficeps</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926b: Lebanon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0232D7D20974E1C0E56A93D89EF67CA4" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="6CE0BED1BD0340F6B261B702B3959CC4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fulvus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fulvus" subspecies="saharensis">Dorylus fulvus saharensis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1926b: 
<normalizedToken id="73E21438BA07E800837571FF4791F279" originalValue="‘Sahara’">'Sahara'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C5CC084172EF6272F5E471F3A0C70A3" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="D985CBC20375AD1018430D1789B718A0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus funereus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="funereus">Dorylus funereus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Ghana
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="01713B283E789422370395C3C00A34BB" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="ABEF84F65A31C4F6141A2664558C05CE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus funereus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="funereus" subspecies="acherontus">Dorylus funereus acherontus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1937b: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1808F92F26106604B95A8DCD67A9A2EA" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="43722E4FABCDD0235BB9E2DCA7ADE9BF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus funereus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="funereus" subspecies="pardus">Dorylus funereus pardus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1937b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="47AA4772638D65A9E7F141E27D16CA8F" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="2CD3E844C6837CA58FD2C005F1A227C4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus funereus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="funereus" subspecies="stygis">Dorylus funereus stygis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1937b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="488B8741B00C7F68659E96EF1EF65290" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="55C9AC8C1431D045F3D60CA97F73C2D7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus funereus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="funereus" subspecies="zumpti">Dorylus funereus zumpti</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1937b: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E1A277DEA41C657CC45CBBAE73E56F6" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="A03FDBF85C96D3509DEE19F7CC8C0BFA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Dorylus furcatus</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="63CF6ACFAB4D5BEB8351DA4C818000C4" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1872): South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91491AA4F83AE5CB9C5C8F09140F6947" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="AE35F8F8B8C1F64E268E45582D949999" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fuscipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipennis">Dorylus fuscipennis</taxonomicName>
(Emery, 1892): Ghana
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5DC734176929FD7F407021BBB270AAA2" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="6198A094AE0258BEFE4E577BFD846B2F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fuscipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fuscipennis" subspecies="lugubris">Dorylus fuscipennis lugubris</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C2FC39F17597A9DEAE29C5C1584A86D" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="3A639C3B5D3BD75C525213814367BE49" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus fuscipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fuscipennis" subspecies="marginiventris">
<pageBreakToken id="A76000860F0A567524015B94A290DD07" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" start="start">Dorylus</pageBreakToken>
fuscipennis marginiventris
</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DBF4CAF3FF3E411D823F1D12ACA40A1C" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="B90D88B771C1318C7F03B5743AB09DBF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus gaudens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudens">Dorylus gaudens</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E8D4D2BE2CDA67B16968F0383E55FDD" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="85AD7E1DC3741D0D9D8EF0AE919F2158" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus ghanensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghanensis">Dorylus ghanensis</taxonomicName>
Boven, 1975: Ghana
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCCCD6FA3527C867F99AA521E9F95BF9" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="3CE2DD55985C916FE853FA5382B66428" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus gribodoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gribodoi">Dorylus gribodoi</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1892: Togo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5543F6FD78E0823C0D72CB76757A6400" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="881A7D71A8D9ACA158D35C358D02A6C8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus helvolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvolus">Dorylus helvolus</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1764): South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="218132F7F8E88C7E7C480D7A5AE89F74" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="FECB3E3449C0044B35A5F3211387484D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus helvolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="helvolus" subspecies="pretoriae">Dorylus helvolus pretoriae</taxonomicName>
Arnold, 1946: South Africa
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAB8765A2490B80D0EAEE51DDD81E090" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="851186BC1FF15B17C292258C396828ED" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus katanensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="katanensis">Dorylus katanensis</taxonomicName>
Stitz, 1911: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC2BA1CF2FB8C3BEF969D7B0D69F9A68" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="23F6BD64FFF53C9059F79C0A6CB50A3B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kohli">Dorylus kohli</taxonomicName>
Wasmann, 1904: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE3B4FF7E6D391B00D22661B0F49CDEC" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="E16430A4BF133BDBB75B7B8957443DFB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="chapini">Dorylus kohli chapini</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1922a: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3CE7C8BADBFBCC8A408E9A3FCD38CF3D" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="B467D9683E83D7D7B58CD7153785B7A8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="frenisyi">Dorylus kohli frenisyi</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1916: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A588F3D9C09F47EDDB875EC046BC8C5A" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="47B013650D80509B4590FF444E7EEB95" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="indocilis">Dorylus kohli indocilis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1933: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50991CC1296525F43B3D741F4B8EEC76" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="C1F71E13A65DC6B535934E01C85D2C6B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="langi">Dorylus kohli langi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1922a: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50860ED60E3F32912CED6EAECB35C702" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="C2698A84FD94C95AD70303A9C5C59109" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="militaris">Dorylus kohli militaris</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1923b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CB12A306D8CDAD7A562FD4E623CE3A5" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="49E42B6A62530A4CD6CBFF9AE0FB2F92" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="minor">Dorylus kohli minor</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1911a: Angola
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="057A22F4547355386DF90B593129E3A3" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="4631A0CC9D5243AB740664F2F5D162E4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus kohli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="kohli" subspecies="victoriae">Dorylus kohli victoriae</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1921a: Uganda
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E50A04F098A7FA0542992A85A3E39A4" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="EC4CF4504AE8149FE23F4067C95A7F73" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus labiatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="labiatus">Dorylus labiatus</taxonomicName>
Shuckard, 1840c: India
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B292449838647C1F1FF985525BBAD87" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="FAC0302156B83874A89132BEC2F994D8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus laevigatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigatus">Dorylus laevigatus</taxonomicName>
(Smith, F., 1857): Malaysia (Sarawak)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E3A9EB78D9E19048E11699D799F7570" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="6B678752CBA4CE7E1FD522C0AF0C2B02" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus leo" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leo">Dorylus leo</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919a: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43BC3E7A0E48AF4848AB574F68E9E3F6" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="46520A3986F4FE3150B338026A07B88C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus mandibularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">Dorylus mandibularis</taxonomicName>
Mayr, 1896: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6E20D9B385AC7954E1DB5A6A87EB19C" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="C59BB5DF865F8AB954E45114B8517692" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus mandibularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="mandibularis" subspecies="pulchellus">Dorylus mandibularis pulchellus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1920a: Ivory Coast
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09A9E241A047E53A5372F9C3C6897AEE" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="A5397AE48F1A82BA0B0D28C600D73123" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus mayri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">Dorylus mayri</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1912: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D6AF0927C017F10BCFBA157E9C4127D" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="D318F81A7AAA4645384776980A27D899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus moestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moestus">Dorylus moestus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA993977CA0C5C0FC7EF10D69FCC5B5A" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="BE9B77BB2D8A048C6A59D48E41F48541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus moestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="moestus" subspecies="claripennis">Dorylus moestus claripennis</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8AF1684AE04F57A5FB32A3A40EC53533" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="6F5AF12C129CB8E76577BA47F953382A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus moestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="moestus" subspecies="morio">Dorylus moestus morio</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1919b: Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03F272DBCD36CE31663CD1AF86E30BD9" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="196A1F24EE0AA69C3BAC6C71FC737198" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus moestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="moestus" subspecies="schereri">Dorylus moestus schereri</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1911d: Liberia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC2D8ADE5C9333B2E2CF15CA6B22E30A" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="23CB86B7D2C7C0B1BC66751CA6BA1FD8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus montanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">Dorylus montanus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Tanzania
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F5BF53F2667E2B8258DBADAB3A21B90" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="412AA0A1D6C7AAE1A43BADB9BC15EC2A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus niarembensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niarembensis">Dorylus niarembensis</taxonomicName>
(Boven, 1972): Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F430ADD440EAE05FA38947ED77313661" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="86EAF38EFEE871135C581ECF3BF386B7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Dorylus nigricans</taxonomicName>
Illiger, 1802: Sierra Leone
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F567CDCDC060B10082E9EB369B705B24" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="1D4CAB5162EE17641AEEF48BC81AA55E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="arcens">Dorylus nigricans arcens</taxonomicName>
(Westwood, 1847): Liberia
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DD5D5D31E5CCC66BBDFD66D32D07A13B" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="D98A0E075E8673CECF7F7758089164F8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="burmeisteri">Dorylus nigricans burmeisteri</taxonomicName>
(Shuckard, 1840c): Sierra Leone
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="562A16AC9B0348BB7EF78ADA46368875" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="5D19A0AE02DB806A7A241DBBE12B2AC1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="molestus">Dorylus nigricans molestus</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="0A10EE82D4ACF40F106F91960846A7A8" originalValue="Gerstäcker">Gerstaecker</normalizedToken>
, 1859): Mozambique
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B35A0B94C36C708CAEE8ECBD4DF9DF7E" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="063F7EE14B4D0260DAF25403CC135C17" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="pallidus">Dorylus nigricans pallidus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1921a: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B6D74A02D4E4CB1DAB8145453D38641" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="0D031C61F5FFFFD1AEDA2435172C3AFA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="rubellus">Dorylus nigricans rubellus</taxonomicName>
(Savage, 1849): Gabon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A5480740821B52535A25C001BB8C0F6" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="9AE71DFE7EA08E5A89D996F80EF77330" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="sjoestedti">Dorylus nigricans sjoestedti</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1899b: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AFFF37DEA33389DFA43776E9B6C7EFA7" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="F7A6F920FA77AE80E2AB8BB16F3AECDB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="sjostedtiwilverthi">Dorylus nigricans sjostedtiwilverthi</taxonomicName>
(Wasmann, 1917): Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="87E26CAFF17D82881CDD3264C5C18F10" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="B7EA8EF492BFB8F7DD03DCB4766F096D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="nigricans" subspecies="terrificus">Dorylus nigricans terrificus</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1923b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E684E8388FCC141AEADC4779C247A7E2" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="1B1538459A3622D39F4BE4A838F6B006" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus ocellatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellatus">Dorylus ocellatus</taxonomicName>
(Stitz, 1910): Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B878C5D17D78CEF85AC1BF2D16B06CEE" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="7A134E704A29315BA0E85195EBDD1172" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Dorylus orientalis</taxonomicName>
Westwood, 1835: India
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15BBEC22A5F0B94D1C7430994198B4FC" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="89E8644952CF119164C62404CB66CE70" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus orientalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="orientalis" subspecies="obscuriceps">Dorylus orientalis obscuriceps</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1920b: India
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5899980D40C4312D82422830B818E6A0" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="A25E2830BB26DD6E4315BAF3569D1EDA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus politus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="politus">Dorylus politus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1901d: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C394AA907164FA247CAF74E80729224" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="E4ED4FAF0EDBE848F6A0C54DAB64BC4D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus rufescens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">Dorylus rufescens</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1915: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97228E02B77E9058B721EDD261295BDC" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="1FBFD80CFA4FD2995457019DD3CCA046" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus savagei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="savagei">Dorylus savagei</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: 'Gabon und 
<normalizedToken id="A0974F72A4031EFA0E489373281F4ECF" originalValue="Congo’">Congo'</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC3BD3307AA5CCF2C19961AAC5677BAB" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="67874CE8CE3017ECC65A642DA8285382" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus savagei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="savagei" subspecies="mucronatus">Dorylus savagei mucronatus</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1899b: Nigeria
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8CD1CCE5526C8AD1BBAEB88F4991F68C" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="CA84B6745D182BFE74ED5FEA51C3E9C7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus schoutedeni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoutedeni">
<pageBreakToken id="7CC4D8ECDFF7DCF64496FDFFEEF2DB95" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" start="start">Dorylus</pageBreakToken>
schoutedeni
</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1923b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A04BCD94C491B37A79FA48E32174DB9" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C3052382327A1A55CE1BEDD39B506E1B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus spininodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spininodis">Dorylus spininodis</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1901d: Cameroon
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39F5EFDCBAB7840308121CB9BC070A36" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="ACDED91DE27ADC60D4C2D6771A1A0052" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus spininodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="spininodis" subspecies="longiceps">Dorylus spininodis longiceps</taxonomicName>
Viehmeyer, 1914: Tanzania
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8573F112E34365CDC1B38A8D2FB3F46" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="012F0A8EE73F4E63B4CC27F2EA350376" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus stadelmanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stadelmanni">Dorylus stadelmanni</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83EC27ECD846AE59D4BCBA2B3BA0C584" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="55F93897A44DA4733D64DF08F77E00DE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus stanleyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyi">Dorylus stanleyi</taxonomicName>
Forel, 1909b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B95167A11FEA15CFAF7EB26E63DCE5CA" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="CD5996D207C454FD736403922067E491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus staudingeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staudingeri">Dorylus staudingeri</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1895b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51B671C82939CBDE09BB50CE25E9F544" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="778710F9DABF7C653DB2585F4CCFFF70" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus striatidens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatidens">Dorylus striatidens</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1910c: Senegal
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A0337DAA5693F8E199102D296A6D5D1" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="FB855239F7851189D106C1FD9548BBA1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus termitarius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitarius">Dorylus termitarius</taxonomicName>
Wasmann, 1911: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B71D4777BB11B210DA1F1A6FB5D7C03E" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="0B5EF376C1CFB7FC6C2AFCF5835B76C7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus titan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titan">Dorylus titan</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1923b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA2128A32E6438FC77C7B4455E6A4E8B" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="186AE985DF00D24C543A940D91C89C47" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus titan" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="titan" subspecies="vinalli">Dorylus titan vinalli</taxonomicName>
Santschi, 1933: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="478933712E6DD43E10E51686ECC4FF86" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="E2B9B9DD1B3B0E65F35BCA8FBD9FE1BA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus vishnui" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vishnui">Dorylus vishnui</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, W. M., 1913: Myanmar
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A566C8B90198D50FE8AB8E5F723C7628" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="7882CA64176CABD226BB6FA2B03A5078" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus westwoodii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodii">Dorylus westwoodii</taxonomicName>
(Shuckard, 1840b): 'South 
<normalizedToken id="BDF529C6439523D099AC21E32042A22B" originalValue="America’">America'</normalizedToken>
(locality incorrect)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AB6C792947061B59D1F3692F212B253" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="17449A9637D777F302D180E95E59E4E9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus wilverthi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilverthi">Dorylus wilverthi</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1899b: Democratic Republic of the Congo
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>