treatments-xml/data/B5/15/C5/B515C557C0496E39FF30ECE1FA9A4A87.xml

<document id="BFC72B2B35A068696BFD9245BEDEE613" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.193959" ID-GBIF-Dataset="797328b4-7490-43d9-917d-4b386e33d2be" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="193959" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460182822148" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sanabria, Eduardo, Quiroga, Lorena, Arias, Federico &amp; Cortez, Ricardo" docDate="2010" docId="B515C557C0496E39FF30ECE1FA9A4A87" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02396p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2396" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias &amp; Cortez, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="492CBD2FC0486E3FFFA7E94EFFF24D72" masterDocTitle="A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="50" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1698236218194" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="275136CCB428CB47C3A5903F1192A1EA">A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3580B3827278F03A51BE31E3DEADDED2">Sanabria, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2655FB22CDF97D441165839A1269F1D">Quiroga, Lorena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F92C935895B8D2EE91E613AB1374A0A6">Arias, Federico</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EAF062D6D4D37ECD804DE1F7FB9C391A">Cortez, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="166D8AC1A987A8770800A973547A3C24">2010</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B515C557C0496E39FF30ECE1FA9A4A87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5618702" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124956579" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5618702" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B515C557C0496E39FF30ECE1FA9A4A87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B515C557C0496E39FF30ECE1FA9A4A87" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC0496E3EFF30ECE1FE1048BB" box="[151,482,1455,1481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3D037441C0496E3EFF30ECE1FE1048BB" blockId="1.[151,482,1455,1481]" box="[151,482,1455,1481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<heading id="664BC32DC0496E3EFF30ECE1FE1048BB" bold="true" box="[151,482,1455,1481]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" reason="1">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF30ECE1FE1048BB" bold="true" box="[151,482,1455,1481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFF30ECE1FE8F48BB" ID-CoL="4S7MJ" box="[151,381,1455,1481]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF30ECE1FE8F48BB" bold="true" box="[151,381,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C0496E3EFE23ECE1FE1048BB" box="[388,482,1455,1481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C0496E3EFF30ECB9FEE34B63" box="[151,273,1527,1553]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF30ECB9FEE34B63" bold="true" box="[151,273,1527,1553]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="5BADEC84C0496E3EFE84ECB6FE904B60" box="[291,354,1528,1554]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sggj-9jsz" name="Fundacion Miguel Lillo" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">FML</collectionCode>
18400, adult male. Ischigualasto Provincial Park, Valle Fértil Department, San Juan Province, 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C0496E3EFEB4EF53FE7E4B45" box="[275,396,1565,1591]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="58881286C0496E3EFE3BEF53FDC34B45" box="[412,561,1565,1591]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" precision="15" value="-30.169167">30º 10' 9&quot; S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="58881286C0496E3EFDE7EF53FD1D4B45" box="[576,751,1565,1591]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" precision="15" value="-67.81028">67º 48' 37&quot; W</geoCoordinate>
; 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C0496E3EFD5BEF53FCAF4B45" box="[764,861,1565,1591]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
). 
<date id="49025281C0496E3EFCD5EF53FBB24B45" box="[882,1088,1565,1591]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2006-01-24">24 January 2006</date>
. Collectors; Florencia Cano, Lorena Quiroga, Viviana Orozco, Rodrigo López, and Eduardo Sanabria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C0496E3EFF61EF29FB0A4BF0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1527,2002]" box="[198,1272,1639,1666]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C0496E3EFF61EF29FEB14BF3" box="[198,323,1639,1665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF61EF29FEB14BF3" bold="true" box="[198,323,1639,1665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. IMCN-UNSJ 5043–5046. Four adult males with same locality data as 
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C0496E3EFB2DEF26FB064BF0" box="[1162,1268,1640,1666]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC0496E3EFF61EFC3FBCD4BBE" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3D037441C0496E3EFF61EFC3FBCD4BBE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1527,2002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF61EFC3FEB94BD5" bold="true" box="[198,331,1677,1703]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Etymology</emphasis>
. Dedicated to Bernardo de la Iglesia Sanabria, a man of exceptional reputation and a great friend, to whom we are greatly thankful for his wholehearted trust and patience.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC0496E3CFF61EF99FE954DA5" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3D037441C0496E3EFF61EF99FC904A4E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1527,2002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF61EF99FDE84B83" bold="true" box="[198,538,1751,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis and comparisons</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFD8EEF96FCFA4B83" box="[553,776,1752,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFD8EEF96FCFA4B83" box="[553,776,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFCA8EF99FC9F4B83" bold="true" box="[783,877,1751,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is assigned to the 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFBE3EF96FB494B83" box="[1092,1211,1752,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFBE3EF96FB494B83" box="[1092,1211,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFF30EFB3FF0E4A64" box="[151,252,1789,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF30EFB3FF0E4A64" box="[151,252,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Rhinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it shares synapomorphies of the group (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C0496E3EFCE3EFB3FC1A4A65" author="Pramuk" box="[836,1000,1789,1815]" pageId="1" pageNumber="59" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2002) Combined evidence and cladistic relationships of West Indian toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetological Monographs, 16, 121 - 151." type="journal article" year="2002">Pramuk 2002</bibRefCitation>
) including dorsally oriented nostrils and prenasal bones located anterior to the premaxillary bone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C0496E3DFF30EE06FD3B4CE3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1527,2002]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,402]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFF30EE06FE844A13" box="[151,374,1864,1889]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFF30EE06FE844A13" box="[151,374,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C0496E3EFEDAEE09FE284A10" box="[381,474,1863,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFEDAEE09FE534A13" bold="true" box="[381,417,1863,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">sp.</emphasis>
nov.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(male SVL = 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C0496E3EFD25EE06FD1C4A10" box="[642,750,1864,1890]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7299999999999995" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="57.3">57.3 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFD5DEE06FCFB4A13" box="[762,777,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">n</emphasis>
= 5) differs from all members of the “ 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFB6BEE06FAB14A13" box="[1228,1347,1864,1889]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFB6BEE06FAB14A13" box="[1228,1347,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” group by combination of the following characters: 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C0496E3EFD0FEE23FC7E4AF4" box="[680,908,1901,1926]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFD0FEE23FC7E4AF4" box="[680,908,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Rhinella granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
average SVL of males is 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C0496E3EFB66EE23FAD94AF5" box="[1217,1323,1901,1927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.38" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="53.8">53.8 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C0496E3EFA9AEE23FABE4AF4" box="[1341,1356,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">n</emphasis>
= 21); very large conical keratinized tubercles covering its skin; granulose cephalic crests, an expanded maxillary crest visible both dorsally and ventrally; snout with angular edges and square-shaped in ventral and lateral views; large, divided subarticular tubercle on Finger III, covered with keratinized conical tubercles; subtriangular parotoid gland; short hind legs, with end of Toe IV reaching the nostril when the legs is adpressed anteriorly along the body. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFCBDE9ACFC4D4D89" box="[794,959,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFCBDE9ACFC4D4D89" box="[794,959,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04A6E3DFC6EE9ACFBC14D8E" box="[969,1075,226,252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFC6EE9ACFBC14D8E" bold="true" box="[969,1075,226,252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
has a low density of dorsal granulations, continuous cephalic crests, lacking a maxillary extension, prominent snout, square-shaped from a ventral view but round from a lateral view, long hind legs, with end of toe IV surpassing the snout when adpressed anteriorly along the body. Thirteen morphometric variables show significant differences (
<tableCitation id="703E41FAC04A6E3DFA9FE81CFA624C1E" box="[1336,1424,338,364]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,242,450,474]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,597,1239]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov (Rsp. nov.; N = 5) with the similar R. granulosa (Rg; N = 20). Morphometric variables and ratios (obtained dividing original measurements by SVL) of morphometric variables shown as mean ± standard error (only variables showing significant differences shown). Significance values refer to Mann Whitney U – tests." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/69C324C9C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="69C324C9C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B">Table 1</tableCitation>
) between 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFEA7E836FE654CE3" box="[256,407,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFEA7E836FE654CE3" box="[256,407,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFE77E836FD974CE3" box="[464,613,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFE77E836FD974CE3" box="[464,613,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04A6E3DFDCBE839FD3B4CE3" box="[620,713,375,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFDCBE839FD3B4CE3" bold="true" box="[620,713,375,401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<caption id="69C324C9C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B" ID-Table-UUID="69C324C9C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/69C324C9C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[151,1437,597,1239]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEA34F4B" blockId="2.[151,1437,450,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFF30E88CFEE24CA8" bold="true" box="[151,272,450,474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFE60E88CFD6F4CAB" box="[455,669,450,473]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFE60E88CFD6F4CAB" box="[455,669,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04A6E3DFD03E88CFD0B4CA8" box="[676,761,450,474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFD03E88CFD0B4CA8" bold="true" box="[676,761,450,474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Rsp.nov.; N=5) with the similar 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFBDEE88CFAF94CAB" box="[1145,1291,450,473]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFBDEE88CFAF94CAB" box="[1145,1291,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rg; N=20). Morphometric variables and ratios (obtained dividing original measurements by SVL) of morphometric variables shown as mean ± standard error (only variables showing significant differences shown). Significance values refer to Mann Whitney U–tests.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04A6E3DFF38EB1BFACA49A5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<table id="4FBC86E1C04A91C0FF30EB1BFA6F49A5" box="[151,1437,597,1239]" gridcols="6" gridrows="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EB1BFA6F4FDE" box="[151,1437,597,684]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EB1BFE194FDE" box="[151,491,597,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Morphometric variable</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEB1BFD4A4FDE" box="[589,696,597,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
Mean±SE 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFDEAEB3BFDAF4FFE" box="[589,605,629,652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFDFAEB3AFD414FFE" bold="true" box="[605,691,628,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EB1BFC9D4FDE" box="[757,879,597,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
R a t io s Mean±SE 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFD52EBDBFCF74FDE" box="[757,773,661,684]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFCA1EBDAFCA94FDE" bold="true" box="[774,859,660,684]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EB1BFBFB4FDE" box="[926,1033,597,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Mean±SE Rg</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EB1BFB324FDE" box="[1094,1216,597,684]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R a ti o s Mean±SE Rg</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EB1BFA6F4FDE" box="[1263,1437,597,684]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">P&lt;</th>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EB8EFA6F4FA5" box="[151,1437,704,727]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EB8EFE194FA5" box="[151,491,704,727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Head length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEB8EFD4A4FA5" box="[589,696,704,727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">16.5±0.8</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EB8EFC9D4FA5" box="[757,879,704,727]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.29±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EB8EFBFB4FA5" box="[926,1033,704,727]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">15.8±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EB8EFB324FA5" box="[1094,1216,704,727]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.26±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EB8EFA6F4FA5" box="[1263,1437,704,727]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EBA4FA6F4E73" box="[151,1437,746,769]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EBA4FE194E73" box="[151,491,746,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Internostril distance</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEBA4FD4A4E73" box="[589,696,746,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">3.1±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EBA4FC9D4E73" box="[757,879,746,769]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.05±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EBA4FBFB4E73" box="[926,1033,746,769]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">2.7±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EBA4FB324E73" box="[1094,1216,746,769]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.06±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EBA4FA6F4E73" box="[1263,1437,746,769]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EA5BFA6F4E5E" box="[151,1437,789,812]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EA5BFE194E5E" box="[151,491,789,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Eye-nostril distance</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEA5BFD4A4E5E" box="[589,696,789,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">4.08±0.4</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EA5BFC9D4E5E" box="[757,879,789,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.07±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EA5BFBFB4E5E" box="[926,1033,789,812]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">3.6±0.08</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EA5BFB324E5E" box="[1094,1216,789,812]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.06±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EA5BFA6F4E5E" box="[1263,1437,789,812]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.009</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EA0EFA6F4E25" box="[151,1437,832,855]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EA0EFE194E25" box="[151,491,832,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Eye snout distance</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEA0EFD4A4E25" box="[589,696,832,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">6.6±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EA0EFC9D4E25" box="[757,879,832,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.12±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EA0EFBFB4E25" box="[926,1033,832,855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">5.9±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EA0EFB324E25" box="[1094,1216,832,855]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.10±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EA0EFA6F4E25" box="[1263,1437,832,855]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.00003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EA24FA6F4EF3" box="[151,1437,874,897]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EA24FE194EF3" box="[151,491,874,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Inter orbital distance 1</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEA24FD4A4EF3" box="[589,696,874,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">7.32±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EA24FC9D4EF3" box="[757,879,874,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.13±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EA24FBFB4EF3" box="[926,1033,874,897]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">6.9±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EA24FB324EF3" box="[1094,1216,874,897]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.12±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EA24FA6F4EF3" box="[1263,1437,874,897]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EADBFA6F4EDE" box="[151,1437,917,940]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EADBFE194EDE" box="[151,491,917,940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Inter orbital distance 2</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEADBFD4A4EDE" box="[589,696,917,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">6.8±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EADBFC9D4EDE" box="[757,879,917,940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.12±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EADBFBFB4EDE" box="[926,1033,917,940]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">6.3±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EADBFB324EDE" box="[1094,1216,917,940]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.11±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EADBFA6F4EDE" box="[1263,1437,917,940]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.007</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EA8EFA6F4EA5" box="[151,1437,960,983]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EA8EFE194EA5" box="[151,491,960,983]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Maximum tympanum diameter</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEA8EFD4A4EA5" box="[589,696,960,983]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">4.1±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EA8EFC9D4EA5" box="[757,879,960,983]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.10±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EA8EFBFB4EA5" box="[926,1033,960,983]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">3.7±0.09</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EA8EFB324EA5" box="[1094,1216,960,983]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.12±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EA8EFA6F4EA5" box="[1263,1437,960,983]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.002</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EAA4FA6F4973" box="[151,1437,1002,1025]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EAA4FE194973" box="[151,491,1002,1025]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Parotid gland width</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEAA4FD4A4973" box="[589,696,1002,1025]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">4.4±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EAA4FC9D4973" box="[757,879,1002,1025]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.14±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EAA4FBFB4973" box="[926,1033,1002,1025]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">8.2±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EAA4FB324973" box="[1094,1216,1002,1025]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.17±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EAA4FA6F4973" box="[1263,1437,1002,1025]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30ED5BFA6F495E" box="[151,1437,1045,1068]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30ED5BFE19495E" box="[151,491,1045,1068]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Arm length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAED5BFD4A495E" box="[589,696,1045,1068]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">13.6±0.9</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52ED5BFC9D495E" box="[757,879,1045,1068]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.24±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39ED5BFBFB495E" box="[926,1033,1045,1068]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">10.5±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1ED5BFB32495E" box="[1094,1216,1045,1068]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.18±0.04</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48ED5BFA6F495E" box="[1263,1437,1045,1068]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30ED0EFA6F4925" box="[151,1437,1088,1111]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30ED0EFE194925" box="[151,491,1088,1111]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Radioulna length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAED0EFD4A4925" box="[589,696,1088,1111]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">12.2±0.8</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52ED0EFC9D4925" box="[757,879,1088,1111]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.47±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39ED0EFBFB4925" box="[926,1033,1088,1111]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">11.2±0.4</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1ED0EFB324925" box="[1094,1216,1088,1111]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.56±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48ED0EFA6F4925" box="[1263,1437,1088,1111]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.00007</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30ED24FA6F49F3" box="[151,1437,1130,1153]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30ED24FE1949F3" box="[151,491,1130,1153]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Femur length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAED24FD4A49F3" box="[589,696,1130,1153]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">20.5±0.8</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52ED24FC9D49F3" box="[757,879,1130,1153]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.24±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39ED24FBFB49F3" box="[926,1033,1130,1153]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">21.1±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1ED24FB3249F3" box="[1094,1216,1130,1153]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.23±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48ED24FA6F49F3" box="[1263,1437,1130,1153]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30EDDBFA6F49DE" box="[151,1437,1173,1196]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30EDDBFE1949DE" box="[151,491,1173,1196]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Head height</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAEDDBFD4A49DE" box="[589,696,1173,1196]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">8.5±0.6</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52EDDBFC9D49DE" box="[757,879,1173,1196]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.57±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39EDDBFBFB49DE" box="[926,1033,1173,1196]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">7.3±0.09</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1EDDBFB3249DE" box="[1094,1216,1173,1196]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.47±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48EDDBFA6F49DE" box="[1263,1437,1173,1196]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.00003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04A91C0FF30ED8EFA6F49A5" box="[151,1437,1216,1239]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FF30ED8EFE1949A5" box="[151,491,1216,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Fourth toe length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FDEAED8EFD4A49A5" box="[589,696,1216,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">11.7±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FD52ED8EFC9D49A5" box="[757,879,1216,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.15±0.004</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FC39ED8EFBFB49A5" box="[926,1033,1216,1239]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">10.3±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FBE1ED8EFB3249A5" box="[1094,1216,1216,1239]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.12±0.013</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04A91C0FB48ED8EFA6F49A5" box="[1263,1437,1216,1239]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">0.0003</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04A6E3DFF63EC53FD2A4880" blockId="2.[151,1437,1309,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
The average SVL of males of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFDEEEC53FCA84844" box="[585,858,1309,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fernandezae">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFDEEEC53FCA84844" box="[585,858,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella fernandezae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 51.9± 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFC6AEC53FBDE4845" box="[973,1068,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFBE7EC53FB9C4844" box="[1088,1134,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">n =</emphasis>
20). This species has a midvertebral line, continuous cephalic crests, a parietal crest, infraorbital crest surpasses postorbital and maxillary crests; and the body is completely covered by very conspicuous conical keratinized tubercles. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFEA5ECC3FE6448D4" box="[258,406,1421,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFEA5ECC3FE6448D4" box="[258,406,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a midvertebral line, continuous cephalic crests but the parietal crest is absent, and infraorbital crests do not surpass postorbital and maxillary crests. In addition, there are fourteen statistically significant morpholometric differences (
<tableCitation id="703E41FAC04A6E3DFDC9EC96FD3B4880" box="[622,713,1496,1522]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,241,263,287]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,410,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov (Rsp. nov.; N = 5) with the similar R. fernandezae (Rf; N = 20). Morphometric variables and ratios (obtained dividing original measurements by SVL) of morphometric variables shown as mean ± standard error (only variables showing significant differences shown). Significance values refer to Mann Whitney U – tests." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/69C324C9C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="69C324C9C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04A6E3CFF63ECB3FE954DA5" blockId="2.[151,1437,1309,2007]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,215]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
The average SVL of males of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFD96ECB3FD1E4B64" box="[561,748,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFD96ECB3FD1E4B64" box="[561,748,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFCB6ECB3FC944B65" box="[785,870,1533,1559]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="51.0">51 mm</quantity>
and a very short parietal crest. Subnasal crests indistinct. Vertebral midline just visible. The ventral region may be light with small dark spots (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFA8EEF6CFF244B10" author="Gallardo" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Gallardo, J. M. (1965) The species Bufo granulosus Spix (Salientia: Bufonidae) and its geographic variation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 134, 107 - 138." type="journal article" year="1965">Gallardo, 1965</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFEDEEF06FDFD4B13" box="[377,527,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFEDEEF06FDFD4B13" box="[377,527,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have a visible vertebral midline; continuous cephalic crests but the parietal crest is absent, and subnasal crests are present. The average SVL of males of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFB39EF23FA724BF4" box="[1182,1408,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorbignyi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFB39EF23FA724BF4" box="[1182,1408,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella dorbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFF30EFDCFEF74BDE" box="[151,261,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="48.2">48.2 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFEE4EFDCFE404BDE" box="[323,434,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.56" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="55.6">55.6 mm</quantity>
for females (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFDFDEFDCFCFD4BDE" author="Narvaez" box="[602,783,1682,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narvaez 2003</bibRefCitation>
); reduced postorbital crest, infraorbital crest absent; tympanum barely visible, midvertebral line present (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFCA3EFF6FC424BA0" author="Narvaez" box="[772,944,1720,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narváez 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The average SVL size of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFB54EFF6FA6E4BA3" box="[1267,1436,1720,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFB54EFF6FA6E4BA3" box="[1267,1436,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella bergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males is 35.8 ± 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFEFDEF93FE354B85" box="[346,455,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="0.95">0.95 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFE7DEF93FE1B4B84" box="[474,489,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">n</emphasis>
=15); parietal crest present and infraorbital crest extends posteriorly over the postorbital crest, the dorsum has a appreciable vertebral line and small black points over abdominal skin; the infraorbital crest extends caudally over the postorbital crest; the parietal crest is present and the posterior end of the supraorbital crest extends over the postorbital crest (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFCCCEE03FBEE4A15" author="Narvaez" box="[875,1052,1869,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narváez 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The average SVL of males of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFF30EE3DFE9E4AFE" box="[151,364,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFF30EE3DFE9E4AFE" box="[151,364,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFE29EE3CFE054AFE" box="[398,503,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1399999999999997" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="31.4">31.4 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFDA1EE3CFD424AFE" author="Narvaez" box="[518,688,1906,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narvaez 2003</bibRefCitation>
); parietal crest present and infraorbital crest extends posteriorly over the postorbital crest (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04A6E3DFE75EED6FD724AC0" author="Narvaez" box="[466,640,1944,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narváez 2003</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFD32EED6FC8A4AC3" box="[661,888,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFD32EED6FC8A4AC3" box="[661,888,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04A6E3DFC26EED9FC134AC3" box="[897,993,1943,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFC26EED9FC134AC3" bold="true" box="[897,993,1943,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is larger than 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFB28EED6FAD74AC3" box="[1167,1317,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorbignyi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFB28EED6FAD74AC3" box="[1167,1317,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. dorbignyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFA93EED6FA674AC3" box="[1332,1429,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergi">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFA93EED6FA674AC3" box="[1332,1429,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. bergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3DFF6EEEF3FEA74AA4" box="[201,341,1981,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3DFF6EEEF3FEA74AA4" box="[201,341,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">R. pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these species has an average snout–vent length (SVL) of less than 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04A6E3DFBD7EEF3FB354AA5" box="[1136,1223,1981,2007]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
. Also, in 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04A6E3CFA9FEEF3FEE24DC3" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="53" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04A6E3CFA9FEEF3FEE24DC3" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04B6E3CFEBFE9D9FE884DC3" box="[280,378,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFEBFE9D9FE884DC3" bold="true" box="[280,378,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
the infraorbital crest never surpasses the postorbital crest and the new species lacks a midvertebral line.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="69C324C9C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D" ID-Table-UUID="69C324C9C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/69C324C9C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[151,1437,410,1095]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04B6E3CFF30E849FEA34C0D" blockId="3.[151,1437,263,383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFF30E849FEFC4C6D" bold="true" box="[151,270,263,287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04B6E3CFE64E846FD674C6D" box="[451,661,264,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFE64E846FD674C6D" box="[451,661,264,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04B6E3CFD3AE849FD034C6D" box="[669,753,263,287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFD3AE849FD034C6D" bold="true" box="[669,753,263,287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">sp. nov</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Rsp.nov.; N=5) with the similar 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04B6E3CFBCCE846FAE34C6D" box="[1131,1297,264,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fernandezae">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFBCCE846FAE34C6D" box="[1131,1297,264,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">R. fernandezae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rf; N=20). Morphometric variables and ratios (obtained dividing original measurements by SVL) of morphometric variables shown as mean ± standard error (only variables showing significant differences shown). Significance values refer to Mann Whitney U–tests.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04B6E3CFF38E8D4FAD14935" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<table id="4FBC86E1C04B91C0FF30E8D4FA6F4935" box="[151,1437,410,1095]" gridcols="6" gridrows="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30E8D4FA6F4C80" box="[151,1437,410,498]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30E8D4FDE14C80" box="[151,531,410,498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Morphometric variable</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCE8D4FD344C80" box="[603,710,410,498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
Mean±SE 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFDFCE8F4FD994CA3" box="[603,619,442,465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">R</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFDCCE8F4FD334CA0" bold="true" box="[619,705,442,466]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6E8D4FC894C80" box="[769,891,410,498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
R a ti o s Mean±SE 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFCA6E894FCE34C83" box="[769,785,474,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">R</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFCB6E894FC934C80" bold="true" box="[785,865,474,498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">sp. nov</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00E8D4FBE14C80" box="[935,1043,410,498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Mean±SE Rf</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9E8D4FB3A4C80" box="[1102,1224,410,498]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">R a t io s Mean±SE Rf</th>
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53E8D4FA6F4C80" box="[1268,1437,410,498]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">P&lt;</th>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EB4BFA6F4F6E" box="[151,1437,517,540]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EB4BFDE14F6E" box="[151,531,517,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Head length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEB4BFD344F6E" box="[603,710,517,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">16.5±0.8</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EB4BFC894F6E" box="[769,891,517,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.29±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EB4BFBE14F6E" box="[935,1043,517,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">13.7±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EB4BFB3A4F6E" box="[1102,1224,517,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.26±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EB4BFA6F4F6E" box="[1268,1437,517,540]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EB7EFA6F4F35" box="[151,1437,560,583]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EB7EFDE14F35" box="[151,531,560,583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Eye-nostril distance</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEB7EFD344F35" box="[603,710,560,583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">4.08±0.4</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EB7EFC894F35" box="[769,891,560,583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.07±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EB7EFBE14F35" box="[935,1043,560,583]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">3.04±0.06</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EB7EFB3A4F35" box="[1102,1224,560,583]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.06±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EB7EFA6F4F35" box="[1268,1437,560,583]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EB14FA6F4F03" box="[151,1437,602,625]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EB14FDE14F03" box="[151,531,602,625]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Eye-snout distance</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEB14FD344F03" box="[603,710,602,625]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">6.6±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EB14FC894F03" box="[769,891,602,625]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.12±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EB14FBE14F03" box="[935,1043,602,625]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">5±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EB14FB3A4F03" box="[1102,1224,602,625]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.10±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EB14FA6F4F03" box="[1268,1437,602,625]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.00007</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EBCBFA6F4FEE" box="[151,1437,645,668]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EBCBFDE14FEE" box="[151,531,645,668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Inter orbital distance 1</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEBCBFD344FEE" box="[603,710,645,668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">7.3±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EBCBFC894FEE" box="[769,891,645,668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.13±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EBCBFBE14FEE" box="[935,1043,645,668]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">5.6±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EBCBFB3A4FEE" box="[1102,1224,645,668]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.11±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EBCBFA6F4FEE" box="[1268,1437,645,668]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EBFEFA6F4FB5" box="[151,1437,688,711]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EBFEFDE14FB5" box="[151,531,688,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Inter orbital distance 2</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEBFEFD344FB5" box="[603,710,688,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">6.8±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EBFEFC894FB5" box="[769,891,688,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.12±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EBFEFBE14FB5" box="[935,1043,688,711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">5.5±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EBFEFB3A4FB5" box="[1102,1224,688,711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.11±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EBFEFA6F4FB5" box="[1268,1437,688,711]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EB94FA6F4F83" box="[151,1437,730,753]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EB94FDE14F83" box="[151,531,730,753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Minimum tympanum diameter</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEB94FD344F83" box="[603,710,730,753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">3.1±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EB94FC894F83" box="[769,891,730,753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.07±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EB94FBE14F83" box="[935,1043,730,753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">2.1±0.06</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EB94FB3A4F83" box="[1102,1224,730,753]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.06±0.001</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EB94FA6F4F83" box="[1268,1437,730,753]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EA4BFA6F4E6E" box="[151,1437,773,796]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EA4BFDE14E6E" box="[151,531,773,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Eyelid width</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEA4BFD344E6E" box="[603,710,773,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">4.4±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EA4BFC894E6E" box="[769,891,773,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.06±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EA4BFBE14E6E" box="[935,1043,773,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">3.8±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EA4BFB3A4E6E" box="[1102,1224,773,796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.04±0.008</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EA4BFA6F4E6E" box="[1268,1437,773,796]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.00003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EA7EFA6F4E35" box="[151,1437,816,839]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EA7EFDE14E35" box="[151,531,816,839]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Arm length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEA7EFD344E35" box="[603,710,816,839]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">13.6±0.9</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EA7EFC894E35" box="[769,891,816,839]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.24±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EA7EFBE14E35" box="[935,1043,816,839]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">8.2±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EA7EFB3A4E35" box="[1102,1224,816,839]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.16±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EA7EFA6F4E35" box="[1268,1437,816,839]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EA14FA6F4E03" box="[151,1437,858,881]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EA14FDE14E03" box="[151,531,858,881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Radioulna length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEA14FD344E03" box="[603,710,858,881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">12.2±0.8</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EA14FC894E03" box="[769,891,858,881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.47±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EA14FBE14E03" box="[935,1043,858,881]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">6.1±0.4</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EA14FB3A4E03" box="[1102,1224,858,881]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.52±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EA14FA6F4E03" box="[1268,1437,858,881]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.00003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EACBFA6F4EEE" box="[151,1437,901,924]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EACBFDE14EEE" box="[151,531,901,924]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Hand length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEACBFD344EEE" box="[603,710,901,924]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">13.9±0.6</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EACBFC894EEE" box="[769,891,901,924]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.21±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EACBFBE14EEE" box="[935,1043,901,924]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">12.4±0.4</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EACBFB3A4EEE" box="[1102,1224,901,924]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.12±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EACBFA6F4EEE" box="[1268,1437,901,924]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.00003</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EAFEFA6F4EB5" box="[151,1437,944,967]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EAFEFDE14EB5" box="[151,531,944,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Tibia length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEAFEFD344EB5" box="[603,710,944,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">17.4±1.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EAFEFC894EB5" box="[769,891,944,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.36±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EAFEFBE14EB5" box="[935,1043,944,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">14.8±0.5</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EAFEFB3A4EB5" box="[1102,1224,944,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.3±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EAFEFA6F4EB5" box="[1268,1437,944,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30EA94FA6F4E83" box="[151,1437,986,1009]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30EA94FDE14E83" box="[151,531,986,1009]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Head height</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCEA94FD344E83" box="[603,710,986,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">8.5±0.6</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6EA94FC894E83" box="[769,891,986,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.57±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00EA94FBE14E83" box="[935,1043,986,1009]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">7.1±0.2</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9EA94FB3A4E83" box="[1102,1224,986,1009]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.49±0.01</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53EA94FA6F4E83" box="[1268,1437,986,1009]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.0002</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30ED4BFA6F496E" box="[151,1437,1029,1052]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30ED4BFDE1496E" box="[151,531,1029,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Fourth toe length</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCED4BFD34496E" box="[603,710,1029,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">11.7±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6ED4BFC89496E" box="[769,891,1029,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.15±0.004</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00ED4BFBE1496E" box="[935,1043,1029,1052]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">9.3±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9ED4BFB3A496E" box="[1102,1224,1029,1052]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.14±0.002</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53ED4BFA6F496E" box="[1268,1437,1029,1052]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr id="838C7603C04B91C0FF30ED7EFA6F4935" box="[151,1437,1072,1095]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<th id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FF30ED7EFDE14935" box="[151,531,1072,1095]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Inner metacarpal tubercle diameter</th>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FDFCED7EFD344935" box="[603,710,1072,1095]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">2.1±0.1</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FCA6ED7EFC894935" box="[769,891,1072,1095]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.06±0.003</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FC00ED7EFBE14935" box="[935,1043,1072,1095]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">1.7±0.3</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FBE9ED7EFB3A4935" box="[1102,1224,1072,1095]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.05±0.004</td>
<td id="C05D1F7FC04B91C0FB53ED7EFA6F4935" box="[1268,1437,1072,1095]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">0.01</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC04B6E3BFF63EDC3FAFC4BFF" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04B6E3CFF63EDC3FE4A4BC0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1165,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04B6E3CFF63EDC3FE2249D5" bold="true" box="[196,464,1165,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04B6E3CFF63EDC3FECA49D5" box="[196,312,1165,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
description
</emphasis>
. Adult male, snout–vent length (
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04B6E3CFCF9EDC3FC2649D5" box="[862,980,1165,1191]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.39" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="63.9">63.9 mm</quantity>
.). Head wider (33.8% SVL) than long (28.9% SVL) or tall (14.8% SVL), subtriangular in dorsal view. Snout truncated from dorsal view, rounded in profile. Upper jaw extends past margin of lower jaw. Eyes positioned laterally, not very prominent. Eye diameter 1.13 times eye–snout distance. Nostrils subelliptical and dorsally positioned, nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Prominent and continuous cranial crests. Supraorbital crests strongly curved, following line of eye. Canthal crest long and continuous but not extending over nostrils. Infraorbital crests straight, ending at postorbital crest forming a 90º angle. Preorbital crests straight, forming curve at juncture with infraorbital crests. Postorbital crests straight, continue with infraorbital crests. Supratympanic folds very short, joining postorbital crests and parotoid gland. No parietal crests, subnasal crests greatly reduced, similar size as nostrils. Maxillary crest located over the lip and continuing over length of maxillary, without visible lateral or dorsal expansion and appearing more like a well-defined line in the shape of a moustache. Oval-shaped tympanum, diameter 59.7% of eye diameter; green tympanic membrane between parotoid gland and postorbital crest, separated from latter by tympanic annulus. Parotoid gland oval shaped, longer (14% SVL) than wide (6.8% SVL), with poorly defined edges and covered by small, scarce, flat tubercles with a small keratinized spicule each.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04B6E3CFF61EFF3FC2D4AE0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1165,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Dorsum covered by scarce flattened tubercles with a keratinized spicule each; tubercles on flanks large, conical, keratinized. Interorbital area, area surrounding the nostrils, and region between parotoid gland and tympanum smooth. Dorsally light buff with long black blotches with green and yellow margins; markings joined from tympanum to vent forming an irregular line; dorsum markings scarce, lacking a regular pattern. Ventral region with small, flat, non-keratinized granules. Throat region yellow; otherwise ventrally cream with small black dots and a red patch on the lower abdomen and thighs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04B6E3BFF61EED3FBA14C50" blockId="3.[151,1437,1165,2012]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,290]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
Forelegs relatively long (forearm 23.1% of SVL; arm 21.4% of SVL), hands (23.7% of SVL). Fingers free with a relative length of 3&gt;1&lt;4&gt;2. Hands with a round outer metacarpal tubercle larger than inner ovoid metacarpal tubercle. Subarticular tubercles fingers I and II divided. Nuptial pads on fingers I and II; 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04C6E3BFA8CE9D6FA944DC0" box="[1323,1382,152,178]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Hind</collectingCountry>
legs long (122.8% SVL), with webbed feet (57.5% SVL) except on toe 4 where webbing reaches middle toe and continues as a noticeable skin flap. Relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;3&lt;4&gt;5. Inner and outer metatarsal tubercles similar, oval, and spade-shaped. Subarticular tubercles on toes III and IV divided.
</paragraph>
<caption id="69C324C9C04C6E3BFF30EDF3FE5B4987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193960/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" targetBox="[151,1435,346,1188]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3BFF30EDF3FE5B4987" blockId="4.[151,1437,1213,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF30EDF3FEEE49A7" bold="true" box="[151,284,1213,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04C6E3BFE83EDF0FE0649A7" box="[292,500,1214,1237]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFE83EDF0FE0649A7" box="[292,500,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04C6E3BFE5CEDF3FDA149A7" box="[507,595,1213,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFE5CEDF3FDA149A7" bold="true" box="[507,595,1213,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(a) Dorsal, (b) lateral, and ventral (c) views of paratype IMCN-UNSJ 5044. Photo: Eduardo Sanabria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3BFF61EC6DFDDE48A1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1315,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF61EC6DFE06484F" bold="true" box="[198,500,1315,1341]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04C6E3BFF61EC6DFECA484F" box="[198,312,1315,1341]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
measurements
</emphasis>
. SVL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFDF4EC6DFD4C484F" box="[595,702,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.39" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="63.9">63.9 mm</quantity>
. HW= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFCB4EC6DFC8D484F" box="[787,895,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="21.6">21.6 mm</quantity>
. HL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFC6DEC6DFBC4484F" box="[970,1078,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="18.5">18.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04C6E3BFBE6EC6DFB84484F" box="[1089,1142,1315,1341]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">IND</collectingCountry>
= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFB29EC6DFB19484F" box="[1166,1259,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
. SW= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFA9CEC6DFA6A484F" box="[1339,1432,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
. 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04C6E3BFF30EC07FF274811" box="[151,213,1353,1379]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">END</collectingCountry>
= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFF4AEC07FEBF4811" box="[237,333,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
. ESD= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFE0CEC07FDF84811" box="[427,522,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
. IOD= 1 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFDDBEC07FD294811" box="[636,731,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3 mm</quantity>
, IOD2= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFCE2EC07FC564811" box="[837,932,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
, IOD3= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFBA9EC07FB9C4811" box="[1038,1134,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
. ED= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFB1CEC07FAE94811" box="[1211,1307,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 mm</quantity>
. TD1= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFAD0EC07FF3B48FA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
. TD2= 4.0 mm. ELW= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFE40EC20FDB548FA" box="[487,583,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
. 
<collectionCode id="5BADEC84C04C6E3BFDF4EC20FD7F48FA" box="[595,653,1390,1416]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e2th-qkhc" name="Preussiche Geologische Landesanstalt" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">PGL</collectionCode>
= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFD02EC20FD1C48FA" box="[677,750,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
. PGW= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFCF2EC20FC4648FA" box="[853,948,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
. AbL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFBB7EC20FB8D48FA" box="[1040,1151,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="14.8">14.8 mm</quantity>
. AL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFB6CEC20FAC848FA" box="[1227,1338,1390,1416]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="13.7">13.7 mm</quantity>
. HndL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFF30ECDDFEF748DF" box="[151,261,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="15.2">15.2 mm</quantity>
. FL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFEEAECDDFE4E48DF" box="[333,444,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="22.2">22.2 mm</quantity>
. TL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFDA2ECDDFD8648DF" box="[517,628,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="19.5">19.5 mm</quantity>
. FtL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFD63ECDDFCC148DF" box="[708,819,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="36.8">36.8 mm</quantity>
. HH= 
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. 4TL= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFB9CECDDFB5A48DF" box="[1083,1192,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="11.8">11.8 mm</quantity>
. 
<collectionCode id="5BADEC84C04C6E3BFB12ECDDFAD348DF" box="[1205,1313,1427,1453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">OMCTD</collectionCode>
= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFA9EECDDFA6B48DF" box="[1337,1433,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
. 
<collectionCode id="5BADEC84C04C6E3BFF30ECF7FF0548A1" box="[151,247,1465,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">IMCTD</collectionCode>
= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFEAAECF7FE9848A1" box="[269,362,1465,1491]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
. BW= 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04C6E3BFE1BECF7FDDB48A1" box="[444,553,1465,1491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.93" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="29.3">29.3 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3BFF61EC90FAFC4BFF" blockId="4.[151,1437,1315,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF61EC90FEAD488A" bold="true" box="[198,351,1502,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Color in life</emphasis>
. The dorsum is light buff with long black blotches surrounded by green and yellow edges; the pattern of blotches on the flanks is similar in the specimens examined. Lateral markings are joined from the tympanum to the vent, forming an irregular line; dorsum markings are scarce and lack a regular pattern (
<figureCitation id="A58768C4C04C6E3BFF38EF00FF174B1A" box="[159,229,1614,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,256,1213,1237]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,346,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,346,1190]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov. (a) Dorsal, (b) lateral, and ventral (c) views of paratype IMCN-UNSJ 5044. Photo: Eduardo Sanabria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193960/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Ventrally, males are cream with a reddish-red patch covering part of the abdomen, thighs, and pelvic patch. The throat is yellow. The ventral area has round black blotches small distributed randomly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC04C6E3AFF61EFD6FB8F4FCE" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3BFF61EFD6FDD24B8F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1315,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF61EFD6FE634BC0" bold="true" box="[198,401,1688,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Color in ethanol</emphasis>
. Buff background color remains, but the green blotches on the dorsum fade, becoming a pattern of dark blotches that are noticeable from the background. The throat remains yellow, but the red patch on the abdomen and thighs fades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3BFF61EE46FA974A3A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1315,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF61EE46FECB4A50" bold="true" box="[198,313,1800,1826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Variation</emphasis>
. One 
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04C6E3BFE37EE47FE074A51" box="[400,501,1801,1827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
has black round blotches randomly located on the ventral area, other two 
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04C6E3BFF30EE60FEF54A3A" box="[151,263,1838,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are similar to the 
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04C6E3BFE7CEE60FDB74A3A" box="[475,581,1838,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Variation in morphometric variables is summarized in Appendix II.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04C6E3AFF61EE1DFE2F4F55" blockId="4.[151,1437,1315,2013]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,962]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFF61EE1DFEB24A1F" bold="true" box="[198,320,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Osteology</emphasis>
. Based on one adult male 
<typeStatus id="E207CAE3C04C6E3BFD25EE1DFD154A1F" box="[642,743,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(IMCN-UNSJ-5045). The skull of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04C6E3BFB28EE1DFA824A1E" box="[1167,1392,1875,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFB28EE1DFA824A1E" box="[1167,1392,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04C6E3BFADEEE1DFF394AE0" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04C6E3BFADEEE1DFF394AE0" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is wider than long with the greatest width at the level of the quadratojugals. It is heavily ossified with prominent dermal ornamentation on the dorsal surface of the nasals and frontoparietals. In dorsal view, the nasal is posterolaterally expanded and articulates with the frontoparietal covering the sphenethmoid completely (
<figureCitation id="A58768C4C04D6E3AFE88E9D6FE894DC0" box="[303,379,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,257,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[290,1280,1038,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[274,1314,1015,1895]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of the skull of Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov. (IMCN-UNSJ- 5045), illustrating prenasal bone located anterior to the premaxillary bone, a synapomorphy of the granulosa group. Scale bar = 1 cm. Drawing: Federico Arias." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193961/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Prenasal bones are anterior to the premaxillary bone in the dorsal region of the skull (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04D6E3AFF38E9F3FEB54DA5" author="Pramuk" box="[159,327,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2000) Prenasal bones and snout morphology in West Indian bufonids and the Bufo granulosus species group. Journal of Herpetology, 34, 334 - 340." type="journal article" year="2000">Pramuk 2000</bibRefCitation>
). These are dermal, paired, and ovoid and lie posterior to the nares, which is unique among members of the 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFEFFE9ACFE224D89" box="[344,464,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFEFFE9ACFE224D89" box="[344,464,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. In lateral view, the orbit appears closed with the margin of the orbit being formed by the articulation of the zygomatic ramus of the squamosal, the dorsal surface of maxilla, and the confluence of preorbital and suborbital crests. The quadratojugals are poorly developed and located between the maxilla and the zygomatic ramus of the squamosal. The maxilla has a dorsal expansion in the facial region, which is in contact with the ventrolateral surface of the nasal. In ventral view, the prenasals lie at the anterior margin of the skull. The maxilla and premaxilla are thin. The vomers are slender with poorly developed postchoanal processes. The sphenethmoid covers the anterior region of the base of the skull. The anterior edge of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid is acuminate and the suture between parasphenoid and pterygoid is not visible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04D6E3AFF63EB7CFB8F4FCE" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">
The vertebral column (
<figureCitation id="A58768C4C04D6E3AFE73EB7CFDE84F3E" box="[468,538,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1611,1635]" captionTargetBox="[454,1147,204,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[427,1160,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Vertebral column of the Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov. (IMCN-UNSJ- 5045). Note that the sacral diapophysis is broadly dilated and flat, a character of the granulosa group. Scale bar = 1 cm. Drawing: Federico Arias." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193962/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFDEAEB7CFCDC4F39" box="[589,814,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFDEAEB7CFCDC4F39" box="[589,814,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04D6E3AFC91EB7CFC674F3E" box="[822,917,562,588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFC91EB7CFC674F3E" bold="true" box="[822,917,562,588]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is formed by eight presacral vertebrae. The transverse process of vertebrae II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII are posterolaterally oriented in relation to the vertebral column, whereas the transverse process of vertebra VIII is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the column. The sacral diapophyses are broadly dilated and flat, and are wider than long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="75A627CAC04D6E39FF61EB89FA9A4A87" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04D6E3AFF61EB89FAB24EB0" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFF61EB89FEAD4F93" bold="true" box="[198,351,711,737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Distribution</emphasis>
. The 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFE0BEB86FDD14F93" box="[428,547,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFE0BEB86FDD14F93" box="[428,547,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group has a wide geographic distribution in almost all South American countries except 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04D6E3AFEF9EBA3FE324E75" box="[350,448,749,775]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04D6E3AFE5EEBA3FDCA4E75" box="[505,568,749,775]" name="Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04D6E3AFDEFEBA3FD074E75" author="Gallardo" box="[584,757,749,775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Gallardo, J. M. (1965) The species Bufo granulosus Spix (Salientia: Bufonidae) and its geographic variation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 134, 107 - 138." type="journal article" year="1965">Gallardo 1965</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04D6E3AFCA5EBA3FCB34E75" author="Gallardo" box="[770,833,749,775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Gallardo, J. M. (1969) La distribucion de las subespecies de Bufo granulosus Spix: su fidelidad a los sistemas hidrograficos Sudamericanos. Ciencia e Investigacion, 25, 406 - 416." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04D6E3AFCD2EBA3FC1F4E75" box="[885,1005,749,775]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, the group is distributed primarily in the northeast, with species occurring in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fé, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, 
<collectingCountry id="45AB34D1C04D6E3AFE83EA76FE7C4E20" box="[292,398,824,850]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Formosa</collectingCountry>
, Jujuy, La Pampa, Misiones, Río Negro, Salta, and Santiago del Estero (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04D6E3AFB42EA76FA624E20" author="Narvaez" box="[1253,1424,824,850]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Narvaez, P. (2003) Revisao taxonomica das especies de Bufo do complexo granulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Tese doutorado, Instituto de Biociencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Narváez 2003</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFF30EA13FE8A4E04" box="[151,376,861,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFF30EA13FE8A4E04" box="[151,376,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04D6E3AFED8EA13FE2C4E05" box="[383,478,861,887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFED8EA13FE2C4E05" bold="true" box="[383,478,861,887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is only known from Ischigualasto Provincial Park in San Juan province (
<figureCitation id="A58768C4C04D6E3AFAE3EA13FA7C4E05" box="[1348,1422,861,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,257,1513,1537]" captionTargetBox="[384,1203,309,1491]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[384,1203,309,1492]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. (a) Type locality of Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov. at Ischigualasto Provincial Park. (b) Distribution of the granulosa group: R. bergi (blue), R. granulosa (black), R. fernandezae (white dots), R. dorbignyi (orange), R. bernardoi sp. nov. (green). Modified from Narváez (2003)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193963/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Here, the new species is syntopic with three other frogs: 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFC97EACCFBB64EE9" box="[816,1092,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Pleurodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulosum">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFC97EACCFBB64EE9" box="[816,1092,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Pleurodema nebulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFBF4EACCFB0D4EE9" box="[1107,1279,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFBF4EACCFB0E4EE9" box="[1107,1276,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Pleurodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tucumanum">P. tucumanum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFA9EEACCFEF84EB3" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFA9EEACCFEF84EB3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Rhinella arenarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFED8EAE6FDFD4EB3" box="[383,527,936,961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFED8EAE6FDFD4EB3" box="[383,527,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">R. spinulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uses permanent bodies of water to breed (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04D6E3AFC59EAE6FAC64EB0" author="Sanabria" box="[1022,1332,936,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Sanabria, E. A. &amp; Quiroga, L. B. (2009) Actualizacion de la herpetofauna del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto: comentarios sobre su distribucion. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 22, 55 - 59." type="journal article" year="2009">Sanabria &amp; Quiroga 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="69C324C9C04D6E3AFF30EE32FF2A4AA6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193961/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[290,1280,1038,1894]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04D6E3AFF30EE32FF2A4AA6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1916,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFF30EE32FEEC4AE6" bold="true" box="[151,286,1916,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Dorsal view of the skull of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFDF0EE33FCDB4AE6" box="[599,809,1917,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFDF0EE33FCDB4AE6" box="[599,809,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04D6E3AFC97EE32FC7B4AE6" box="[816,905,1916,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFC97EE32FC7B4AE6" bold="true" box="[816,905,1916,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(IMCN-UNSJ-5045), illustrating prenasal bone located anterior to the premaxillary bone, a synapomorphy of the 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04D6E3AFCF3EED3FC324AC6" box="[852,960,1949,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04D6E3AFCF3EED3FC324AC6" box="[852,960,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="55">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Scale bar = 1 cm. Drawing: Federico Arias.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="69C324C9C04E6E39FF30EF05FAF14BF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193962/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[454,1147,204,1578]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="3D037441C04E6E39FF30EF05FAF14BF1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1611,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FF30EF05FEEB4B11" bold="true" box="[151,281,1611,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Vertebral column of the 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FD80EF02FD014B11" box="[551,755,1612,1635]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FD80EF02FD014B11" box="[551,755,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Rhinella bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04E6E39FD5DEF05FCA34B11" box="[762,849,1611,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FD5DEF05FCA34B11" bold="true" box="[762,849,1611,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(IMCN-UNSJ-5045). Note that the sacral diapophysis is broadly dilated and flat, a character of the 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FDD3EF22FD124BF1" box="[628,736,1644,1667]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FDD3EF22FD124BF1" box="[628,736,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">granulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Scale bar = 1 cm. Drawing: Federico Arias.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3D037441C04E6E39FF61EFFEFA9A4A87" blockId="6.[151,1437,1712,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FF61EFFEFE754BB8" bold="true" box="[198,391,1712,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Natural history</emphasis>
. The new species occurs in habitat known as the Monte phytogeographic region, which has an arid climate with a mean annual temperature of 20 ºC, a mean annual maximum temperature of 40 ºC, a mean annual minimum temperature of 16 ºC, and a mean annual rainfall of 
<quantity id="FA44D9A4C04E6E39FB80EFB5FB884A67" box="[1063,1146,1787,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 mm</quantity>
concentrated in summer (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04E6E39FF38EE6FFEB94A49" author="Cabrera" box="[159,331,1825,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Cabrera, A. L. (1994) Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria, Tomo II, Regiones Fitogeograficas Argentinas. Editorial ACME S. A. C. I., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 115 pp." type="book" year="1994">Cabrera 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The most common shrubs are 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FD74EE6FFCD44A48" box="[723,806,1825,1850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FD74EE6FFCD44A48" box="[723,806,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Larrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (“jarillas”) and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FBBDEE6FFB774A48" box="[1050,1157,1825,1850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FBBDEE6FFB774A48" box="[1050,1157,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (“algarrobos”) and riparian species such as 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FE17EE09FD504A12" box="[432,674,1863,1888]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicifolia">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FE17EE09FD504A12" box="[432,674,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Baccharis salicifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mulefat) and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FCE9EE09FAC44A12" authority="Marquez et al. 2005" authorityName="Marquez et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[846,1334,1862,1888]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Grabowskia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusa">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FCE9EE09FBC04A12" box="[846,1074,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Grabowskia obtusa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04E6E39FBE7EE08FADC4A12" author="Marquez" box="[1088,1326,1862,1888]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Marquez, J., Carretero, E., Dalmasso, A., Pastran, G. &amp; Ortiz, G. (2005) Las Areas Protegidas de la Provincia de San Juan (Argentina) II. La Vegetacion del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. Multequina, 14, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2005">
Márquez 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FB16EE09FB164A12" box="[1201,1252,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A58768C4C04E6E39FAE1EE08FA7F4A12" box="[1350,1421,1862,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,259,1443,1467]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,458,1421]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,458,1422]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat of Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov. at the type locality, Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina. Photo: Eduardo Sanabria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/193964/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Specimens were found in temporary pools following summer rains, which were used by the new species, 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FA24EE22FEFF4AD8" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarum">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FA24EE22FEFF4AD8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">R. arenarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FEF5EEDFFD824AD8" box="[338,624,1937,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Pleurodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulosum">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FEF5EEDFFD824AD8" box="[338,624,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">Pleurodema nebulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for reproduction. There are no data regarding other aspects of the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="FABC0FC2C04E6E39FE83EEF9FE374AA2" box="[292,453,1975,2000]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bernardoi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FE83EEF9FE374AA2" box="[292,453,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">R. bernardoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="14FB1528C04E6E39FE69EEF8FDC74AA2" box="[462,565,1974,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" rank="species">
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FE69EEF8FDC74AA2" bold="true" box="[462,565,1974,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, but other species in this group have an explosive, but brief (1–2 d) reproductive period following strong summer rains (
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04E6E39FD5BEE95FC584A87" author="Gallardo" box="[764,938,2011,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Gallardo, J. M. (1972) Anfibios de la provincia de Buenos Aires; observaciones sobre su ecologia y zoogeografia. Ciencia e Investigacion, 28, 3 - 14." type="journal article" year="1972">Gallardo 1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04E6E39FC11EE95FB504A87" author="Yanosky" box="[950,1186,2011,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Yanosky, A. A., Mercolli, C. &amp; Dixon, J. A. (1997) Field ecology of the pygmy toad Bufo pygmaeus (Anura: Bufonidae), in northeastern Argentina with notes on sympatric sibling species of the granulosus group. Bulletin of Maryland Herpetological Society, 33, 66 - 77." type="journal article" year="1997">
Yanosky 
<emphasis id="0FC8A853C04E6E39FB85EE92FBAF4A87" box="[1058,1117,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="592D09B0C04E6E39FB09EE95FAA94A87" author="Langone" box="[1198,1371,2011,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Langone, J. A. (1999) Anfibios de Aguas Corrientes, Departamento de Canelones, Uruguay (Amphibia). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Publicacion extra, 48, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1999">Langone 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>