treatments-xml/data/AA/06/87/AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E.xml

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<mods:title>Revision of the genus Chiasognathus Stephens of southern South America with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Paulsen, M. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2010-04-13</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>43</mods:number>
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.43.397</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a757de0f-b7ba-4ef8-9c95-24cfc4226b76</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576657</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EB891295-3333-4BB1-B7EA-F118C4D6B13A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788366" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163747476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788366" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,593,1081,1144]" box="[140,593,1081,1108]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<heading box="[140,593,1081,1108]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" reason="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[140,593,1081,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,593,1081,1108]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,403,1081,1108]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[410,593,1081,1107]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,593,1081,1144]" box="[140,368,1117,1144]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Figs 1–3, 14–15, 28</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1187,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<treatmentCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[140,639,1187,1214]" page="214" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" year="1831">
<taxonomicName authority="Stephens, 1831: 214" authorityName="Stephens" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1831" box="[140,639,1187,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[140,389,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[394,639,1187,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831: 214</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Type material: 
<typeStatus box="[826,930,1187,1213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">holotype</typeStatus>
male (CUMZ) labeled a) red label “ 
<taxonomicName box="[446,611,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[446,611,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[645,913,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[645,913,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
grantii 
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[735,913,1223,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<typeStatus box="[947,1107,1223,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
[male symbol] / Det: M.J. Paulsen &amp; A.B.T. Smith”. Type locality: “Island of Chiloe.”
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1187,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName authority="Lesson, 1833" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1833" box="[140,555,1328,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Tetropthalma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiloensis">
<emphasis box="[140,395,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Tetropthalma chiloensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Lesson R-P" box="[403,555,1328,1355]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refId="ref14662" refString="Lesson R-P (1833) Famille des Lucanides, Latr. Genre: Tetropthalme, Tetropthalma, Less., planche XXIV. Illustrations de Zoologie, ou Recueil de Figures d'Animaux. Arthus Bertrand, Paris." type="book" year="1833">Lesson, 1833</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: plate 24. Type material: 
<typeStatus box="[844,946,1328,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">lectotype</typeStatus>
designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F &amp; Brochier B" box="[185,561,1363,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refId="ref14133" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (2007) Chiasognathinae of the Andes. Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, 324 pp." type="book" year="2007">Chalumeau and Brochier (2007)</bibRefCitation>
using the original illustration in 
<bibRefCitation author="Lesson R-P" box="[944,1107,1364,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refId="ref14662" refString="Lesson R-P (1833) Famille des Lucanides, Latr. Genre: Tetropthalme, Tetropthalma, Less., planche XXIV. Illustrations de Zoologie, ou Recueil de Figures d'Animaux. Arthus Bertrand, Paris." type="book" year="1833">Lesson (1833)</bibRefCitation>
under ICZN Article 74.4. The original specimen could not be located in the MNHN and has presumably been lost. Type locality: “l’île de Chiloë.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,1187,1672]" lastBlockId="12.[140,1108,167,756]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName authority="R. Philippi" authorityName="R. Philippi" box="[140,506,1469,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis box="[140,371,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus affinis</emphasis>
R. Philippi
</taxonomicName>
in F. 
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi F" box="[579,808,1469,1496]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="656 - 678" refId="ref15298" refString="Philippi F (1859) Algunas especies nuevas de coleopteros de la provincia de Valdivia. Anales de la Universidad de Chile 16: 656 - 678." type="journal article" year="1859">Philippi, 1859: 658</bibRefCitation>
. Type material: 
<typeStatus box="[996,1107,1470,1496]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Lectotype</typeStatus>
male (MNNC) designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Chalumeau F &amp; Brochier B" box="[536,912,1504,1531]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="18 - 24" refId="ref14099" refString="Chalumeau F, Brochier B (1995) Les Chiasognathinae: genres, sous-genres et synonymies (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat 83: 18 - 24." type="journal article" year="1995">Chalumeau and Brochier (1995)</bibRefCitation>
labeled a) handwritten “ 
<taxonomicName box="[287,444,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[287,444,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authority="Phil." authorityName="Phil." box="[471,603,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis box="[471,536,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">affinis</emphasis>
Phil.
</taxonomicName>
”; b) orange label “ 
<typeStatus box="[815,988,1540,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
”; c) handwritten “ 
<taxonomicName box="[286,443,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[286,443,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authority="Phil." authorityName="Phil." box="[468,595,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis box="[468,533,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">affinis</emphasis>
Phil.
</taxonomicName>
/ det F. Chalumeau / &amp; B. Brochier ‘94”; d) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[185,423,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[185,423,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Stephens / Dét. det F. Chalumeau / &amp; B. Brochier ‘94”; e) red label “ 
<taxonomicName box="[298,455,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[298,455,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<emphasis box="[477,556,1645,1672]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName box="[477,542,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
/
</emphasis>
Philippi [male symbol] / 
<typeStatus box="[842,1008,1645,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
/ A.B.T. Smith”; f) “ 
<taxonomicName box="[323,480,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[323,480,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[509,583,167,192]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[509,583,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[612,790,167,193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831</bibRefCitation>
/ det. M.J. Paulsen 2010”. Type locality: “cerca del Corral.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,167,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitation author="Dallas ED" box="[140,612,237,263]" page="74" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" year="1933">
<taxonomicName authority="Dallas, 1933: 74" authorityName="Dallas" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1933" box="[140,612,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
<emphasis box="[140,408,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chiasognathus pygmaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Dallas ED" box="[417,612,237,263]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="74 - 75" refId="ref14155" refString="Dallas ED (1933) Nuevas formas de coleopteros chilenos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 37: 74 - 75." type="journal article" year="1933">Dallas, 1933: 74</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Type material: 
<typeStatus box="[802,910,237,263]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Holotype</typeStatus>
lost – reportedly deposited in the Dallas collection (
<bibRefCitation author="Dallas ED" box="[575,718,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="74 - 75" refId="ref14155" refString="Dallas ED (1933) Nuevas formas de coleopteros chilenos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 37: 74 - 75." type="journal article" year="1933">Dallas 1933</bibRefCitation>
). Primary types should be deposit- ed in legitimate institutional collections so they have a good chance of being available for study by taxonomists. 
<typeStatus box="[535,632,343,369]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Neotype</typeStatus>
male, (MNNC) HERE DESIGNATED, labeled a) handwritten “ 
<collectingRegion box="[455,525,378,404]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Aysen</collectingRegion>
/ I-37”; b) “[‘95] / 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[745,983,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[745,983,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Stephens / Dét. Chalumeau &amp; B. Brochier / [
<taxonomicName box="[601,747,414,440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" rank="variety" variety="pygmaea">
var. 
<emphasis box="[654,747,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">pygmaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]”; c) red label “ 
<taxonomicName box="[932,1089,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[932,1089,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authority="Dallas" authorityName="Dallas" box="[185,365,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
<emphasis box="[185,287,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">pygmaeus</emphasis>
Dallas
</taxonomicName>
male symbol / 
<typeStatus box="[537,670,448,474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">NEOTYPE</typeStatus>
/ Paulsen &amp; Smith”; d) “ 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chiasognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[235,309,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[235,309,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[336,513,483,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens, 1831</bibRefCitation>
/ det. M.J. Paulsen 2010”. A 
<typeStatus box="[863,953,484,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">neotype</typeStatus>
is designated in order to preserve the stability of nomenclature by selecting one specimen as the sole, name-bearing type of this taxon because the original name-bearing type specimen(s) was lost or destroyed. The 
<typeStatus box="[644,734,590,616]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">neotype</typeStatus>
specimen serves to tie the published name to an actual specimen and as a reference standard for the taxon. This is important because there has been confusion in the literature regarding this name with disagreement whether it is a valid species, synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[853,960,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[853,872,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[886,960,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1851" box="[215,339,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">
<emphasis box="[215,234,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[249,339,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">latreillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Type locality: “ 
<collectingCountry box="[526,594,730,756]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Chile</collectingCountry>
”.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,800,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,388,800,827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis box="[140,283,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[301,380,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Length</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
24.5–88.0 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[591,677,800,827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[591,668,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Width</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
9.5–17.0 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[865,940,800,827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[865,931,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Color</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Light to dark reddish brown, everywhere with green, gold, or purple metallic reflections. Pronotum with metallic coloration gold/green on disk, becoming purple near margins, lateral fovea darker bluish-green. Elytra with disc greenish-brown due to weak green and purple metallic reflections, lateral margin darker metallic green. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,893,940,967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[820,885,940,967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Head</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Form subquadrate in minor males and females, subtriangular in major males. Surface punctate; punctures fine to coarse, generally setose with short to long setae. Anterior margin of head produced beyond anterior angles and always with median nasus, nasus variably binodose or simply obtuse. Anterior angles produced ventrally, acute in dorsal view. Male mandibles 2–6× as long as head, externally sinuate, arched and somewhat flattened in lateral view; dentate carina internally on dorsal margin for entire length of mandible; teeth variable along mandible, large basal tooth followed by serrate margin in basal third and more widely spaced, peg-like teeth in apical two-thirds. Apex abruptly curved, distally acute and hooked upwards in male majors, male majors with patch of setae inside apex. Base of mandibles with large, ventral tooth always present, in male majors longer than head; tooth internally serrate. Female mandible externally rounded, never with median internal tooth, but with strongly produced internal carina ventrally near base. Galeal brush elongate, 2–3× longer than mentum. Antennal scape with well-developed area of long setae present at apex in males. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[596,725,1434,1460]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[596,717,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Pronotum</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Posterior angle and lateral angle strongly dentate, especially in males; posterior angle uncinate and somewhat curved anteriorly in major males. Lateral margins distinct, weakly crenulate. Dorsal surface not strongly ridged, longitudinal median furrow distinct basally. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,945,1539,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,937,1539,1566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Elytra</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Surface shiny, appearing smooth, actually densely punctate, setose; setae scale-like, microscopic, often broken off. Apex spinose with acute spine. Epipleuron flat. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[827,886,1610,1636]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[827,878,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Legs</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Protibiae elongate, dentate externally; ventral surface along internal margin with teeth well developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,800,1034,1057]" box="[140,800,1034,1057]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,299,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Figures Ι4–Ι5.</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus of 
<emphasis box="[471,566,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[471,562,1035,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">C. grantii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[570,597,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
Ι 
<specimenCount box="[577,597,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="male">4</specimenCount>
</emphasis>
male, and 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[699,726,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
Ι 
<specimenCount box="[706,726,1034,1056]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="female">5</specimenCount>
</emphasis>
female.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,322,1116,1143]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,314,1116,1143]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis box="[140,201,1116,1143]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Male</emphasis>
genitalia
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Flagellum long, length more than 2× length of parameres and basal piece together (Fig. 3).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,344,1187,1213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis box="[185,339,1187,1213]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
This species is found in central 
<collectingCountry box="[711,773,1187,1213]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Chile</collectingCountry>
and neighboring areas of 
<collectingCountry name="Argentina" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 28).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811617" box="[185,1037,1257,1284]" country="Argentina" location="Chubut" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chubut">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,354,1257,1283]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry box="[185,354,1257,1283]" name="Argentina" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">ARGENTINA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(38): 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,516,1257,1283]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[423,516,1257,1283]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Chubut</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(9): Lago Puelo, Parque Nacional Los Alerces
</materialsCitation>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion country="Argentina" name="Neuquen" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Neuquén</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(26): Parque Nacional Lanín, Pucará, San Martín de los Andes; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811606" collectorName="El Bolson" country="Argentina" location="Rio Negro" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Negro">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,1059,1292,1319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[934,1059,1292,1319]" country="Argentina" name="Rio Negro" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Río Negro</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(3): 
<collectorName box="[140,254,1328,1354]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">El Bolsón</collectorName>
, Lago Guillelmo
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811612" box="[185,878,1361,1391]" collectorName="La Invernada &amp; Nuble &amp; Las Trancas" country="Chile" location="Biobio" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Biobio">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,274,1363,1389]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry box="[185,274,1363,1389]" name="Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">CHILE</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(123): 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[357,438,1362,1389]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[357,438,1362,1389]" country="Chile" name="Biobio" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Biobío</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(5): 
<collectorName box="[493,645,1363,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">La Invernada</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[655,729,1361,1391]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Ñuble</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[740,878,1364,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Las Trancas</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811608" box="[888,918,1363,1389]" country="Chile" location="La" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Biobio">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E:27706020826BFFBDFC97FAA03DFFFAA7" box="[888,918,1363,1389]" country="Chile" name="La" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Biobio">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[888,918,1363,1389]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">La</emphasis>
</location>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811614" collectorName="Parque Nacional Huerquehue &amp; Malleco &amp; Villarrica" country="Chile" location="Curacautin" municipality="Cherquenco" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Araucania">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[925,1046,1362,1389]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[925,1046,1362,1389]" country="Chile" name="Araucania" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Araucanía</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(11): 
<collectingMunicipality box="[140,283,1399,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Cherquenco</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E:27706020826BFFBDFECAFA843FC1FA5B" box="[293,424,1399,1425]" country="Chile" municipality="Cherquenco" name="Curacautin" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Araucania">Curacautín</location>
, 
<collectorName box="[434,773,1399,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Parque Nacional Huerquehue</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[784,878,1399,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Malleco</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[888,996,1399,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Villarrica</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811611" collectorName="Monumento Nacional Alerce Costero &amp; Llifen &amp; Valdivia" country="Chile" location="Los Rios" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Los Rios">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1005,1108,1397,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[1005,1108,1397,1425]" country="Chile" name="Los Rios" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Los Ríos</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(9): 
<collectorName box="[190,628,1434,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Monumento Nacional Alerce Costero</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[641,711,1434,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Llifen</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[724,821,1434,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Valdivia</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811605" collectorName="Dalcahue &amp; Lago Chapo &amp; Llanquihue &amp; Palena &amp; Puerto Varas &amp; Parque Nacional Puyehue" country="Chile" location="Ahoni" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Los Lagos">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,956,1434,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[834,956,1434,1460]" country="Chile" name="Los Lagos" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Los Lagos</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(36): 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E:27706020826BFFBDFBEAFA693A26FA7E" box="[1029,1103,1434,1460]" country="Chile" name="Ahoni" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Los Lagos">Ahoni</location>
, “Chiloe”, 
<collectorName box="[254,364,1469,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Dalcahue</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[375,516,1469,1496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Lago Chapo</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[528,661,1469,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Llanquihue</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[672,749,1469,1495]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Palena</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[760,908,1470,1496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Puerto Varas</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Parque Nacional Puyehue</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608811616" box="[252,736,1503,1531]" collectorName="Coihaique. No" country="Chile" location="Aisen" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Aysen">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[252,318,1503,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<collectingRegion box="[252,318,1503,1530]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">Aisén</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
(62): 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA0687ED826DFFBFFF63FBCA3DD3FC6E:27706020826BFFBDFE6CFA133FACFA30" box="[387,453,1504,1530]" country="Chile" name="Aisen" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="Aysen">Aisén</location>
, 
<collectorName box="[464,634,1504,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
Coihaique. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[597,634,1504,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">No</emphasis>
</collectorName>
data (6)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,460,1539,1565]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis box="[185,299,1539,1565]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Temporal</emphasis>
distribution.
</emphasis>
January (32), February (119), March (7), June (1), November (4), December (5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1116,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,1609,1635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis box="[185,307,1609,1635]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
This species is the most readily identifiable in the genus (Figs 14–15). The large ventral tooth on the mandibles of males, smooth and apparently glabrous
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">elytra, and spinose elytral apex in both sexes are diagnostic. Male majors, with their extremely elongate mandibles and large size, cannot be confused with any other species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,237,263]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis box="[185,293,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[307,494,237,263]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens (1831)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[617,725,238,264]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[617,725,238,264]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on a single 
<typeStatus box="[935,1034,237,263]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen. This specimen was found in the University of Cambridge Museum of Zoology, 
<collectingCountry box="[140,196,308,334]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">U.K.</collectingCountry>
The 
<typeStatus box="[261,360,307,333]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
was likely part of the Stephens collection that was acquired by the Cambridge Philosophical Society. The entire insect collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society was turned over to the University of Cambridge in 1865 as the foundation of a museum collection at the university. Unfortunately, none of the Stephens specimens were properly labeled so we had to match the attributes of this particular specimen to the original illustrations of 
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[714,901,483,510]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens (1831)</bibRefCitation>
to verify that it is the 
<typeStatus box="[185,288,519,545]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
. The male mandibles of this species can display great variation in their length, thickness, and curvature, and this specimen perfectly matches the specific curving and unusually large and thick mandibles of the original illustration. Specimens of such great size are relatively rare, and the general way the specimen is mounted also closely matches the original illustrations. The fact that this specimen was the only 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[1081,1100,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[140,214,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen found in the University of Cambridge Museum of Zoology (the subsequent depository of Stephens’ collection) and that it matches the original description and illustrations gives us enough evidence to state that this specimen is the 
<typeStatus box="[1001,1104,765,791]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Stephens JF" box="[140,326,800,826]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="209 - 217" refId="ref15493" refString="Stephens JF (1831) Description of Chiasognathus grantii, a new lucanideous insect forming the type of an undescribed genus, together with some brief remarks upon its structure and affinities. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 (2): 209 - 217, plate IX-X." type="journal article" year="1831">Stephens (1831)</bibRefCitation>
reported that a Chilean collected this specimen in January on Chiloé Island and gave it to Dr. Grant, who was the surgeon on board the H.M.S. Forte.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
The immense variation in size in this species has prompted the continued use of the name ‘ 
<emphasis box="[266,374,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">pygmaeus’</emphasis>
for the smaller males despite any evidence that would suggest distinct populations or genetic uniqueness. The idea remains tempting to amateur collectors, possibly because even these smaller males are of a similar size (and show the same amount of allometric development) as male majors of other species such as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mniszechii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C. mniszechii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The development of male majors in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[676,783,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[676,783,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C. grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are twice-again as large, and how this relates to the breeding behavior of the species, is something that deserves to be studied in more detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<bibRefCitation author="Benesh B" box="[185,354,1152,1179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" refId="ref14030" refString="Benesh B (1960) Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, Pars 8: Lucanidea (sic). W. Junk, Berlin, 178 pp." type="book" year="1960">Benesh (1960)</bibRefCitation>
, and thus 
<bibRefCitation author="Krajcik M" box="[470,639,1152,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" refId="ref14541" refString="Krajcik M (2001) Checklist of the Stag Beetles of the World (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Lucanidae of the World. Catalogue - Part I. Milan Krajcik, Most, 108 pp." type="book" year="2001">Krajcik (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, listed 
<taxonomicName box="[717,853,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
<emphasis box="[717,853,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C. pygmaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under synonymy with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1851" box="[140,262,1187,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei">
<emphasis box="[140,262,1187,1214]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C. latreillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
despite the photograph in the original that clearly depicts a small 
<emphasis box="[994,1108,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[994,1105,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">C. grantii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Nevertheless, this demonstrates the existence of some confusion about the taxon and that the designation of a 
<typeStatus box="[422,512,1258,1284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">neotype</typeStatus>
is warranted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="15.[140,1108,166,932]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,380,1292,1319]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis box="[185,279,1292,1319]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" reason="1">Natural</emphasis>
History.
</emphasis>
Grant’s stag beetle, sometimes referred to as Darwin’s stag beetle, is the largest species in the genus and one that commands a great deal of attention. Other common names for the species include ciervo volante, llico-llico, and cantábria. The species was observed by Darwin in 
<collectingCountry box="[498,559,1399,1425]" name="Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Darwin C" box="[574,730,1399,1425]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" refId="ref14177" refString="Darwin C (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, volume 1. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 409 pp." type="book" year="1871">Darwin 1871</bibRefCitation>
): “The male 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[873,1107,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[873,1107,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Chiasognathus grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of South 
<collectingCountry box="[245,302,1434,1460]" name="Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Chili</collectingCountry>
– a splendid beetle … has enormously-developed mandibles; he is bold and pugnacious; when threatened on any side he faces round, opening his great jaws, and at the same time stridulating loudly; but the mandibles were not strong enough to pinch my finger so as to cause actual pain.” Darwin’s observations were expanded by 
<bibRefCitation author="Joseph RHC" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="529 - 535" refId="ref14514" refString="Joseph RHC (1928) El Chiasognathus grandtii (sic) Steph. Revista Universitaria de la Universidad Catolica de Chile 13: 529 - 535." type="journal article" year="1928">Joseph (1928)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Hamilton WD" box="[269,461,1575,1601]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="111 - 122" refId="ref14345" refString="Hamilton WD (2000) My intended burial and why. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 12: 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="2000">Hamilton (2000)</bibRefCitation>
with further discussion on the behavior of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[929,1032,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[929,948,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[960,1032,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males. To this we add our own observations made while collecting in 
<collectingCountry box="[828,892,1610,1636]" name="Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">Chile</collectingCountry>
. Males of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[1003,1107,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis box="[1003,1022,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1035,1107,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="47">grantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are energetic and will attempt to pinch with their elongate mandibles when handled. As noted by 
<bibRefCitation author="Arrow GJ" box="[245,400,166,193]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" refId="ref14012" refString="Arrow GJ (1951) Horned Beetles. W. Junk, The Hague, 154 pp." type="book" year="1951">Arrow (1951)</bibRefCitation>
, the bite of a female would be much more painful, although the sharp mandibular apex of males can draw blood (ABTS, personal observation). Males will raise up on their middle and hind legs when threatened or when approached by another male (Fig. 1). When another male is introduced, the two individuals will move together and adopt this aggressive posture and will then battle each other. Each will attempt to grip with their mandibles around the lateral teeth of the pronotum of their opponent. Once a strong grip is established there is an attempt to lift the opponent and drop it to the ground. When a female is introduced, the successful combatant will adopt an apparent mate-guarding stance with his mandibles and legs arched over the female (Fig. 2) and will battle any other males that approach. 
<bibRefCitation author="Hamilton WD" box="[758,952,483,510]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="111 - 122" refId="ref14345" refString="Hamilton WD (2000) My intended burial and why. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 12: 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="2000">Hamilton (2000)</bibRefCitation>
reported that male combat occurs either in trees, where the females feed on sap, or among the flowers of the native canelilla, a climbing hydrangea (
<taxonomicName box="[660,898,554,580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrangeaceae" genus="Hydrangea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serratifolia">
<emphasis box="[660,898,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Hydrangea serratifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(H. et A.) F. Phil (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[147,322,589,616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrangeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hydrangeaceae</taxonomicName>
)). Adults have been reported to feed on the sap of 
<taxonomicName authority="(Mirbel) Oersted" authorityName="Oersted" baseAuthorityName="Mirbel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betuloides">
<emphasis box="[877,1108,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Nothofagus betuloides</emphasis>
(Mirbel) Oersted
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Phil.) Krassen" authorityName="Krassen" baseAuthorityName="Phil." box="[341,612,624,651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis box="[341,441,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">N. nitida</emphasis>
(Phil.) Krassen
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Mirbel) Oersted" authorityName="Oersted" baseAuthorityName="Mirbel" box="[622,931,624,651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis box="[622,737,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">N. obliqua</emphasis>
(Mirbel) Oersted
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[944,1048,624,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName authority="Cav." authorityName="Cav." box="[140,485,659,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cunoniaceae" genus="Weinmannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichosperma">
<emphasis box="[140,425,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">Weinmannia trichosperma</emphasis>
Cav.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[500,647,659,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cunoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cunoniaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Joseph RHC" box="[670,815,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="529 - 535" refId="ref14514" refString="Joseph RHC (1928) El Chiasognathus grandtii (sic) Steph. Revista Universitaria de la Universidad Catolica de Chile 13: 529 - 535." type="journal article" year="1928">Joseph 1928</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Vergara OE &amp; Jerez V" box="[828,1095,659,686]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="565 - 576" refId="ref15589" refString="Vergara OE, Jerez V (2009) Estado de conservacion de Chiasognathus granti (sic) Stephens 1831 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) en Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 82: 565 - 576." type="journal article" year="2009">Vergara and Jerez 2009</bibRefCitation>
). As with other chiasognathines, larvae live in the soil (
<bibRefCitation author="Joseph RHC" box="[728,873,695,721]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="529 - 535" refId="ref14514" refString="Joseph RHC (1928) El Chiasognathus grandtii (sic) Steph. Revista Universitaria de la Universidad Catolica de Chile 13: 529 - 535." type="journal article" year="1928">Joseph 1928</bibRefCitation>
). Adults may be seen flying just before dark and are attracted to light.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[140,1108,166,932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
<bibRefCitation author="Arrow GJ" box="[185,340,765,791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="709 - 750" refId="ref13988" refString="Arrow GJ (1904) Sound-production in the Lamellicorn beetles. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1904: 709 - 750." type="journal article" year="1904">Arrow (1904)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the stridulatory mechanism present in adults of both sexes of 
<emphasis box="[173,290,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[173,286,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Chiasognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grantii">C. grantii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and that it is composed of a ridged elytral margin and corresponding grooves on the hind femora. These modifications are not present in the other species in the genus, thus sound production in the adult appears to be an autapomorphy of this species that may be related to the larger size and threat display behavior.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>