treatments-xml/data/9D/62/87/9D6287DFFFD24F5CFF41FACC1D57FB2F.xml

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<mods:title>Revision and phylogeny of the Caribbean weevil genus Apotomoderes Dejean, 1834 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Franz, Nico</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Puerto Rico ,, Puerto Rico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number>49</mods:number>
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<mods:number>49</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.49.303</mods:identifier>
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<taxonomicName authority="Dejean (1834: 253)" authorityName="Dejean" authorityPageNumber="253" authorityYear="1834" box="[140,545,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,305,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
Dejean (1834: 253)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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= 
<treatmentCitation author="Schoenherr CJ" box="[162,532,1434,1460]" page=")" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" year="1834">
<taxonomicName authority="Schoenherr (1834: 44)" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1834" box="[162,532,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[162,268,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Apotomus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schoenherr CJ" box="[275,532,1434,1460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref20244" refString="Schoenherr CJ (1834) Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae. Roret, Paris, Vol. 2 (1): 1 - 326." type="journal article" year="1834">Schoenherr (1834: 44)</bibRefCitation>
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[non 
<bibRefCitation author="Illiger JCW" box="[602,736,1434,1460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" pagination="296 - 317" refId="ref19489" refString="Illiger JCW (1807) Vorschlag zur Aufnahme im Fabricischen Systeme fehlender Kafergattungen. Magazin fur Insektenkunde 6: 296 - 317." type="journal article" year="1807">Illiger 1807</bibRefCitation>
; junior synonym]
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= 
<treatmentCitation author="Schoenherr CJ" box="[163,592,1469,1495]" page=")" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" year="1840">
<taxonomicName authority="Schoenherr (1840: 402)" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityPageNumber="402" authorityYear="1840" box="[163,592,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[163,310,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schoenherr CJ" box="[318,592,1469,1495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 474" refId="ref20299" refString="Schoenherr CJ (1840) Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae. Roret, Paris, Vol. 6 (1): 1 - 474." type="journal article" year="1840">Schoenherr (1840: 402)</bibRefCitation>
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[non Dejean 1834; unnecessary replacement name]
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</paragraph>
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= 
<treatmentCitation author="Laporte FL" box="[162,477,1539,1566]" page=")" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" year="1840">
<taxonomicName authority="Laporte (1840: 308)" authorityName="Laporte" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1840" box="[162,477,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Eurilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[162,239,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eurilia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Laporte FL" box="[246,477,1540,1566]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refId="ref19674" refString="Laporte FL (1840) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articules, Annelides, Crustaces, Arachnides, Myriapodes et Insectes. Histoire naturelle des Insectes Coleopteres. Avec une Introduction renfermant l'Anatomie et la Physiologie des Animaux Articules, par M. Brulle, Vol 2. P. Dumenil, Paris, 563 pp." type="book" year="1840">Laporte (1840: 308)</bibRefCitation>
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[unnecessary replacement name]
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,294,1609,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus box="[140,198,1610,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="(Gyllenhal, 1834: 45)" baseAuthorityName="Gyllenhal" baseAuthorityPageNumber="45" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[301,794,1610,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis box="[301,539,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Apotomoderes lateralis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Gyllenhal L" box="[554,784,1610,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" pagination="1834" refId="ref19383" refString="Gyllenhal L (1834) In: Schoenherr (1834)." type="book chapter" year="1834">Gyllenhal, 1834: 45</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy (originally as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[185,382,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis box="[185,382,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Apotomus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,166,192]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis box="[185,307,166,192]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[321,468,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[321,468,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keys to 
<taxonomicName authority="Sahlberg in Anderson (2002)" authorityName="Sahlberg in Anderson" authorityYear="2002" box="[566,991,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Artipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[566,645,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Artipus</emphasis>
Sahlberg in 
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson RS" box="[793,991,167,193]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" pagination="722 - 815" refId="ref18859" refString="Anderson RS (2002) Family 131. Curculionidae. In: Arnett Jr RH, Thomas MC, Skelley PE, Frank JH (Eds) American Beetles, Vol. 2, Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea to Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Florida, 722 - 815." type="book chapter" year="2002">Anderson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by virtue of the absence of a postocular lobe and vibrissae, the laterally positioned scrobe, the long median sulcus on the rostrum, laterally positioned eyes, and the conspicuous epistoma. However, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[380,527,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[380,527,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from this and other genera of Caribbean entimine weevils (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien CW &amp; Wibmer GJ" box="[555,877,307,334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 382" refId="ref20029" refString="O'Brien CW, Wibmer GJ (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, CentralAmerica, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1 - 382." type="journal article" year="1982">O’Brien and Wibmer 1982</bibRefCitation>
) by a unique combination of synapomorphic and/or diagnostic features; viz. scale coverage complete; labial palps 2-segmented (
<figureCitation box="[434,521,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[140,212,698,720]" captionTargetBox="[151,1106,168,671]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[140,1109,165,678]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mouthparts of A. lateralis: A right maxilla, ventral view B labial prementum, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
); rostrum dorsally with a transverse depression (e.g. Fig. 13B); antennal scape only moderately stout; head with a postocular constriction (e.g. 
<figureCitation box="[249,334,448,474]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[140,212,1201,1223]" captionTargetBox="[283,963,165,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[283,964,165,1181]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Habitus of A. menocrater: A female, dorsal view B female, lateral view C male, head and pronotum, dorsal view, showing subfoveate punctures D female, declivity with patch of suberect setae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767185/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
); eyes protruded, globular; pronotum sexually dimorphic, larger and more globular in males (e.g. Fig. 11A); metatibial apex simple, without a bevel or flange (“corbel open”), margins lined with spiniform setae, surface surrounding condyle partially covered with scales; presence of setae in the dorsal subapical region of the aedeagus (e.g. 
<figureCitation box="[303,394,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[208,1041,165,964]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Terminalia of A. lateralis, male: A sternum VIII B spiculum gastrale C tegmen D aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
); aedeagus with a pair of weakly sclerotized rami along ostium; and spermatheca with collum and ramus subcontiguous (e.g. Fig. 17C). In addition, nearly all species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[371,518,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[371,518,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
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have a large, knife-like cuticular tooth only on the profemur and a conspicuously toothed ridge along the anteromesal margin of the protibia (in idealized orientation of legs) in both males and females (e.g. Fig. 13C). The genera and species most closely related to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[661,808,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[661,808,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are likely still undescribed (NMF, personal observation), but differ from this taxon minimally by the shape of the head and pronotum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,455,870,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis box="[185,352,870,896]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" reason="1">Redescription</emphasis>
– male.
</emphasis>
Length 
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, width 
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; shape elongate to oval, length/width ratio 2.16–2.80; widest at humeri (to anterior third). Integument dark reddish brown. Linear, piliform scales (“setae”) sparse throughout, short, recurved, transparent white to yellow. Scales densely and homogeneously arranged throughout, partially overlapping and covering most of integument, mostly subcircular to subquadrate to irregular (pronotum), colors variously interspersed creamy white to beige/tan to (light rusty to dark) brown, or locally “transparent”, scales arranged in complex regional to irregular patters, often locally (rostrum, pronotum, legs, elytral punctures) also with yellowish, greenish, pinkish, turquoise or (pale) blue iridescent metallic scales creating secondary underlying patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis box="[185,320,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Mouthparts.</emphasis>
Mandibles with 4–6 longer setae, and several shorter setae and piliform scales adjacent to projected, apicolaterally positioned scar. Maxillae (
<figureCitation box="[1010,1099,1258,1284]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[140,212,698,720]" captionTargetBox="[151,1106,168,671]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[140,1109,165,678]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mouthparts of A. lateralis: A right maxilla, ventral view B labial prementum, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) with cardo elongate, basically widely bifurcate, with sparse setae; stipes elongate, not mesally projected, with lateral setae; galeo-lacinial complex not extending to apex of maxillary palpomere I, apically rounded, covered with setae throughout, with 6–8 apicomesal “lacinial teeth” (
<bibRefCitation author="Ting P" box="[451,577,1399,1426]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" pagination="93 - 114" refId="ref20410" refString="Ting P (1936) The mouth parts of the coleopterous group Rhynchophora. Microentomology 1: 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1936">Ting 1936</bibRefCitation>
), thereafter (along mesal margin) with a tuft of very long setae; palpiger with transverse row of setae; maxillary palps 3-segmented; I longer than II, with 2 apical setae; II slightly shorter than III, with 2 apical setae; III elongate, with parallel sulci, apically papillate. Labium (
<figureCitation box="[771,856,1504,1530]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[140,212,698,720]" captionTargetBox="[151,1106,168,671]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[140,1109,165,678]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mouthparts of A. lateralis: A right maxilla, ventral view B labial prementum, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
) with prementum entirely covering maxillary palps; escudate or pentagonal, ventrally evenly concave; apical margin medially projected (ligula), angulate; each lateral region with 3–5 long setae; labial palps 2-segmented, II reaching apical margin of prementum; I shorter than II, with 1 apical seta; II elongate, apically papillate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1109,1163]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,237,1109,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Figure |.</emphasis>
Habitus of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[345,444,1109,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">A. lateralis</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[452,471,1109,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
male, dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[638,655,1109,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">B</emphasis>
male, lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[823,842,1109,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
male, ventral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1017,1036,1109,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">D</emphasis>
female, venter, ventral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,1222,1671]" lastBlockId="6.[140,1108,1152,1671]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis box="[185,283,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Rostrum.</emphasis>
Length 
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, rostrum/pronotum length ratio 0.28–0.42, rostrum length/width ratio 0.60–0.82; shape in cross-section subrectangular. Dorsal outline of rostrum subrectangular; dorsolateral margins anteriorly slightly diverging; apical margin emarginate-triangular, profoundly incised. Nasal plate (
<bibRefCitation author="Vaurie P" box="[901,1044,1328,1355]" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" pagination="239 - 304" refId="ref20431" refString="Vaurie P (1963) A revision of the South American genus Hyphantus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 125: 239 - 304." type="journal article" year="1963">Vaurie 1963</bibRefCitation>
) well defined, inversely V-shaped, concave, posteriorly carinate; epistoma forming a narrow line basad of carina, without scales yet with a row of long, mesally directed setae; region basad of epistoma distinctly depressed, covered with variously colored, iridescent metallic scales. Dorsal surface of rostrum with a subcircular to transverse concavity near midpoint, and with 1 median sulcus extending from posterior margin of epistoma to imaginary midpoint between (or slightly beyond) dorsal margins of eyes, ending in a narrow fovea; each dorsolateral margin with (or without) a poorly defined, short and irregular sulcus anteriad of eye; ventrolateral margins subparallel. Rostrum in lateral view nearly straight, apically slightly expanded; ventrolateral sulci well defined, extending parallel to and ventrad of scrobe; margins of mandibular incision with evenly spaced, linear scales. Rostrum ventrally with 2 paramedian sulci. Antennal insertion near anterior 2/5 of rostrum. Scrobe lateral, strongly curved and posteriorly widened (subtriangular), initiating at apicodorsal apex, region, terminating in ventrolateral region, anteriad of eye, dorsal margin angulate, ventral margin (typically) curved, covered with scales.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767171" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767171/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" startId="6.[139,211,986,1008]" targetBox="[295,963,181,955]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph blockId="6.[139,1108,986,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[139,240,986,1008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Habitus of female type specimen of 
<emphasis box="[594,698,987,1008]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[594,693,987,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">A. lateralis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
located in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[338,357,1018,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">A</emphasis>
lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[480,497,1018,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">B</emphasis>
head, thorax and prolegs, dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[866,885,1018,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">C</emphasis>
specimen label. Photographs taken by Johannes Bergsten.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,1152,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Antennae 11-segmented. Scape moderately stout, nearly straight, clavate; extending to region between posterior margin of eye and anterolateral margin of pronotum, directed ventrad of eye in idealized position; covered with linear scales. Funicle 7-segmented, slightly longer than scape; funicular antennomeres progressing from elongate to equilateral, clavate, covered with appressed and suberect, linear scales; I and II (usually) similar in length. Club 3-segmented, similar in length to funicular antennomeres III–VI, nearly 3× longer than wide, dark brown, pubescent; I and II similar in length; III slightly longer, conical, transversely sutured.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,1152,1671]" lastBlockId="7.[140,1108,765,1671]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis box="[185,252,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Head.</emphasis>
Eyes laterally positioned, variously globular, strongly protruded, in some species posteriorly abruptly curved and “tilted” posteriad, anterodorsal margin of each eye impressed, posterior margin nearly straight, elevated (set off) in relation to head; eyes (usually) separated (in dorsal view) by distance nearly 2× as long as anterior-toposterior length of each eye. Head with apparent postocular constriction extending along entire circumference, rostrum and head in lateral view angulate.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767173" box="[140,1079,698,720]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767173/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" startId="7.[140,212,698,720]" targetBox="[151,1106,168,671]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1079,698,720]" box="[140,1079,698,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,238,698,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Mouthparts of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[385,480,698,719]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis box="[385,480,698,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">A. lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[492,511,698,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
right maxilla, ventral view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,780,698,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
labial prementum, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,765,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis box="[185,269,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Thorax.</emphasis>
Pronotum variously equilateral, length/width relation 0.80–1.20, pronotum/elytra ratio 0.42–0.55, slightly to strongly globular (convex); widest near midpoint, anteriorly constricted; surface punctate, with equilateral to irregularly shaped, variously colored scales; median sulcus absent. Anterior margin of pronotum slightly curved, lateral margins strongly curved, posterior margin bisinuate, posterior side with plumose scales. Pronotum in lateral view globular, anteriorly constricted; anterior margin nearly straight, postocular lobe and vibrissae absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,765,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Scutellum exposed, semi-circular, slightly wider than long, anterior margin straight, posterior margin rounded, covered with creamy white scales.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,765,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Epipleura with mesepisternum triangular; mesepimeron dorsally obliquely narrowed; metepisternum linear, anteriorly abruptly widened; metepimeron entirely covered by elytron.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,765,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Prosternum (Figs. 1C, 14B) longer than mesosternum, with a transverse sulcus on each side anteriorly and posteriorly of procoxal cavities; procoxal cavities positioned at midpoint, contiguous, prosternal process short, elevated. Mesosternum slightly shorter than metasternum, strongly angulate, mesocoxal process slightly elevated; anterior half coved with plumose scales, posterior half with longer, suberect, linear scales; mesocoxal cavities separated by distance nearly half as long as width of each mesocoxal cavity. Metasternum with median sulcus present as a large, transverse fovea positioned anteriad of posterior margin, surface slightly undulate, posterolateral regions set off (with small posterior “face”), and with linear scales (see above); metacoxal cavities separated by distance slightly shorter than width of each mesocoxal cavity.</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" startId="8.[140,212,796,818]" targetBox="[285,996,173,768]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1107,796,850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,238,796,818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Metendosternite and hind wing of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[565,659,796,818]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis box="[565,659,796,818]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">A. lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[671,690,796,818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
metendosternite, posterior view 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[992,1009,796,818]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">B</emphasis>
right hind wing.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,906,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
Metendosternite (
<figureCitation box="[386,471,906,932]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,212,796,818]" captionTargetBox="[285,996,173,768]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[250,997,165,777]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Metendosternite and hind wing of A. lateralis: A metendosternite, posterior view B right hind wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) with stalk slightly shorter than furcal arms, ventral margin 2–3× wider than dorsal width of stalk; hemiducts wide, truncate; dorsal margin of sheath undulate; anterior tendons positioned near midpoint between median keel and base of furcal arms; furcal arms diverging at 30–45° in relation to medial keel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,906,1672]" lastBlockId="9.[140,1108,1082,1672]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis box="[185,238,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Legs.</emphasis>
Prothoracic legs longer than mesothoracic legs; scale colors variously interspersed, though forming a more uniform light/dark/light pattern on femora, metallic scales often present on anterior sides of profemora and near tibial apices; ventral sides of tibiae with rows of longer, whitish or yellowish, suberect setae. Profemur/pronotum length ratio 0.80–1.08; profemur moderately stout, in cross-section subcircular; (usually) with 1 very large, knife-like cuticular tooth inserted at apical 2/5 on anteromesal margin, tooth ventrally directed (absent in one examined species). Protibia/profemur length ratio 0.84–1.02; protibia moderately stout, nearly straight, in cross-section elliptical, apically slightly expanded; anteromesal margin with a distinct, laminate, rounded or triangular projection near basal 2/5 (absent in one examined species), from thereon to apex with row of 10–15 smaller, apically rounded or (oblique) truncate cuticular teeth (teeth larger along laminate projection), each tooth distally with an aurate, spiniform seta; protibial apex with anterior margin truncate, setal comb absent; mucro similar in length to tarsal claw, surpassed by tufts of aurate setae. Protarsus with tarsomere I nearly 2× as long as II, elongate, clavate; II and III similar in length, equilateral to transverse; and jointly similar in length to V; claw paired, separate, simple. Meso- and metathoracic legs slighter shorter and longer than prothoracic legs, respectively; meso- and metafemora unarmed; meso- and metatibiae lacking laminate projec- tions, teeth along anteromesal margin less pronounced; metatibial apex simple, with anterior margin curved (on side opposed to mucro), projected, margins with a comb of spiniform setae of increasing length, yet without a bevel or flange (“corbel open”), surface surrounding metatarsal condyle glabrous to partially covered with (metallic) scales “invading” surface from dorsal side.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" startId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" targetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,978,1032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,239,978,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[244,344,978,1000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
of 
<emphasis box="[375,477,978,999]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[375,473,978,999]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">A. lateralis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
male: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,559,978,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
sternum VIII 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,711,978,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
spiculum gastrale 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[884,903,978,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
tegmen 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[985,1004,978,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">D</emphasis>
aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,1082,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis box="[185,258,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="42">Elytra.</emphasis>
Length/width ratio 1.52–1.90; widest at humeri (to anterior third); anterior margins jointly wider than posterior margin of pronotum, sinuate; humeri obliquely rounded; lateral margins posteriorly slightly converging in anterior half, thereafter more strongly converging, rounded, posteriorly attenuate; posterior margins narrowly truncate. Elytra in lateral view slightly convex; posterior declivity apparent though not strongly angulate, nearly straight. Elytra with 9 complete striae and 1 incomplete stria; striae similar in width to intervals; stria X indistinct (“merging with stria IX”) in second third of entire length; punctures separated by distance similar to, or slightly longer than, width of each puncture; intervals slightly elevated; scales covering entire integument, arranged in mostly irregular micro-patterns of creamy white to dark brown hues, though often locally also with iridescent metallic scales, including (in most species) a single colored or metallic scale in each strial puncture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[898,952,409,426]" box="[898,952,409,426]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[898,952,409,426]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">coxites</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3767179" box="[140,1027,969,991]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767179/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" startId="10.[140,212,969,991]" targetBox="[314,901,171,938]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1027,969,991]" box="[140,1027,969,991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,238,969,991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[243,343,969,991]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
of 
<emphasis box="[373,475,969,991]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1834" box="[373,470,969,991]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">A. lateralis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
female: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[552,571,969,991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
sternum VIII 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[706,723,969,991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
coxites and styli 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[881,900,969,991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis box="[185,260,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Wings.</emphasis>
Wings (
<figureCitation box="[354,439,1047,1073]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[140,212,796,818]" captionTargetBox="[285,996,173,768]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[250,997,165,777]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Metendosternite and hind wing of A. lateralis: A metendosternite, posterior view B right hind wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767175/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) fully developed (absent in one examined species), elongate (linear), wing/body length ratio 1.15–1.35, wing length/width ratio 3.30–3.78; anterior margin slightly angulate near midpoint; posterior margin nearly straight, undulate in anal area; anal lobe absent. Alar veins well defined: C, Sc, R, Rr and rs distinct, radial cell present; 
<taxonomicName authority="Cu" authorityName="Cu" box="[352,476,1187,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megalostylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="and">
M 
<subScript attach="left" box="[378,384,1207,1221]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">r</subScript>
and Cu
</taxonomicName>
<subScript attach="left" box="[476,485,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
short, r-m reduced; 2A distinct, 3A and 4A weaker; R 
<subScript attach="left" box="[1099,1108,1206,1220]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">3</subScript>
distinct, M 
<subScript attach="left" box="[266,275,1241,1255]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
reduced, only apparent distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1047,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis box="[185,298,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="43">Abdomen.</emphasis>
Venter (Figs. 1C, 1D, 14B) with segments III and IV narrowly connected (jointed), slightly elevated, V-VII separate; appressed, subcircular scales less abundant in mesal region of venter, “replaced” with longer, suberect linear scales, particularly on III and posterior half of VII; III longer than IV, mesally plane, posterior margin slightly emarginate; IV longer than V and VI together; V and VI similar in the length, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight; VII similar in length to IV, (widely) subtrapezoidal, with 2 subcircular, slightly impressed anterolateral regions with abundant scales, lateral margins gradually rounded, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Tergum VII on each side with a subcircular, transversely strigulate region. Pygidium (tergum VIII) entirely covered by elytra, convex, lateral margins posteriorly roundly converging, posterior margin plicate, medially roundly emarginate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis box="[185,314,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName box="[185,310,167,193]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Sternum VIII (
<figureCitation box="[497,585,166,193]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[208,1041,165,964]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Terminalia of A. lateralis, male: A sternum VIII B spiculum gastrale C tegmen D aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) consisting of 2 transversely oriented, subtriangular sclerites (connected via membrane); each sclerite laterally acuminate, posterior margin strongly angulate, with 4–6 setae; spiculum relictum minute. Spiculum gastrale (
<figureCitation box="[240,325,272,299]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[208,1041,165,964]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Terminalia of A. lateralis, male: A sternum VIII B spiculum gastrale C tegmen D aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
) slightly longer than median lobe; anteriorly expanded into an alate, irregular lamina; stylus slightly sinuate; posteriorly bifurcate, furcal arms weakly sclerotized, wide and explanate, arms apically slightly diverging, gradually narrowed, apices more sclerotized, slightly curved outwards, lacking setae. Tegmen (
<figureCitation box="[916,1006,378,405]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[208,1041,165,964]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Terminalia of A. lateralis, male: A sternum VIII B spiculum gastrale C tegmen D aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
) slightly shorter to slightly longer than median lobe; tegminal apodeme slender, sinuate; basal piece apically with 2 narrowly triangular projections (parameres), each arm apically increasingly finely denticulate. Aedeagus (e.g. 
<figureCitation box="[677,769,483,510]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[140,212,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[234,1038,171,946]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[208,1041,165,964]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Terminalia of A. lateralis, male: A sternum VIII B spiculum gastrale C tegmen D aeadeagus, ventral and lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767177/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
) with median lobe (aedeagal pedon) length/width ratio 6.12–9.50; basiventral margin strongly emarginate, with 2 lobe-like (to triangular), sclerotized projections; lateral margins mostly subparallel throughout, outline minimally expanded in region of ostium, thereafter gradually converging, rounded or straight, apex variously rounded to narrowly projected. Median lobe in lateral view homogeneously curved; width similar throughout basal three fourths of entire length, in apical fourth dorsal margins converging towards apex in a straight line; dorsal subapical region with a small region of short, recurved setae; apex narrowed or with a terminal, knob- or lobe-like projection. Internal sac with variously plicate membranes though lacking sclerites or denticles, in most species with 2 weakly sclerotized, angulate-uncinate rami (apices directed laterally or mesally); ostium large, elliptical, basal and apical edge of ostium each with a recurved invagination. Aedeagal apodemes nearly half as long as median lobe, proximally embedded in a membranous evagination of median lobe, not sclerotized; distally sclerotized, slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,277,976,1002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis box="[185,272,976,1002]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" reason="1">Female</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Overall very similar to male. Length 4.76–11.88, width 
<quantity box="[928,1103,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.275" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="1.95" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="3.275" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="1.95">1.95–4.60 mm</quantity>
, length/width ratio 2.40–2.92, widest at humeri to midpoint. Rostrum length 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" metricValueMax="13.2" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="0.89" valueMax="1.32" valueMin="0.46">0.46– 1.32 mm</quantity>
, rostrum/pronotum length ratio 0.30–0.46, rostrum length/width ratio 0.60–0.82. Eyes slightly less protruded and/or posteriorly “tilted”. Pronotum length/ width ratio 0.92–1.04, pronotum/elytra length ratio 0.36–0.48, typically slightly smaller, less globular, and anteriorly less constricted than in male. Metasternum mesally subplane. Profemur/pronotum length ratio 0.80–1.10, profemur slightly less stout, tooth slightly smaller, protibia/profemur length ratio 0.95–1.03. Elytra length/width ratio 1.66–2.08, widest at humeri to midpoint, lateral margins subparallel in anterior half, posteriorly less attenuate, declivity in lateral view more distinct, very slightly concave. Venter with segment VII slightly shorter than IV, subtriangular, lateral margins posteriorly more strongly converging, posterior margin narrowly rounded. Pygidium larger and more triangular than in male, lateral margins posteriorly more strongly converging, posterior margin not plicate, medially with triangular emargination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,166,1672]" lastBlockId="12.[140,1108,166,1213]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis box="[185,314,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName box="[185,310,1469,1495]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Sternum VIII (e.g. 
<figureCitation box="[546,633,1469,1496]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[140,212,969,991]" captionTargetBox="[314,901,171,938]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[302,946,165,950]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Terminalia of A. lateralis, female: A sternum VIII B coxites and styli C spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="44">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) with anterior two thirds (spiculum ventrale) narrowly stylate, anterior end knob-like; posterior third (lamina) variously triangular, entire (arms jointed); anterior edges rounded or (slightly) projected, lateral margins nearly straight, continuously converging, posterior margin rounded to truncate; lamina separated in to anterior region (2/5 of entire length) without setae, thereafter laterally with 2 semi-circular, transparent (less sclerotized) regions, and posterior region (3/5 of entire length) with pores, increasingly dense short setae, and several longer setae along posterior margin. Coxites (
<figureCitation box="[671,759,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[140,212,969,991]" captionTargetBox="[314,901,171,938]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[302,946,165,950]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Terminalia of A. lateralis, female: A sternum VIII B coxites and styli C spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767179/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
) similar in length to sternum VIII, elongate, slender, posteriorly slightly narrowed, with 2–3 longer setae; styli relatively small, digitate, apically obliquely truncate, with 2–3 long setae. Genital chamber slightly shorter than sternum VIII. Spermatheca (e.g. 
<figureCitation box="[762,850,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[140,212,969,991]" captionTargetBox="[314,901,171,938]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[302,946,165,950]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Terminalia of A. lateralis, female: A sternum VIII B coxites and styli C spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767179/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
) variously C-, U-, V-, or?-shaped; collum short to reduced, apex of spermathecal duct truncate; collum subcontiguous with, and variously angled (45–150°) in relation to, (very) short to moderately long ramus; corpus very short, though widest overall (“swollen”); cornu much longer, variously curved to angled, apically gradually narrowed, apex with or without additional deflection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,166,1213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,304,518,544]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis box="[185,298,518,544]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Variation</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Variation in size, shape (relative expansion) of the pronotum, “armature” of the profemur and protibia, and particularly in scale patterns is considerable within and among species of 
<emphasis box="[475,630,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[475,626,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apotomoderes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In spite of the remarkable palette of scale colors – ranging from creamy white to dark brown and including several hues of iridescent scales that can occur on many parts of the rostrum, pronotum, elytra and legs – these patterns are often too variable to clearly separate species. In older, worn specimens, large portions or nearly all of the scales are lost, or have turned transparent, exposing the underlying, dark reddish brown integument. Some minor intraspecific variation is apparent in the shape of the male aedeagus and female spermatheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,166,1213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,376,835,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis box="[185,277,835,861]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Natural</emphasis>
history.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[386,533,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[386,533,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to Hispaniola – with two apparently disjunct regions of occurrence in the southwestern and eastern parts of the island – and to Mona Island, 
<collectingCountry box="[378,513,906,932]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 18). The sampled species tend to inhabit lower elevation coastal dry forests. No specific host plant associations are known. It is likely that the species have fairly broad host ranges within their particular habitats, as observed generally in many entimine lineages (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Woodruff RE" box="[709,892,1011,1038]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="370 - 379" refId="ref20634" refString="Woodruff RE. (1985) Citrus weevils in Florida and the West Indies: preliminary report on systematics, biology, and distribution (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist 68: 370 - 379." type="journal article" year="1985">Woodruff 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Oberprieler RG &amp; Marvaldi AE &amp; Anderson RS" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="491 - 520" refId="ref20004" refString="Oberprieler RG, Marvaldi AE, Anderson RS (2007) Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere. Zootaxa 1668: 491 - 520." type="journal article" year="2007">Oberprieler et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Franz NM &amp; Giron JC" box="[213,471,1047,1073]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" pagination="219 - 230" refId="ref19228" refString="Franz NM, Giron JC (2009) Scelianoma elydimorpha, a new genus and new species of entimine weevil from southwestern Puerto Rico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Neotropical Entomology 38: 219 - 230." type="journal article" year="2009">Franz and Girón 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="45" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,166,1213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,1082,1108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis box="[185,315,1082,1108]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[465,612,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Apotomoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[465,612,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Apotomoderes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the name 
<taxonomicName box="[946,1052,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Apotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[946,1052,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">Apotomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above), based on the Greek term 
<emphasis box="[509,618,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">apo-tomós</emphasis>
= abruptly, curtly; and the Greek term 
<emphasis box="[1056,1108,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="45">deire</emphasis>
= neck, throat. Thus the name likely refers to the postocular head constriction. The gender is masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>