treatments-xml/data/4A/94/15/4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404.xml

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<mods:title id="687C4E26CCFBA983553B330D2966EFC0">A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97F50AD37CB70E1117FDF35763953324">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404" ID-GBIF-Taxon="201126717" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="D6F073A1FF53A9B898540D0C0D902859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AA6202AB7EB7BE9D4DD997E4FB606CBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
1. 
<taxonomicName id="FEECC10CD07021B04D5D67E6EE542DF8" ID-CoL="3WK3J" LSID="4A9415A7-7AA4-5747-8D4B-FE948A1F1404" authority="(Bitter) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 503. 1919." authorityName="(Bitter) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 503. 1919." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">Lycianthes bambusarum (Bitter) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 [preprint]: 503. 1919.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8E84BEBA69370B7001E08EBDDA1918C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="F03C658D0725254F7A2B634FB97A7EC1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="6724841D8A9B1A3705BA47567C874AB5" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Lycianthes bambusarum (Bitter) Bitter. Drawing by M. L. Szent-Ivany, first published in Symon (1985: fig. 23, as S. umbonatum Symon). Courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746653" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="AF2E3FE20A1C6E397CE24C693C9D61E2" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Lycianthes bambusarum herbarium specimen. Papua New Guinea. Morobe: Conn &amp; Kairo 142 (A). Courtesy of the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746654" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="078E7A5F95848EB63F7FD84C762FD792" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="358F92C4FBF036147946C05BD164A9E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E4DED33F9088D3057C338B97ED1AD035" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">Solanum bambusarum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 91. 1917. Type. Papua New Guinea. Madang: 
<normalizedToken id="5B91E30627D065CF1798019B4EEB41B3" originalValue="“Schraderberg”">&quot;Schraderberg&quot;</normalizedToken>
[Schrader Mountain], 1,900-2,000 m, May-Jun 1913, 
<emphasis id="2CD91E0430C2D4865AFC83C6431887F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.L. Ledermann 12129</emphasis>
(holotype: B [destroyed], no duplicates found). Papua New Guinea. Chimbu: Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, vicinity of Haia, along the Wara oo streamcourse (first river E of Mt.Widau), 640 m, 6 Mar 1997, 
<emphasis id="A418DBF0268B0CA4E0E8A148FA6EAD71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W.N. Takeuchi 11704</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: LAE [acc. # 279948]; isoneotypes: K [K000224089, K000449027], L [L.4156113]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="347797592340157B54F69C8587A5CAD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="DBDA27CC3745BF3275E18841EBBBB82A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umbonatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonatum">Solanum umbonatum</taxonomicName>
Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 8: 63. 1985. Type. Papua New Guinea. Morobe: Edie Creek, about 4 miles (6.4 km) SW of Wau, 1,829 m, 26 Apr 1963, 
<emphasis id="21FCD55D5FEE19FAD3A4F1AAE7C9B988" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T.G. Hartley 11756</emphasis>
(holotype: CANB [CANB151116]; isotypes: A, BRI [BRI-AQ0080263], K [K001153711], L [L0003674, L.2874714], LAE [acc. # 64346]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B709657C518F045404A6B255E7278230" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CCF1FDD356E4F00B1ED566D34E58F18C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes umbonata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonata">Lycianthes umbonata</taxonomicName>
(Symon) A.R.Bean, Austrobaileya 6(3): 568. 2003. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="E607F2F80E4ABBC183A669F174EFFB03" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umbonatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonatum">Solanum umbonatum</taxonomicName>
Symon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E72D0A04CECB62F8DB9D86A4BE1ABF60" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B5609A1787AF394A20FEFFB992D6B2A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="89B79D09105FB6BA3432E65BC8C4DD39">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96C00078A11220C4593F910786A3AF35" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on 
<taxonomicName id="EFEAD92804A37BB2986C5197034CF5D7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="B33A0B83E6A2FA1FAFBCA4AEBEE8010B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter.
</paragraph>
<caption id="F0D7B3DECBA552EDF5EE93515A985F91" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746653" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="1CD1A9327C1DBE26187C0D2DF90589F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="298AF391514DDFA55F5C21F545B4FE48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D0E712C7A5749141F7B97F38AE78D3AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="899E8F76175AB45A97791E669D08EA58" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bitter) Bitter. Drawing by M.L. Szent-Ivany, first published in 
<bibRefCitation id="85C63E65DF9D54D23A8756DDF2E3C71C" author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B89" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon (1985</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 23, as 
<taxonomicName id="C43668203D6D3B4CE0DCAF54DC8E930C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. umbonatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="EC28C7835947AC0C0F00538FFE5416B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. umbonatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Symon). Courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, 
<collectingRegion id="16A81319801CB53C94B5DC59E605842B" country="Australia" name="South Australia">South Australia</collectingRegion>
), reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7804C1B1C5BD72EBCF8B045B42F7D677" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D55058D8D53672482E6B27444056D86" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BB66C5025011077D8EB305113BF18B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shrubs, scrambling shrubs, lianas or epiphytes, to 3.5 m tall (long); stems terete, glabrous; new growth minutely puberulent with tiny usually single-celled papillate trichomes less than 0.1 mm long, soon glabrous; bark of older stems pale beige, somewhat corky and peeling. Sympodial units unifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple; blades 4-11 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, less commonly elliptic (i.e., 
<emphasis id="D35EA285BB36EA18CB2AEEA55FC23EEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Craven &amp; Schodde 1258</emphasis>
), slightly discolorous, membranous to chartaceous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous, the midrib somewhat keeled adaxially; principal veins 4-5 pairs, prominently anastomosing in arches before the margins; base acute to more commonly attenuate; margins entire; apex acuminate; petiole 0.6-1.2 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary fascicles of 1-4 (rarely to 8-10, e.g., 
<emphasis id="775ECA6A798AB7DE4012B399893126E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hartley 11434</emphasis>
) flowers, only 1-2 open at a time, completely glabrous; pedicels (0.6 in bud) 1-1.2 cm long at anthesis, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, glabrous or minutely papillate near the base, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly packed in leaf axils. Buds globose, becoming ellipsoid, the corolla exserted halfway from the calyx tube just before anthesis. Flowers 4-5-merous, unisexual and heterostylous, the flowers on individual plants apparently all either short-styled or long-styled and the plants dioecious (needs field testing). Calyx with the tube 2.5-3 mm long, 4-5 mm in diameter, cup-shaped, glabrous or minutely papillate, apparently fleshy, purple, with 4-5 small umbonate appendages to ca. 0.5 mm long or the appendages absent, the rim entire and extending for 0.25-0.5 mm beyond the appendages, the appendages more prominent in buds. Corolla 0.8-1.2 cm in diameter, purple, stellate, lobed 3/4 of the way to the base, interpetalar tissue absent, the lobes 4-5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, erect to spreading, fleshy (stiff and woody in dried specimens), glabrous abaxially and adaxially but densely papillate on tips and margins, the tips cucullate. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.1 mm long, glabrous; anthers 4-4.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, ellipsoid, somewhat tapering at the tips, bright yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with age. Ovary conical, vestigial in short-styled flowers, glabrous; style in short-styled flowers less than 1 mm long, in long-styled flowers 4-6 mm long, straight, purple, glabrous; stigma bilobed, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 0.6-0.7 cm in diameter, green (immature? - in 
<emphasis id="FCDEEF617E2438191A05346050F7AD28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streimann 9635</emphasis>
remnants of the style still at apex), the pericarp glabrous, thin, matte, opaque; fruiting pedicels 1-1.3 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 2 mm in diameter at the apex, erect or spreading, somewhat woody, purple or green; fruiting calyx a cup-like spreading plate beneath the berry, somewhat thickened and warty (fleshy in live plants?). Seeds 50-70 per berry, ca. 2.5 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, round with a deep notch at the hilum, yellowish tan, the surfaces deeply pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number not known.
</paragraph>
<caption id="126063EEA717849DA8DC20AE3129D8B1" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746654" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="3BB113B4E45748A360D1AB5B354E19F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="34407A5F35F1F15F33992E80405F36D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6274CB94B335DDE8129FD7A0B297EFD6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="6418A48B2B95CA7A6511453FC5C91DAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimen. Papua New Guinea. Morobe: 
<emphasis id="5AF5D6D7B3154328909FA37F4EC362E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conn &amp; Kairo 142</emphasis>
(A). Courtesy of the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="77A4E6F4C5261B3FBECBD20C90C2AB34" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AC2B8B9708055040B1CA3B501E8CBE81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BB50083556D4E676D3493D65BB2F917" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="440714F9960CF1AF1815BC838675E253" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F0A6874AF8AAF1175587D62CB13CE7D9" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution of Lycianthes bambusarum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746655" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="67609330D7E1E8E6B24165A0DA983402" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="A754C301C8B1743CD6551C19A4FE0F5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the island of New Guinea; collected only from Papua New Guinea (Chimbu, Morobe, Madang [destroyed type only]).
</paragraph>
<caption id="652902A9E4B286961CE3439CEF3B3799" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746655" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="F3510676347EA329EE92AF1361DB757B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5AE057533472E36A0FC70E1E9CDDAC7F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="6C155D2A1EB85542B42B973AF19AFF45" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="D0B827A2E7361A8AC10FB58672F5980F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7728946760915690BECC0255A61D1F01" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="61E154BB9D6CD227553A052C832FD251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E4FE37335A95C878499E35AEED2A221" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C7911D38282685A252A0BEDB6BA73EF3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="269353D3EE702C4487318C5F0865D903" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a plant of montane forests with bamboo, 
<taxonomicName id="E218461E2DD53CD6C237A999F8DA4254" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pandanus" order="Pandanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="273AC222A7310FB8046613BA4C408C78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pandanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or 
<taxonomicName id="7386CBB663DF520512D7AB4A2D4397B6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4206C2DA9BE0A42111FB0C231C183D0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, between 450 and 2,400 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2CF9D3664B41CC6AF0992244834DBEB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph id="0AB2BAC365148E341E79A5FD876FC46C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6ADCE6B314F80C3B078E1FB378996120" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="70FF48766177E34552F91E5AE2513C60" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="3C2BD6D7151C92BA45127E675B5C2FA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E9AC76F1CCCCDD2289FE7D77AB7609D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="8AD18A75650486E872F405D690C192B2" author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B38" refString="2020. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2020">IUCN 2020</bibRefCitation>
). EOO (7,346 km2 - VU); AOO (44 km2 - EN). 
<taxonomicName id="E4D955602E9C74FB3BEF95F50B3138BB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="9724AC0A1D2D7801110C81B3FE034A17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from three localities; in light of this and the threats to forest habitats on New Guinea more generally, I propose a preliminary threat status of Endangered (EN [B1,2ab (iii, iv)]) for 
<taxonomicName id="D575D9752B45B2D20DDA94E4C2337E89" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="3C5543857C84FB9668552AC2C67F0C4A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E65C93BDFB6BD1893AFD62D8F8B83871" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F0DC34B8D9A928814BE87BF8B1736765" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29E16ED42C4AD7D99333EE643B9B9BF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2CEC7826105CA9B80B6EAEF620DD85C4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="31D64D05922EF78696713172BF25B269" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distinguished by 
<bibRefCitation id="81DC252BCF2F38B3399C7BEBF79BF4CE" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 113" refId="B11" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 59 - 113" title="Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum." volume="55" year="1917">Bitter (1917)</bibRefCitation>
on the basis of its unifoliate sympodia, narrow leaves and 4-merous flowers; 
<bibRefCitation id="65D5601FC0DA87B4F9A557BDB4F9902E" author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B89" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon (1985)</bibRefCitation>
recognised no other collections as this species, and described 
<taxonomicName id="BD815D0D8A7094327A5EA3755AC41C7C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. umbonata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="974B8588D0D1261917587F9B558EFCE8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. umbonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="5F089B0658189413883DB14A4B394BB2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. umbonatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="2E2D8F2A32DC3EFB7F28862704D1F537" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. umbonatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) on the basis of its 5-merous flowers with distinct 
<normalizedToken id="540EFC8FA43ED77786FB1A8303A2F1FC" originalValue="“umbos”">&quot;umbos&quot;</normalizedToken>
on the calyx. The calyx appendages in 
<taxonomicName id="F2B55C611975A2CC3594A808F00BF796" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="6B73F83959B9E1DE461B162BC5E2A754" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very evident in bud (as in the type of 
<taxonomicName id="9D333D8B7922EEEF853FCAFAA17C7736" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. umbonatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonatum">
<emphasis id="A3C6236431A854166FF780DC106576EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. umbonatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but in flower are very small to non-existent (as shown in 
<bibRefCitation id="8BE6DAC58386082F1357543B0BEF07CA" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 113" refId="B11" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 59 - 113" title="Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum." volume="55" year="1917">Bitter 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 92). Based on the otherwise widely overlapping descriptions I am here treating 
<taxonomicName id="35200F6A0F489CF03C58A9B0AA70C84D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. umbonata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="CC881F83587133B675FD0F867AE1B99B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. umbonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="35B9C792019F30C8FE8D34B999078416" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="99CBACAED56713D88D42E4977ECA3445" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBD10A9A79C3E96A330DF706742196A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EEE604BBBD199F2107A5D7ECF127FA89" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="0DDF36098446C6E775B30B8BE6581DF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="F93041DC6584D8F164E03A16CB7E1EF6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. rostellata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rostellata">
<emphasis id="15195BD52664D1892A2AC5FC46BCEDAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. rostellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differs from that species in being almost completely glabrous on stems and leaves, having unifoliate sympodia, and having heterostylous flowers. 
<taxonomicName id="5038B0CDBEEDA6D2D7AE7616F59EA614" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes rostellata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rostellata">
<emphasis id="E76904B7C983ACB9E09963C787DC5C1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes rostellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctly pubescent, especially on the stems, with stiff, antrorse simple trichomes that often have multicellular bases, has small trowel-shaped minor leaves, and appears to have all bisexual flowers. The two taxa share narrow leaves and berries with numerous deeply notched seeds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F3A8F35C9D70E68B1064B39BB0FFADE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The type of 
<taxonomicName id="2CEB82E2D95E4623B1C39C59F7B13F52" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="11A0DEFB0937F19A307497FC3D09AAAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="E44221A9A53A217837988C809338FDE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="C14CA9ED86E9F0AD21B00083B01536F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was collected by C.L. Ledermann in his explorations of the central mountain ranges of what is now Papua New Guinea (
<bibRefCitation id="0196988AFDABAD5B094BC8FC6490639C" author="Ledermann, C" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 44" refId="B49" refString="Ledermann, C, 1919. Einiges von der Kaiserin-Augusta-Fluβ-Expedition. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 33 - 44" title="Einiges von der Kaiserin-Augusta-Fluβ-Expedition." volume="55" year="1919">Ledermann 1919</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="144AAB81FCC9A924B8B3DF25FF138EC1" author="Veldkamp, JF" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="32 - 38" refId="B97" refString="Veldkamp, JF, Vink, W, Frodin, DG, 1988. XI. Ledermann's and some other German localities in Papua New Guinea. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 10: 32 - 38" title="XI. Ledermann's and some other German localities in Papua New Guinea." volume="10" year="1988">Veldkamp et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="F5036D73F9D2C07296C6A79EB56EFCEB" author="Takeuchi, W" journalOrPublisher="Sida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="55 - 70" refId="B93" refString="Takeuchi, W, Golman, M, 2002. The present status of Ledermann's April River localities in Papua New Guinea. Sida 20: 55 - 70" title="The present status of Ledermann's April River localities in Papua New Guinea." volume="20" year="2002">Takeuchi and Golman 2002</bibRefCitation>
). I have found no duplicates of this collection (
<emphasis id="751597D30D31388CD142CCB3DC0C0AD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ledermann 12129</emphasis>
), the original of which was cited as being in the herbarium in Berlin (
<bibRefCitation id="4C7BA1699FCB3B35CAEE6436375C7BB6" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 113" refId="B11" refString="Bitter, G, 1917. Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 59 - 113" title="Die papuasischen Arten von Solanum." volume="55" year="1917">Bitter 1917</bibRefCitation>
). These areas have rarely been accessed since 
<normalizedToken id="19654CD63917BA23DBB0A0160AC768F3" originalValue="Ledermann’s">Ledermann's</normalizedToken>
collecting, and I have seen no specimens from Madang that correspond to 
<taxonomicName id="6F1C143BA903F6C1575956A2B7FDA818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="L. bambusarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bambusarum">
<emphasis id="9FA7D69CE77C86BE48F5A0B2873A262E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. bambusarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The collection (
<emphasis id="0C8AB0FB7BF6121995CE2CFE6F7245EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Takeuchi et al. 11704</emphasis>
) selected here as a neotype matches the protologue, is from a similar elevation in the same mountain range and has a number of duplicates that are widely distributed, including in Papua New Guinea (where the neotype sheet is held in LAE).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A1386307D670FC0A361E930FA1F9EF59" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2E272878187EB44A69804A3BAA237EC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E7AAB57A6A791249C900E2DDBBB9177" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation id="2586D87383BC23EC0BDBAEA173401A9F" collectingDate="1963-03-18" collectingDateMax="1984-05-31" collectingDateMin="1963-03-18" collectorName="Conn, Kairo, Craven, Schodde, Streimann, Stevens, Symon, Katik, Aseki" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" elevation="800" location="Blue Point" municipality="Mount Kaindi" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Morobe">
Papua New Guinea. 
<emphasis id="3425BFFE49C9A4DEDACB7D78F729705A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion id="902E118D257B0CF32DB1DBF5317C7096" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Morobe">Morobe</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: near 
<location id="AC3D9FAD04842676CC9C874CFBA7CACB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:AC3D9FAD04842676CC9C874CFBA7CACB" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Blue Point" stateProvince="Morobe">Blue Point</location>
, 
<location id="5B38B9B23A68F0C3FDEC56B7904D1FE7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:5B38B9B23A68F0C3FDEC56B7904D1FE7" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Mt. Kaindi" stateProvince="Morobe">Mt. Kaindi</location>
, 
<location id="B558F51D2B8B317FF499895193FBE9FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:B558F51D2B8B317FF499895193FBE9FC" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Wau" stateProvince="Morobe">Wau</location>
, 
<quantity id="38653337F67650BBC48FF5DC612CBB6C" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="800.0">
<elevation id="7F8E68748C64CF8160AF7598191653C0" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="08B6526E5BA41F5C251BDA282F6C2BA9" value="1977-04-24">24 Apr 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="AC3E956E05AE0EE0EACF4EC3BD7490FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="A7D96BCC78EAC5DEAF2FF1C106A4929D">Conn</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="B7DBE55E700B67EF2F8559FBC7F029D7">Kairo</collectorName>
142
</emphasis>
(A, K); near Wengomanga, via Oiwa, 
<location id="B80A815A288070CD0026CB30DC4298DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:B80A815A288070CD0026CB30DC4298DB" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Aseki Patrol Area" stateProvince="Morobe">Aseki Patrol Area</location>
, 
<collectingDate id="EED48CC073D68329172CA3DDC549340E" value="1966-04-11">11 Apr 1966</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="FA76194E5923AD1DA11DA2B63D2035A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="AC3A97F72745D269B98942E876997443">Craven</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="0BDD422A0AFE1C0CB66E00E240A19210">Schodde</collectorName>
1258
</emphasis>
(A, K, L, LAE, US); Wau, 
<location id="844BC225B6CFD7EFA785D3125D10D7D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:844BC225B6CFD7EFA785D3125D10D7D2" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Mount Kaindi" stateProvince="Morobe">Mount Kaindi</location>
, contour trail in forest, 
<quantity id="DF04201FC33F6C4DC25B87B14C34542B" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3899999999999997" unit="m" value="2390.0">
<elevation id="AAC15653A7CA4830AFB8CCD4690C0B4C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3899999999999997" unit="m" value="2390.0">2,390 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="5BE9B4B8B5C418AE46E6B089F12A83B9" value="1977-07-10">10 Jul 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="208FB68982CB94D9AB76C043A53EAB1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fallen 374</emphasis>
(L, LAE, MO); Tymne-Wago track, 
<quantity id="506CBFF64063BD0F41C9F047306D0314" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" unit="m" value="457.0">
<elevation id="4C6E431781E0B004D88ADFFC366B7B28" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.57" unit="m" value="457.0">457 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="5E6A717C8FBC018E3B72B3DD944D543B" value="1963-03-18">18 Mar 1963</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="9317ACE6CC3DC326872AD44CF65C00B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hartley 11434</emphasis>
(A, K, L, LAE); Aseki-Spreader Div., Menyamya subdistrict, 
<quantity id="C3CD176EDF2F45CD684D896D3E561174" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="m" value="1800.0">
<elevation id="5D0AA209E418619CF10FBEADED31F854" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="m" value="1800.0">1,800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="D311F232640369D758BD7884A8CBAEA8" value="1972-01-08">8 Jan 1972</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="50CBFF18CB1E66B88CE3C0B07B31DB0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stevens LAE-54766</emphasis>
(A, K, L, LAE, 
<collectingCountry id="54D8F6576F58E1CDD9D28C89C8A31489" name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
); Ekuti Divide, Bulolo-Aseki road, 
<locationDeviation id="AC76778F9068CE56F88A4957DB30FCC0" location="Bulolo">
<quantity id="36CDFE8D97F9EAC6E2897C4489B324C8" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" unit="km" value="33.0">33 km</quantity>
WSW of Bulolo
</locationDeviation>
, 
<quantity id="7DCA0130B97E2E5EDB39A82620D1A358" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" unit="m" value="2250.0">
<elevation id="723B41599FA8989C8A454F260A9E99B9" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" unit="m" value="2250.0">2,250 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="059B5E838BD2EF98D46E5D23B45782CF" value="1982-10-17">17 Oct 1982</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="4E615C1AFE43FDD9FCC1A2548D2A308A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streimann 9635</emphasis>
(A, E, K, L, LAE); Angabena Ridge, ca. 
<quantity id="4C4FDA92CCB28324B9E9CB5804AB7397" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
from 
<location id="2B670434D73AE9D6430D28A0B3D55A63" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:2B670434D73AE9D6430D28A0B3D55A63" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Aseki-Menyamya Rd." stateProvince="Morobe">Aseki-Menyamya Rd.</location>
, Menyamya subdistrict, 
<quantity id="9CFB684CD482717711C40483FF92A05C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" unit="m" value="1675.0">
<elevation id="4BFF670CD15DB6937600B775DE27D834" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" unit="m" value="1675.0">1,675 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="B72F813D8802AD10CAC925E5FE032049" value="1972-01-07">7 Jan 1972</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="BC9A77D42B2544AFBDDA78A2CB375320" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="0CC48E14D7292E23A374986F85A289F7">Streimann</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="C8B0FBB25AE81A0DACA491AA873920D4">Stevens</collectorName>
LAE-53892
</emphasis>
(A, K, L, LAE); Aseki road from 
<location id="3EBF074C47A1C7014F61FDB0F8239BA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A9415A77AA457478D4BFE948A1F1404:3EBF074C47A1C7014F61FDB0F8239BA5" country="US" county="Mt. Kaindi" municipality="Mount Kaindi" name="Bulolo" stateProvince="Morobe">Bulolo</location>
, subdistrict Wau, 
<quantity id="D448702DDF4C80742116F711AA57F117" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="2300.0">
<elevation id="C1ED16F9EAC4E76A18EE2308C30C5927" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="2300.0">2,300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="B313ECC8047FF370355955083A0DE307" value="1977-07-29">29 Jul 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="BAE2FE6466119916146D4492937AA851" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Symon 10632</emphasis>
(K, L, LAE, MO); 
<collectingMunicipality id="DC7EF5C078DBBCB9A063E93C8C31F820">Mount Kaindi</collectingMunicipality>
, upper slopes of 
<collectingCounty id="7F7298B1F6E90917AB6FBDE9D1E306F6">Mt. Kaindi</collectingCounty>
, 
<quantity id="35D6BBD8160C6AFA024E37E249ED728D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="2000.0">
<elevation id="CD0114FB9574FF299D7253B23259B394" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate id="BEB7489331B4E5322D80600CE132D9ED" value="1984-05-30">30 May 1984</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="5CE1AC86BDEE0ABDEA60084742C4D5B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="EFE0A6B0F9792B70133DF3E85134496C">Symon</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="3D226FF76BF981766421EC76D3360267">Katik</collectorName>
13822
</emphasis>
(K, L, LAE, MO); 
<collectorName id="6297128875B92AADFAC756A3F7A47DA9">Aseki</collectorName>
road below the crest, 
<collectingDate id="9E348DA35D84286655296273F3118B99" value="1984-05-31">31 May 1984</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis id="85B51EE81A90C74F65D54BC476ECF567" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName id="E2F45271F32AD85C8D9836805E01D991">Symon</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="4F17C3E3E9A43F7688B83AFD411989CE">Katik</collectorName>
13829
</emphasis>
(K, L, LAE, MO)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>