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139 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="4237F2BD68F7586EB49021C3AD75FB58" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Mucuna pruriens DC. (= M. prurita (L.) Hook." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182396273" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4237F2BD68F7586EB49021C3AD75FB58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4237F2BD68F7586EB49021C3AD75FB58" lastPageId="87" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName LSID="4237F2BD-68F7-586E-B490-21C3AD75FB58" authority="(L.) DC. (= M. prurita (L.) Hook.)" baseAuthorityName="L.) DC. (= M. prurita (L.) Hook." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Mucuna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mucuna pruriens" order="Fabales" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pruriens">Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (= M. prurita (L.) Hook.)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">gwin-nge</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">hko-mak-awa</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">khwele</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">khwe-ya</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">khwe-laya</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">to-ma-awn</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pwekonclaw</emphasis>
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(Mon),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ra</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">yan-nung</emphasis>
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(Chin),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">hko-ma-awn</emphasis>
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(Shan).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">English</emphasis>
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: common cowitch, cowhage, cowitch, velvet bean.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Himalyas, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Malaysia. In Myanmar, found in Bago, Chin, Kayin, Mandalay, Sagaing, Shan, and Yangon.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="87" pageNumber="88" start="start">Uses</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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Known for a bitter-sweet taste, cooling properties, and control of flatulence and gall bladder.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Leaf</emphasis>
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: Boiled, eaten with fish paste or fish sauce as a dip, is used as a remedy for male maladies; it is also given to mothers to increase lactation, prevent vomiting, and stop bleeding.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Fruit</emphasis>
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: Used as a de-worming medicine; also pulverized and mixed with water, then ingested as a remedy for urination problems.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Seed</emphasis>
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: Used in a tonic. The seeds and seed cases are used in preparations to increase sperm, stimulate lactation, improve circulation, promote vitality and weight gain, expel intestinal worms, and strengthen the senses. Seed cases are rubbed on affected areas to alleviate numbness. Stir-fried or otherwise cooked young seeds are eaten to stop vomiting and bleeding. Fried in butter, they are given to promote strength and weight gain. Crushed seeds are used to make a poultice applied to scorpion and centipede bites. They are also used in medicines to increase strength and vitality, to cure venereal diseases and paralysis, and to stimulate formation of new tissue in the healing of sores and wounds. A mixture of powdered seeds and milk is used to increase sperm and stimulate lactation, and one of equal amounts of the pulverized seeds, root, and sugar is taken for health and vitality; it is also considered extremely beneficial for the vitality of semen.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Root</emphasis>
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: Serves as an emmenagogue, tonic, aphrodisiac, and purgative. Boiled in water and reduced to one-third the starting volume, given with honey for cholera. With diuretic properties, they are used in preparations to strengthen the blood vessels. Root powder mixed with water is taken for dysentery. To treat edema in the abdominal area, crushed root is rubbed onto the stomach; to reduce edema in the joints of fingers and toes, it is formed into pieces and tied to the affected areas; the juice can be taken daily to cure paralysis and atrophied arms. Filtered oil from cooking root powder is rubbed onto affected areas to alleviate enlargement and hardening from elephantiasis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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In India the root is used as a tonic, diuretic, purgative; for nervous and renal diseases, dropsy; and for elephantiasis. The hairs on the pods are employed for stomach worms; the seed is used for impotency, urinary calculus, tonic, and as an aphrodisiac (
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). In Pakistan the root is also employed to remedy nervous disorders, and delirium (
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<bibRefCitation author="Neptune-Rouzier, M" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B81" refString="Neptune-Rouzier, M, 1997. Plantes Medicinales d'Haiti: Description, Usages et Proprieties. Editions Regain, Port-au-Prince." title="Plantes Medicinales d'Haiti: Description, Usages et Proprieties. Editions Regain, Port-au-Prince." year="1997">Neptune-Rouzier 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). In China, Guam, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia the uses of this species are noted as being similar to those of the other species in the genus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Perry, LM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B90" refString="Perry, LM, 1980. Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." title="Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." year="1980">Perry 1980</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal uses of this plant on a worldwide basis are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" author="Ross, IA" journalOrPublisher="Drug Development Research" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B98" refString="Ross, IA, 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" title="Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" year="1999">Ross (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, who notes that the chemical compound mucunaine, found in this species, is an irritant causing pruritus. The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and use of this species as a hunting poison and medicinal plant in Africa are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Neuwinger, HD" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B82" refString="Neuwinger, HD, 1994. African Ethnobotany: Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, London." title="African Ethnobotany: Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, London." year="1994">Neuwinger (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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. Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of this plant are given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Forest Department" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B37" refString="Forest Department, 1999. Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." title="Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." year="1999">Forest Department (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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