264 lines
23 KiB
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264 lines
23 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8228b70-5cf8-4846-b2b2-91aec46ab0a5" ID-PMC="PMC3253663" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-162-59" ID-PubMed="22303126" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-162-59" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 162" ModsDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" checkinTime="1451249400868" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2012" docId="710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 162: 59-92" docOrigin="ZooKeys 162" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370" docTitle="Canacidae Jones" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="0C201957F3148E5FFFE2FF8834486856" masterDocTitle="A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1668153140917" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A conspectus on the Canacidae (Diptera) of Brazil</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>162</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>59</mods:start>
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<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.162.2370</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-162-59</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032960" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/710380D184D06689752525EC98837CC5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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Family
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Canacidae" authority="Jones" family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Canacidae Jones</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName genus="Canacenae" lsidName="Canacenae" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">Canacenae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Jones, BJ" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="153 - 198" title="Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species." volume="1" year="1906">Jones 1906</bibRefCitation>
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: 170, 198 [as a subfamily of
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<taxonomicName family="Ephydridae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
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, incorrect formation of the family-group name]. Type genus:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Canace" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canace" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Canace</taxonomicName>
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Haliday 1837.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName family="Canaceidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Canaceidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Hendel 1916</bibRefCitation>
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: 297 [incorrect formation of the family-group name].
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<bibRefCitation author="Wirth, WW" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" pagination="245 - 275" title="A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers of Bernice P." volume="20" year="1951">Wirth 1951</bibRefCitation>
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: 245-275 [revision]; 1975: 1-5 [Neotropical catalog]; 1987: 1079-1083 [North American manual].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="235 - 250" title="Dipterologica, III." volume="1935" year="1935">Enderlein 1935</bibRefCitation>
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: 235.
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 29" title="Studies of Canacidae (Diptera), I: Suprageneric revision of the family, with revisions of new Tribe Dynomiellini and new genus Isocanace." volume="347" year="1982">Mathis 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 1-29 [classification].
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<bibRefCitation author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck 2006</bibRefCitation>
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: 391-392 [familial status].
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<bibRefCitation author="Munari, L" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="26" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 84" title="World catalog of the family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa." volume="2471" year="2010">Munari and Mathis 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 1-84 [world catalog].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Hendel 1916</bibRefCitation>
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: 297; 1917: 45. Type genus:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
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Haliday.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Foster 1976b</bibRefCitation>
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: 1-4 [Neotropical catalog].
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<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, WN" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 27" title="World catalog of the family Tethinidae (Diptera)." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.584" volume="584" year="1996">Mathis and Munari 1996</bibRefCitation>
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: 1-27 [world catalog].
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<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="27 - 64" title="The surge flies (Diptera, Canacidae, Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on tethinids-canacid morphology and relationships." url="doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468" volume="57" year="2007">McAlpine 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 42 [synonymy].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="61">
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The family
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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, sensu lato, is distinguished from other families of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Carnoidea" lsidName="Carnoidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="genus">Carnoidea</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: Exclusively or tending to occur in saline habitats (secondarily in freshwater habitats). Minute to moderately small flies, length 0.91-5.0 mm. Head: Postocellar setae developed (absent or reduced in some
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
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); dorsal fronto-orbital seta lateroclinate; oral vibrissae weakly differentiated, except for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Dasyrhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyrhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyrhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
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Hendel species. Arista dorsal. Face sometimes characterized by 2 shiny protuberances laterad to the facial cavity, just above vibrissal pore (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Pseudorhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudorhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudorhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
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) or nearby (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Afrotethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrotethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrotethina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Horaismoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Horaismoptera" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Horaismoptera</taxonomicName>
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); face strongly depressed and short (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Dasyrhicnoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyrhicnoessa" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyrhicnoessa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Horaismopterinae">Horaismopterinae</taxonomicName>
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) or with medial carina (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
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) or even distinctly convex (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
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). Gena bare, except for ventral or nearly ventral row of setae (peristomal setae), or even with a few anaclinate, strong setae (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
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). Buccal parts generally strongly sclerotized in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
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. Thorax: Precoxal bridge developed. Prescutellar acrostichal setae developed; presutural dorsocentral setae differentiated; anepisternum with 2-3 developed posterior setae, bearing enlarged, dorsally curved seta at posterodorsal corner; usually 1 katepisternal seta present; proepisternal seta developed. Wing generally hyaline, bearing fine, dense microtrichia; subcosta weakened apically, close to vein R1; vein A1 short (except in the sub-Antarctic genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apetaenus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apetaenus</taxonomicName>
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); vein A2 long, present as a fold. Abdomen: Pregenital sclerites of male short and fused; male tergite 6 fused with sternite 8, forming a usually symmetrical (except in some species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
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), pregenital sclerite; male sternite 7 lost; postgonites firmly connected laterally to base of phallapodeme, distinctly anterior to basiphallus; hypandrium forming a sheath or phallic mantle around the postgonite and basiphallus; epandrium bearing 1-2 pairs of surstyli ventrally, sometimes anterior surstylus lacking (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tethina</taxonomicName>
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); posterior surstylus partially articulated or fused with epandrium; inner basal corner of surstylus connected to broad interparameral sclerite; cercus very short to exceptionally developed (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Horaismopterinae">Horaismopterinae</taxonomicName>
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); postabdomen of female more or less telescopically retractile; 2 sclerotized spermathecae variable in shape, below with a narrower
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="62" start="start">cylindrical</pageBreakToken>
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extension into the spermathecal duct; cercus subcylindrical to compressed, or even tapered distally, sometimes bearing stout to pointed, spinelike setulae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
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Our concept of
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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includes what had been considered as two families, the
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
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. At the familial level,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="62">J. F. McAlpine (1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 1472) identified five synapomorphies that link
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
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and noted that "...these are clear indications of a sister-group relationship between them ... and may even indicate that they are subgroups of a single family." Other authors (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Hennig 1958</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Griffiths 1972</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="108 - 117" title="A new genus of Australian littoral flies (Diptera:? Canacidae)." volume="10" year="1982">McAlpine 1982</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Freidberg, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" pagination="447 - 457" title="A study of Zaleinae, a taxon transitional between Canacidae and Tethinidae (Diptera), with the description of a new genus and species." url="doi: 10.1163/187631295X00107" volume="26" year="1995">Freidberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
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) have also suggested a relationship with the family
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Griffiths (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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further noted some affinities with the
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<taxonomicName family="Chloropidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Milichiidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Milichiidae</taxonomicName>
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. According to J. F.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="McAlpine’s">McAlpine's</normalizedToken>
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(1989) cladogram, which included an analysis of 25 characters for the families
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<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
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, the superfamily
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<taxonomicName genus="Carnoidea" lsidName="Carnoidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="genus">Carnoidea</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName genus="Chloropoidea" lsidName="Chloropoidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="genus">Chloropoidea</taxonomicName>
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) comprises the families with the following relationships in parenthetic notation: ((
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<taxonomicName family="Australimyzidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Australimyzidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName family="Braulidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Braulidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<taxonomicName family="Carnidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Carnidae</taxonomicName>
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)((
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<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
,
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
)((
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Milichiidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Milichiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Risidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Risidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
) ((
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Cryptochetidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Cryptochetidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Chloropidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
)))).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
More recently,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
and D. K.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" pagination="27 - 64" title="The surge flies (Diptera, Canacidae, Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on tethinids-canacid morphology and relationships." url="doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468" volume="57" year="2007">McAlpine (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
provided rather compelling character evidence, substantiating that these two families are closely associated, and more specifically that the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sensu stricto are an included lineage within the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Thus, not to include the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
within the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
would render the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
as a paraphyletic family. Buck and D. K. McAlpine cited ten synapomorphies that corroborate the monophyly of the family
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sensu lato (the family-group name
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is older than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Tethinidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Tethinidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
). These synapomorphies are (only derived state cited): (1) Precoxal bridge present; (2) anepisternum with enlarged, dorsally curved setae at posteroventral corner; (3) vein A2 long, present as a fold; (4) male sternite 6 reduced and divided medially; (5) male tergite 6 fused with sternite 8, forming a symmetrical pregenital sclerite; (6) male sternite 7 lost; (7) postgonites firmly connected laterally to base of phallapodeme, distinctly anterior to basiphallus; (8) hypandrium forming a sheath or phallic mantle around the postgonite and basiphallus; (9) cuticle of larva with covering of fine spicules, and (10) halobiontic in habitat preference, secondarily in freshwater habitats.
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Buck, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" pagination="377 - 404" title="A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical Region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x" volume="31" year="2006">Buck (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
further suggested that the sister group to
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sensu stricto is the subfamily
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apetaeninae">Apetaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and not
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Zaleinae">Zaleinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and provided four characters as corroborative evidence for this relationship: (1) antennae broadly separated, inserted more or less on protuberant facial tubercles; (2) clypeus distinctly enlarged and produced anteriorly; (3) prementum distinctly emarginated apically; and (4) tentorial arms of head capsule enormously developed and strongly sclerotized.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="key to subfamilies of canacidae sensu lato from brazil">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
Key to Subfamilies of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Canacidae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rank="family">Canacidae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sensu lato from Brazil
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
<table lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
<tr lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" rowspan="1">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Tethina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tethina lusitanica" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">Tethina lusitanica</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="63" start="start">12</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tethininae">Tethininae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apetaeninae">Apetaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rowspan="1">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Canacinae">Canacinae</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|